Upload
hailey-ashurst
View
230
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Functions of the Skeletal System
•Bones are made of OSSEOUS TISSUE
•Support and Protection
•Body movement
•Blood cell formation (bone marrow) - hemopoiesis
•Storage of inorganic materials
(salt, calcium, potassium….)
ORGANIZATION
•About 206
bones
•2 Main
Divisions –
Axial &
Appendicular
Axial Skeleton
•Head, neck, trunk
•Skull
•Hyoid Bone
•Vertebral Column
•Thoracic Cage (ribs, 12 pairs)
•Sternum
Hyoid Bone
Appendicular Skeleton
•Limbs & Bones that connect to theoPectoral Girdle (shoulders)oPelvic Girdle (hips)
BONE STRUCTURE - Long Bone
1.Epiphysis
2.Diaphysis
3.Articular Cartilage
4.Periosteum
Inside the Long Bone
Medullary Cavity –
hollow chamber filled
with bone marrow
Red Marrow (blood)
Yellow Marrow (fat)
Endosteum
– lining of the medullary
Types of Bone Tissue
Compact (wall of the diaphysis)
Spongy (cancellous, epiphysis) - red marrow
Structure of a Long Bone
Figure 6.3a-c
* Assignment
– Coloring of a Long
Bone
Review the Structure of a Long Bone
Matching quiz at http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/holehaap/student/olc2/chap07matching01.html
Microscopic Structure
MATRIX - where the bone cells live OSTEOCYTES - mature bone cells, enclosed in tiny chambers called LACUNAE OSTEOCYTES form rings (LAMELLAE) around a HAVERSIAN CANAL which houses blood vessels Osteocytes are linked by CANALICULI Haversian Canals are linked by VOLKMAN's CANALS
Compact Bone
BONE COLORING!
Test Yourself
Find the...
Haversian CanalVolkman's Canal
Lamellae
Spongy BoneCompact Bone
BONE DEVELOPMENT & GROWTH
1.Intramembranous bones – flat, skull
2. Endochondral bones – all other
ALL BONES START AS HYALINE
CARTILAGE, areas graduallly turn to bone
PRIMARY OSSIFICATION CENTER (shaft)
SECONDARY OSSIFICATION CENTER (ends)
Bone Development & Growth
EPIPHYSEAL DISK (growth plate) is a band of cartilage between the epiphysis and diaphysis These areas increase bone length as the cells ossify
RESORPTION
OSTEOCLASTS - dissolve bone tissue to release minerals, process is called RESORPTION
Bone Growth
Bone Growth
* Assignment - Coloring of the Aging Hand
Types of Joints (articulations)
1.Synarthrotic (not
moveable, aka sutures)
2.Amphiarthrotic
(slightly moveable,
vertebrae)
3.Diarthrotic (moveable
joint, aka synovial
joints)
Synovial fluid - fluid within the joints that helps to lubricate
Types of Joints
1. Ball and Socket2. Hinge3. Pivot4. Saddle
BONES OF THE SKULL
1. Frontal -2. Parietal - 3. Occipital -4. Temporal - 5. Sphenoid - 6. Maxilla - 7. Mandible -
8. Zygomatic -
TOPOGRAPHY OF THE SKULL
Foramen - refers to any tiny opening, nerves and blood vessels leave this opening to supply the face
Mental Foramen
Suture - refers to any connection between large bones (in fetal skulls, these are called fontanels)
Fissure - any wide gap between bones
Sutures
1. Coronal - between frontal and parietal bones2. Lambdoidal - between occipital and parietal bones3. Squamosal - between temporal and parietal bones4. Sagittal - between parietal bones
Bones of the Skull & Sutures
Foramen Magnum
* Assignment: Skull Labeling
Figure 6.10
Figure 6.10
The Rest of the Bones
Vertebrae
Neck = cervical
Middle Back = thoracic
Lower Back = lumbar
Thoracic Cage
Pectoral Girdle
Bones of the Arm
Ulna goes to pinky (P-U)
Radius goes to thumb
Wrist Bones
For test
Carpels
Metacarpals
Phalanges
*extra credit opportunity
Name the carpals for extra credit on test.
Pelvic Girdle
Bones of the Leg
Bones of the Ankle
Assignment –
Skeleton Labeling
For Test
Calcaneous
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Broken Bones
Abnormal Bone Conditions
•BONE SPURS: abnormal growth. Can occur on any bone (e.g. heel).
•OSTEOPOROSIS: Increased activity of osteoclasts cause a break down of bone, and the subsequent fewer minerals in the extracellular matrix make it fragile. The spongy bone especially becomes more porous.
•Men get it as well as women. What’s the best way to prevent osteoporosis? Exercise! What does exercise do? Makes bones bigger.
•The most common bone used for a bone graft is the iliac bone of the hip.
Osteoporosis
Figure 6.15
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease which causes joint stiffness and bone deformity
Source: http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/public/article3233439.ece
ABNORMALITIES OF THE SPINE
ABNORMALITIES OF THE SPINE
•SCOLIOSIS is a lateral curve in the spine
•KYPHOSIS is a hunchback curve
•LORDOSIS is a swayback in the lower region.
•ANKYLOSIS is severe arthritis in the spine and
the vertebrae fuse.
SCOLIOSIS
LORDOSIS
ANKYLOSIS
FUN FACTS ABOUT BONESBone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone.
•Babies are born with 300 bones, but by adulthood we have only 206 in our bodies.
•The giraffe has the same number of bones in its neck as a human: seven in total.
•The long horned ram can take a head butt at 25 mph. The human skull will fracture at 5mph.