Slide 1 CHAPTER 6 CLIMATE AND TERRESTRIAL AND AQUATIC BIODIVERSITY

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CHAPTER 6CLIMATE AND TERRESTRIAL AND AQUATIC BIODIVERSITY


TOPICS FOR CHAPTER 6

• What factors determine weather and climate and aquatic conditions?

• How do biomes develop in response to climate and soil?

• What are and how do humans impact desert and grassland biomes?

• What are and how do humans impact forest and mountain biomes

• What are and how do humans affect saltwater life zones?

• What are and how do humans affect freshwater life zones


Climate

the average weather patterns for an area overa long period of time (30 - 1,000,000 years).

is

It is determined by

Average Precipitation Average Temperatureand

which are influenced by

latitude altitude ocean currents

and affects

where people live how people livewhat they

grow and eat

Figure 6-2Page 107

© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning


Polar (ice)

Subarctic (snow)

Cool temperate

Warm temperate

Dry

Tropical

Highland

Major upwelling zones

Warm ocean current

Cold ocean current

River

Figure 6-3Page 108


Temperature and precipitation patterns that cause different climates within the earth's troposphere are caused by air

circulation over the earth's surface. Five factors determine these global air circulations. These factors plus ocean

density create warm and cold ocean currents.

1. Uneven heating of the earth's surface

2. Seasonal changes in temperature and precipitation as earth wobbles causes seasons to flip flop N to S

3. Rotation of earth on its axis causes air at equator to move faster than air at poles resulting in 6 convection cells that mix the earth's air and moisture (called Hadley cells) resulting in prevailing winds

4. Long term variations in sun intensity due to changes in solar output and planetary shifts (the Siberian Milankovitch first described these cycles in the 1920's).

5. Properties of air and water such as heat causing water to evaporate and transfer its heat to the air

Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Fall

(sun aims directly at equator)

Summer(northern hemisphere

tilts toward sun)

Spring(sun aims directly

at equator)

23.5º Winter(northern hemispheretilts away from sun)

Solarradiation

Figure 6-4Page 108


Milankovitchcycles


There are many layers to the earth's atmosphere. For now, we

need to know the difference between the troposphere (where

weather occurs) and the stratosphere. Note that

temperature and altitude do not change in a linear fashion.



Convection and Atmospheric Pressure

• Evaporation• Latent heat• Condensation• Convection

currents• Air pressure

differences• Coriolis effect


Jet Stream


Circumpolar winds transport air pollution from heavily industrialized regions to the Arctic, where high levels of smog accumulate.


Seasonal Winds and Monsoons


Wind

Movement ofsurface water

Diving birds

Nutrients

Upwelling

Fish

Zooplankton

Phytoplankton

Figure 6-6Page 110



Normal Conditions

Cold water

Warm water

Thermocline

SOUTHAMERICA

Warm waterspushed westward

AUSTRALIA

EQUATOR

Surface windsblow westward

Figure 6-7 (1)Page 110


El Niño Conditions

Cold water

Thermocline

Warm waterWarm water deepens offSouth America

SOUTHAMERICA

Warm waterflow stoppedor reversed

AUSTRALIA

EQUATOR

Drought inAustralia andSoutheast Asia

Winds weaken,causing updraftsand storms

Figure 6-7 (2)Page 110


El Niño

Unusually warm periods

Unusually high rainfall

Drought

Figure 6-8Page 111


Figure 6-9Page 111

GLOBAL WARMING IS CAUSED BY GREENHOUSE GASES CAPTURING THE ENERGY OF LONGER WAVELENGTHS OF

LIGHT WITH THEIR CHEMICAL BONDS



Carbon dioxide levels are increasing and oscillate with seasons of northern hemisphere


Click to view animation.

Greenhouse gases animation.

Slide 23Slide 23Slide 23Slide 23Slide 23Cell 3 South

Cold,dry air falls

Moist air rises — rain

Cell 2 South

Cool, dryair falls

Cell 1 South

Moistair rises,cools, andreleasesmoistureas rain

Cell 1 North

Cool, dryair falls

Cell 2 North

Moist air rises — rain

Cell 3 NorthCold,dry airfalls

Polar cap

Arctic tundra

60°

30°

0°

30°

60°

Polar cap

Evergreenconiferous forest

Temperate deciduousforest and grassland

Desert

Tropical deciduous forest

EquatorTropical rain forest


DesertTemperate deciduousforest and grassland

Figure 6-5Page 109

RELATIONSHIP OF BIOMES TO HADLEY

CELLS AND LATITUDE

Slide 24Slide 24Slide 24Slide 24Slide 24Dry woodlands and shrublands (chaparral)

Temperate grassland

Temperate deciduous forest

Boreal forest (taiga), evergreen coniferousforest (e.g., montane coniferous forest)

Arctic tundra (polar grasslands)

Tropical savanna,thorn forest

Tropical scrub forest


Tropical rain forest,tropical evergreen forest

Desert

Ice

Mountains(complex zonation)

Semidesert,arid grassland

Tropic ofCapricorn

Equator

Tropic ofCancer

Figure 6-11Page 113


Figure 6-13Page 114

MountainIce and snow

Altitude

Tundra (herbs,lichens, mosses)

ConiferousForest

Tropical Forest

DeciduousForest

Tropical Forest

DeciduousForest

ConiferousForest

Tundra (herbs,lichens, mosses)

Polar iceand snow

Latitude

COMPARISON OF VEGETATION CHANGE WITH ALTITUDE AND LATITUDE. NOTE THAT LOW LATITUDE

DESERTS ARE MISSING IN THIS FIGURE


Figure 6-15Page 116

MAJOR IMPACTS ON DESERTSLarge desert cities

Soil destruction by vehiclesand urban development

Soil salinization from irrigation

Depletion of undergroundwater supplies

Land disturbance and pollutionfrom mineral extraction

Storage of toxic and radioactiveWastes

Large arrays of solar cells andsolar collectors used to produceelectricity


Figure 6-19Page 119

HUMAN IMPACTS ON GRASSLANDSConversion of savanna and temperategrassland to cropland

Release of CO2 to atmosphere fromburning and conversion of grasslandto cropland

Overgrazing of tropical and temperategrasslands by livestock

Damage to fragile arctic tundraby oil production, air and water pollution,and vehicles


Harpyeagle

Tocotoucan

Woolyopossum

Braziliantapir

Black-crownedantpitta

Shrublayer

Canopy

Emergentlayer

UnderstoryUnderstory

GroundlayerGroundlayer

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45H

eigh

t (m

eter

s)

Figure 6-21Page 121STRUCTURE OF TROPICAL RAIN FOREST


Figure 6-24Page 124

HUMAN IMPACTS ON FORESTSClearing and degradation of tropicalforests for agriculture, livestock grazing,and timber harvesting

Clearing of temperate deciduousforests in Europe, Asia, andNorth America for timber, agriculture,and urban development

Clearing of evergreen coniferousforests in North America, Finland,Sweden, Canada, Siberia,and Russia

Conversion of diverse forests to lessbiodiverse tree plantations

Slide 30Slide 30Slide 30Slide 30Slide 30Mangroves

Coral reefs

Rivers

Lakes

Figure 6-26Page 125

AQUATIC LIFE ZONES


Figure 6-29Page 127

Marine Systems

Ecological Services

• Climate moderation

• CO2 absorption

• Nutrient cycling

• Waste treatment and dilution

• Reduced storm impact (mangrove, barrier islands, coastal wetlands)

• Habitats and nursery areas for marine and terrestrial species

• Genetic resources and biodiversity

• Scientific information

Economic Services

• Food

• Animal and pet feed (fish meal)

• Pharmaceuticals

• Harbors and transportation routes

• Coastal habitats for humans

• Recreation

• Employment

• Offshore oil and natural gas

• Minerals

• Building materials



High tideLow tide

Coastal Zone

EstuarineZone

Continentalshelf

Open SeaSea level

Sun

Euphotic Zone

Bathyal Zone

Abyssal Zone

Depth inmeters

0

50

100

200

Ph

oto

sy

nth

es

is

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

10,000

Da

rkn

es

sT

wil

igh

t

Figure 6-30Page 128



Figure 6-31Page 128

MADAGASCAR ESTUARY


Figure 6-36Page 133

MAJOR IMPACTS TO CORALOcean warming

Soil erosion

Algae growth from fertilizer runoff

Mangrove destruction

Coral reef bleaching

Rising sea levels

Increased UV exposure from ozone depletion

Using cyanide and dynamite to harvest coral reef fish

Coral removal for building material, aquariums, and jewelry

Damage from anchors, ships, and tourist divers


Figure 6-37Page 133

MAJOR IMPACTS TO MARINE SYSTEMSHalf of coastal wetlands lost to agriculture and urban development

Over one-third of mangrove forests lost since 1980 to agriculture, development, and aquaculture shrimp farms

About 10% of world’s beaches eroding because of coastal development and rising sea level

Ocean bottom habitats degraded by dredging and trawler fishing boats

Over 25% of coral reefs severely damaged and 11% have been destroyed


Figure 6-39Page 133

Freshwater Systems

Ecological Services Economic Services

• Climate moderation

• Nutrient cycling

• Waste treatment and dilution

• Flood control

• Groundwater recharge

• Habitats for aquatic and terrestrial species

• Genetic resources and biodiversity

• Scientific information

• Food

• Drinking water

• Irrigation water

• Hydroelectricity

• Transportation corridors

• Recreation

• Employment



Figure 6-41Page 136

Sunlight

Little shore vegetation

Limnetic zone

Profundalzone

Oligotrophic lake

Low concentration of nutrients and plankton

Sparse fish population

Narrow littoral zone

Sleepily sloping shorelines

Sand, gravel, rock bottom

Sunlight

Much shore vegetation

Limnetic zone

Profundalzone

Eutrophic lake

High concentration of nutrients and plankton

Dense fish population

Widelittoral zone

Gentlysloping shorelines

Silt, sand, clay bottom

OLIGOTROPHIC (CLEAN)

VS.EUTROPHIC(POLLUTED)BODIES OF

WATERThese slides contrast oligotrophic with eutrophic lakes, but this terminology can be applied to rivers and saltwater systems


THIS ENDS CHAPTER 6IT IS LONG, BUT VERY IMPORTANT!

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Slide 1 CHAPTER 6 CLIMATE AND TERRESTRIAL AND AQUATIC BIODIVERSITY