Smart Buildings: A better future

Ancy Varghese09bit046

19th Cenrury Elementary tasks based on Human Capability &

Flexibility

Smart Home Perspective ....

20th Century Functional System Integration makes life easier

21st Century Integration of

comprehensive Living Environment

Infotainment

Health care

Why Smart Homes??

To begin with, the intelligent building concept has been defined by organisations such as :

The Intelligent Building Institute Foundation (I.B.I.) in 1989,

The European Intelligent Buildings Group (EIBG) in 1998,

The Smart Homes Foundation .

These definitions highlight :

1. the integration of all kinds of building systems, services and controls,

2. the importance of techno-economics,

3. the needs of the owners and end-users.

Definition of Smart Building…??

What is Smart?

What is intelligence?

What is human intelligence?

What is building intelligence?

And then, back to the definition of Smart Building…

Some questions we need to answer to know Smart Buildings…

"A fundamental role of intelligence is to generate distinctions that enable an intelligent being to act in its environment according to its capabilities and needs;"Bergson says, "Human beings do not only use existing tools, but also create tools using their intelligence" The ability of the human intelligence to lend its intelligence to a building was proved by Bergson.

Let us understand Bergson’s theory of human intelligence first…

Thus, the definition of building intelligence is a function of human intelligence:

HI = f (hiGardner1 ... hiGardner7)

where HI is human intelligence, hiGardner is a form of the human intelligence as defined by Gardner.

The definition of building intelligence can be defined to be:

BI = f (bi1 ... bin)

where BI is the concept of the Building Intelligence,

bi is a form of the BI and n is the number of forms of the BI.

Bi can be presented as:

bi = f (HI)

where HI is the human intelligence

Building intelligence is derived from the seven forms of the human intelligence of Gardner's

The total intelligence of the interplay between the built environment and the end-user is:

BIF = f (HI, BI)

where HI is human intelligence, the BI the building intelligence.

So now, we can define Smart homes.

Smart homes are buildings which have inculcated this INTELLIGENCE!

• No threshold of Smartness..

• Assessed in terms of performance and not technology.

• Stakeholders and owner’s requirements are valuable than any other criteria.

• Behavioral coordination with the residents’ desires.

Things to be kept in mind while dealing with Smart Buildings…

DigitalVideo surveillance Access control

Intrusiondetection

Fire alarm

Alarms management

Intelligent building Perspective .... any device (Smart Machine) becomes a Point for Service Delivery to the enterprises

Energy / Inventory ….Management

An intelligent building is one that provides a comfortable and productive environment to the occupants through automated control systems such as:

• Heating, ventilation, air-conditions (HVAC)

• fire safety

• security

• energy/lighting management.

It is one in which these control systems

are integrated and interact with each other.

“An intelligent building is also one that integrates telecommunications and control services through one structured cabling network and management system that meets current and future technologies, and building/user demands.”

So in short…

• A house or working environment, which includes the technology to allow for devices and systems to be controlled automatically, may be termed a Smart Home.

• The degree to which this control is exercised is variable, being a function of the cost, the person’s own wishes, and the type of building into which the technology is to be installed.

• But consider the freedom of choice.

• Transdisciplinarity

• Highly interactive

• Integration over a wide range

• Mapping of user requirements with building facilities

• Solving ANOMALIES!!!

Other important concepts for smart buildings:

There are nine quality environment modules:

1. Environmental friendliness

2. Life cycle costing

3. Comfort

4. Safety

5. Working efficiency

6. Image of high technology

7. Culture

8. Construction process

9. structure

Smart Index:

• "Design for All" concept

• Boon for the disabled.

• Scalability

• Scaled according to stakeholder(usually the occupant)

• Workspace management

• Ergonomics etc…

Few other advantages:

Did you know that buildings are signficant Energy Consumers?

• Zero Net Energy Building –ZNEB is a popular term to describe a building  with zero net energy consumption and zero carbon emissions annually.

Zero Net Energy

Zero Carbon Emission

• Aggregate Renewable Energy=“total use”

Grid connected

Fully off Grid

• Energy Conservation v/s Energy Harvesting

• New Constructions versus Retrofits-Home Energy Retrofit

Zero Net Energy Building:ZNEB

Concern:

“How to retrofit buildings in cost-effective way to

reduce energy footprint?”

Detection of Inefficiencies:

Infrared Thermography-Temperature

Blower Door Test-Air Tightness

Applications:

Testing buildings for compliance with standards for energy efficiency

Testing building envelopes and window frames for water tightness and rain penetration

Duct Leakage Testing of forced air heating/cooling systems

Testing residential and commercial buildings for air tightness

Sensing:

• Energy usage sensing, occupancy sensing

• Spatial and temporal usage within building

• Different resolution: cube/zone/floor/department

Monitoring

Analytics:

• learn usage patterns

• detect changes, anomalies

• identify waste, oppurtunities for conservation

Control & Feedback:

• actionable recommendation to users

• Incorporation of user feedback

Functions of Smart Buildings:

Electricity usage

• Meter-level, outlet-level, zone-based sensors

HVAC

• temperature sensors

• airflow sensors

Water sensors

• flow-level, outlet level

Gas sensors

Occupancy sensors

• motion ultrasound, infrared, swipe card, video

• soft sensors: calendar info, wifi

Sensing Technologies:

Quick glance :How to view usage data??

In short,

Outlet Sensors are fine grained and are meant for Individual Load Usage Monitoring ;

Meter sensors provide aggregate home level usage.

So, how to disambiguate “Individual Load Usage” from total usage trace?

Non-Intrusive Load monitoring-NILM

Help me find a loop hole with this NILM, once we get to know what is NILM, won’t you?

Distinguishably different and sometimes unique Signature for each load

Use pattern recognition, learning, mining to identify signatures from a power usage trace

Accuracy depends on sensing resolution

• At second-level: many concurrent events can not be discerned

• At micro-second: good accuracy possible

NILM with Smart Meters:

NILM inadvertently leaks detailed information about household activities

• How about having a privacy preserving Smart Meter Architecture that enables an electric utility to achieve its net metering goals, while respecting the privacy of its consumers.??

This is what Smart Meters do!!-Registration,Tuple Gathering and Reconciliation.

Privacy Leakage : NILM

Wired Powerline:

1. X10-Domotics-Industry Standard

• Very low bandwidth, limited range (wiring length),primitive MAC layer: no CA, CD

• Only 256 devices, no encryption

• Signals may leak outside home

2.Insteon

• Enhancement to X10, backward compatible:

• Dual-mode mesh topology: powerline + RF

• All Insteon devices are repeaters:USes phase-shift keying to make repetition synchronous

• Collisions may occur: Can resend messages

Benefits of Insteon:

• Low cost (~$40 per device), More reliable than X10

• Non-proprietary

• Not solely reliant on wired or wireless

Networking protocols

IP: 6LoWPAN: Ipv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal Area network

Encapsulation and header compression mechanisms that allow IPv6 packets to be sent to and received from over IEEE 802.15.4 based networks.

 IEEE 802.15.4 devices provide sensing communication-ability in the wireless domain. 

OSIAN, or Open Source IPv6 Automation Network :free and open source implementation for ipv6 networking in low power devices.

Tiny OS is the underlying system-PPP Connection with billing system and UDP packets are sent.

So why 6LoWPAN??

Continued…

Zigbee:

• High level communication protocol

• Using small, low-power digital radios 

• Less expensive even than bluetooth

• Heard of The ZigBee Smart Energy V2.0 ?

• Zigbee Components:• Zigbee Coordinator

• Zigbee Router

• Zigbee End Device

10-75m range, 1mW radios Device discovery supported 128 bit keys for encryption

ZWAVE- another Low power wireless protocol for remote Control

Wireless protocols?

BACnet: Building Automation and Control NETworks

• Designed by ASHRAE (1987), ANSI and ISO standard (1995)

Widely used in commercial buildings

• control HVAC, ventilation and lighting control

Discovery service: who-is, I-am, who-has, I-have

Ability to read and write properties/objects

• analog/binary input/output, events, calendar, program, loopcommand, device

Supports many data-link and physical layer protocols

• Ethernet, ARCNET, RS232, BACnet/IP

Global Testing lab: SoftDEL, Pune

BACnet gateways

• front-ends such as HTTP

Competitors: LonWorks, Modbus

Current practices with HVAC systems.

Occupancy Sensing and Smarter HVAC

Smart Thermostat

Soft sensors: Swipe cards, Wifi Accesspoints,Mobile phones.

How do thermostats determine when resident leaves or goes to sleep?

Programmable Thermostats

Reactive Thermostats

Smart Thermostat

Do you know?

Demand side Load Management in Smart Buildings.

Energy Usage Monitoring

Peak Load shaving

Foreground and Background Loads

Smart Cap:adjust demand to supply

Smart cap scheduler based on Slack

LSF-Least Slack First

Smart Home gateway

Battery cap:modulte supply to meet demand

Moral of the Story: Reduced Electricity Bills… Happier User

Think of this…

VTT Institute’s Paper on Smart homes.

IBM’s user manual for IB

Niagra’s(Company) Brochure

Smart Building Concept Lecture series by Prof.Prashant Shenoy(University of Massachusetts Amherst)

Wikipedia : outlet sensors,meter sensors, thermography, X10, LONTalk, BacNet

David Irvin and Kevin Fu: Private memoirs of a Smart Meter

Sean Barker, Aditya Mishra, David Irwin, Prashant Shenoy, and Jeannie Albrecht: Exploiting Home Automation Protocols

for Load Monitoring in Smart Buildings

References: