Smith-Root Barrier Book

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SMITH-ROOT, INC.14014 NE Salmon Creek Ave.Vancouver, WA 98686 USA

360.573.0202 Voice360.573.2064 FAX

[email protected]

Since 1964, the leader in effective, safe and reliable products for fisheries conservation. Knowledgeable biologists depend upon Smith-Root equipment.

www.smith-root.com Products for Fisheries ConservationSMITH-ROOT

®

®

WWW.SMITH-ROOT.COM


360.573.0202 Voice360.573.2064 FAX

[email protected]



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SMITH-ROOT, INC.FISH BARRIERS & GUIDANCE

09446.005

09446.05 Smith-Root Electrical Fish Barriers and Guidance, Revision 5 - Spring 2012

This document is the Intellectual Property of Smith-Root, Inc., and may not be used, sold, transferred, copied, or reproduced in whole or in part in any manner or form or in or on any media to any person without the prior written consent of Smith-Root, Inc.

© 2012 Smith-Root, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Copyright in the whole and every part of this document belongs to Smith-Root, Inc. and may not be used, sold, transferred, copied or reproduced in whole or in part in any manner or form or in or on any media to any person without the prior written consent of Smith-Root, Inc.

COMPANY PROFILE

"The electrical fish barrier was therefore highly successful in preventing fish passage into the San Joaquin River."

Dale Gates – California Department of Fish & Game

"Barrier systems and remote monitoring capabilities have been refined and upgraded over the dozen-plus years of technological advancements."

Robert W. Clarkson - U.S. Bureau of Reclamation

For over 40 years Smith-Root

has been committed to the

conservation and sustainability

of fisheries resources.

We stop invasive

fish species from

migrating into

delicate natural

ecosystems.

We analyze the effect

of waveforms on

fish to provide our

clients with cutting

edge technology.

We produce the

most effective

behavioral barriers &

guidance systems.

We are the

world leader in

Fish Guidance

Technologies.

1 www.SMITH-ROOT.COM

www.SMITH-ROOT.COM CONTENTS

Fish Barriers & Guidance

1 Company proFile 1

2 summary 4

3 introduCtion 5

4 Graduated Fields 7

5 Barrier parameters 8

6 desCription oF systems 10

6.1.2.2 plastiC Culvert Barrier 1 1

6.1.3 tailraCe Barrier 1 1

6.1.4 Canal Barrier 12

6.1.5 intake Barrier 12

6.1.6 louvered intake Barrier 12

6.2 doWnstream Barrier 1 3

; 6.3 statiC or loW-FloW Barriers 1 3

6.4 temporary or seasonal Barriers 14

6.5 marine mammal deterrenCe 15

6.6 eXperimental Barriers 16

7 equipment and monitorinG 17

8 saFety 19

9 appliCations and researCh 20

10 availaBle serviCes 21

ii Barrier sites 23

1 1 literature and reports 27

CONTENTS

4 2012


2 Summary

Our technology has allowed greater

efficiency, more options, and safer parameters that exceed today’s stringent environmental demands and regulatory requirements.Our experienced

engineers, scientists and project managers have worked together to create distinctive solutions for various fish guidance needs.This booklet provides the

reader with information on Smith-Root’s fish guidance systems. Because of their technological complexity, it is important to provide a thorough explanation of how the systems work and how they can apply to particular situations.What types of systems are

available? Where can a system be

best located? What parameters need to

be known? These questions are

answered first by identifying the species of concern. All species respond differently to

electrical current. Smith- Root’s long experience with electrofishing and electrical barriers allows our staff to determine the optimal configuration and settings for a successful project.Next, why do the fish or

marine species need to be deterred? To achieve maximum deterrence efficiency, Smith-Root must fully understand the final goal to be achieved. The third factor to consider

is power. What is the available power? Is there an opportunity to use the local grid or is on-site generation such as fossil fuels or renewable energy required? After determining the

species to be targeted, the reason for the guidance system, and the power availability, the physical characteristics of the waterway and associated hydraulics need to be considered. Understanding the velocity, flow and sediment transportation of a waterway is fundamental for a successful design and implementation. This

Complete information, including details of existing installations, is always available online at: www.smith-root.com/ barriersFor more information regarding your specific need, please contact us directly at 360-573-0202 or [email protected]

smith-root has been designing and installing fish barrier systems for over 20 years. advancements in electrical components have allowed smith-root to develop product enhancements resulting in the most advanced fish deterrence and guidance systems available.

information is required to develop a concept for an installation. It often can be found from local monitoring stations. Water conductivity is a

measure of the resistance of water to the flow of electric current. This characteristic influences the amount of electricity needed to power a barrier. Usually also available through local monitoring stations, conductivity can be measured using a basic conductivity meter. Once the discovery

process has been completed Smith-Root can design, construct, and monitor a fish guidance system to meet your specific needs.

www.SMITH-ROOT.COM 5


fish physiologists. Direct current (DC) has an effect; so does alternating current (AC), and pulsed DC. AC has been found to be injurious to fish. It was used in early barriers throughout the world, but has been replaced in the Smith-Root systems with controlled pulsed DC in which the voltage, frequency, pulse shape and pulse width can be set for optimal behavioral response.

What is the eleCtrode ConFiGuration and eleCtriCal Field pattern? To construct a barrier in a

stream, electrodes are placed across the stream so that the electric current is parallel to the stream flow and aligned with the movement paths of fish. Electrodes can be vertical, suspended from a cable or a structure or attached to piling, or they can be horizontal, suspended at mid-depth or lying at the bottom. Electrodes on a stream bottom lying flush with the stream bed offer no impediment to debris or boat traffic, and therefore they are most commonly deployed. The shape of the electrical field is determined by the electrode configuration and the water

INTrODuCTION 3

Fish are uniquely sensitive to electrical currents because

their muscle control is based on electrical impulses through their nervous system, and they inhabit a conductive environment. Electrical barriers and guidance structures make use of this sensitivity. Through many years of

experience and research with electrofishing and barrier projects, we have found configurations and settings that can produce the desired responses without causing injury or trauma to the target species.

What are eleCtriCal Fish Barrier and GuidanCe systems? An electrical fish barrier can

be thought of as an impassable barricade, and a fish guidance system as a repelling zone. Both use electrical current passing through water. The electrical circuit has two or more metal electrodes submersed in water with a voltage applied between them. Electric current passing between the electrodes, via the water medium, produces an electric field. When fish are within the field, they become part of the electrical circuit with some of the current flowing through their bodies. This can evoke reactions ranging from a slight twitch to a change in swimming behavior to full paralysis, depending on the current level and pulse duration they receive.A barrier or guidance system

exploits these reactions to influence fish behavior.

What are the eleCtriCal Current types? Since the water acts as a resistor

in the circuit, there is a voltage drop over a given length parallel to the electrical current, and a fish of the same length feels the same voltage drop. The amount of current that passes through the fish depends on relative conductivities. The response in a fish to the current passing through it is readily apparent, although the internal mechanisms are not entirely understood by

Figure 3.1: Electric field in the water

Figure 3.2: Electric field lines which run head-to-tail along the fish transfer the maximum power from water to fish.

depth. The field is not affected by water flow, turbidity, debris, and modest sediment (although thick layers of sediment that are less conductive than the water can reduce the field in the water above bottom-mounted electrodes). The shape of the field is not affected by conductivity, but the amount of power needed to sustain a given field increases with the conductivity. Power requirements in brackish water can become large, and may necessitate a change of strategy. To produce the most efficient

electric field pattern for blocking or guiding fish, it is desirable to produce a field with electric lines running head-to-tail through the fish (see Figs. 3.1 & 3.2). This orientation transfers the maximum power from water into the fish. In flowing water of 1.5 to 2 fish body lengths per second or greater, fish instinctively swim with their heads into the flow. Therefore, the most effective field pattern is one with the electric field lines running parallel to water flow.

One of the most important advantages of such parallel field orientation is that when a fish is crosswise to the electric field it receives almost no electric pulse. Fish learn very quickly that by turning sideways to the flow they can minimize the effects of the electric field. In this orientation, upstream migrating fish are swept clear of the field by the force of the water flow. Figure 3.3 shows the typical reaction of migrating fish challenging an oriented electric field. In slow or static water a high percentage of fish also learn to turn in relation to the field and swim away.

Figure 3.3: Typical fish path within a graduated field.

6 2012


Graduated Fields

Smith-Root equipment enables the barrier designer to shape

the electrical fields in the water for specific objectives. For barriers intended to prevent

upstream migration of invasive species where there are no protected species present, the field can be developed with a relatively sharp increase at the beginning and a long, intense field thereafter, ensuring that any fish will eventually be overcome and carried back downstream. For barriers intended for

redirecting upstream migrating protected species into bypass channels, where it is important to minimize distress to the fish, the field is designed to be more graduated so the fish has a good sense of where to turn to reduce the discomfort.

4 GraDuaTeD FIelDS

The graduated field is developed by increasing the voltages applied between evenly spaced electrodes.

The graduated field is developed by varying the electrode spacing.

For all downstream barriers, it often is most effective to use relatively short fields that are graduated. Here, fish are diverted around the field or move back upstream and do not penetrate far into the field where they may be overcome and drift through with the water flow. The field is shaped by the

spacing of the electrodes and the voltages applied between them. In general, electrical fields become more intense (the voltage changes more rapidly) in water close to the electrodes, but the lengths of the intense fields are correspondingly shorter. Usually a barrier is proportioned to achieve a minimum field near the surface of the water where the effect of the individual electrodes is smoothed out by the influence of adjacent

electrodes. Parasitic electrodes can be added upstream and downstream to alter the shape of the field. Fields can be modeled using

analysis software. Typically Smith-Root provides field information in the form of plots along various fish paths to assist in the understanding of the barrier characteristics and to aid in the calibration of site test readings. Smith-Root barriers can have

from two to as many as nine electrodes. Some configurations are more efficient in their use of the equipment and some in their power consumption. Figure 4 illustrates generically how different graduated fields can be generated with bottom-mounted electrodes.

Fig. 4.0: schematic electric Fields



GraDuaTeD FIelDS (CONT) 4

Flush-mounted eleCtrodes

Flush bottom-mounted electrode arrays do not alter

normal water flow or catch debris. The electrodes are fixed into an insulating medium placed on the stream bottom. The insulating medium ensures that the electric current will flow through the water and not through the stream bottom.For most permanent

installations, the insulating medium is a special concrete mix called Insulcrete™. Site-specific designs include cast-in-place decks, precast flat panels, and precast culverts (see Fig. 4.1) Plastic culverts are also available.

These provide the required insulation and allow flush-mounting of circular electrodes.

Fig.4.1: Flush-mounted electrodes do not trap debris.

The graduated field is developed by the way the electric current disperses through the water, so that two groups of widely-spaced electrodes can be used.

For evenly spaced electrodes and equal voltages applied to each space, the graduated entry is shorter and the field is uniform over much of its length.

For site evaluation we have portable canvas arrays that provide a temporary barrier system. The portable arrays are constructed of reinforced vinyl sheets with stainless steel cable electrodes attached to the top surface (see Section 6.4).

Fig.4.2: Flush-mounted electrodes

8 2012


Barrier parameters

This section covers some of the important parameters of

a potential barrier or guidance system site that will influence the design, operation, operational constraints, maintenance, and monitoring needs.

electric power needs Power can be provided using one or all of the following sources: • local electricity grid, •propane, methane or diesel

generator,•renewable energy such as

photo-voltaic (PV) or wind power generation.

Intermittent sources like PV or wind need battery storage which limits the scale of the facility. All systems with critical missions (such as stopping invasive species) need back-up power. Smith-Root has provided

system installations with power requirements ranging from 0.1 kW (small culvert) to 1850 kW (large canal). Power requirements change with water depth, water conductivity and fish species.

hydraulics In all barrier installations, it is important to understand the existing flow and velocity conditions and waterway physical characteristics. Many waterways have permanent monitoring stations recording information such as flow, velocity and conductivity. Velocity is important when

formulating a successful barrier installation. Equally important is understanding velocity direction. Fish generally head directly into flow during upstream movement. Smith-Root has blocked the movement of upstream adult Pacific salmon in water velocities ranging from 0.6 to 3 m/s. Blocking or guiding downstream

moving fish is more of a challenge with high water velocities. The size of the fish attempting to be blocked or

guided is a critical parameter. The target velocity range for a

downstream barrier is 0 to 0.5 m/s. However, by understanding the waterway characteristics better, we can identify the velocity trouble spots and position the barrier to suit. When designing a barrier

for a river/stream or canal, it is important to keep in mind that the physical structure must conform to the original geometrical characteristics, minimizing any disturbance of the natural flow regime.

Water depth Changes Ideally, optimum barrier or guidance system performance occurs with a uniform water depth across the electrode array. However, in many sites,

particularly streams subject to annual variations in flow volume, water depth over the electrode array may vary. In such cases, electrodes may

need to be embedded in channel sidewalls to maintain electric field configuration at higher flows, larger diameter electrodes may be needed to handle additional power requirements, and the amount of power necessary to maintain the desired field strength may increase as well. It is important to understand the

historical water level information and develop a suitable system. Smith-Root hydrologists are

available to study and assist in this process.

Fig. 5.1: Electric fish barriers can be powered by any number of power resources.

5 BarrIer ParameTerS

Essential Details



Water ConductivityWater conductivity is usually expressed as micro-Siemens/ centimeter (µS/cm). The higher the level of conductivity, the more freely electric current flows in water. However, along with increased conductivity comes a need for more electric current to maintain an electric field through the water. Smith-Root’s barrier or guidance systems are designed to handle water from very low conductivity up to about 5,000 µS/cm (equivalent to approximately 3.9 parts per thousand of salinity).This means that the technology is suitable for applications ranging from pure freshwater up to lower salinity estuarine sites. Smith-Root is evaluating the

power needs, electric field strength patterns, electrode materials and configurations necessary for full seawater (35 ppt) applications. If there is a potential application that would need to be placed in waters exceeding 5,000 µS/cm, please contact a Smith-Root representative to see if we can meet your requirements.

sediment transportation Naturally, all waterways transport sediment from the highest point of the watershed to the ocean. It is important to understand the sizes and shapes of sediment present. Sediment is transported via

water movement and is directly related to velocity and the associated flow event. Obviously, more sediment is transported during high flow events such as floods. In our experience sediment

depths of 0.6 m deposited on an electrode array will not greatly affect the performance of the barrier guidance system. Sediment transportation can be

critical in determining the best place for a barrier. It is important that Smith-Root engineers are involved early.

Waterway WidthWe estimate, given our present equipment configurations, that a maximum channel width of approximately 250 m is an achievable limit. However, the theoretical channel width limit could be much greater if we installed much thicker electrodes and exploited endless power sources. However, Smith-Root is mindful of power consumption and associated costs when designing practicality into our barrier guidance systems. Power delivery requirements will usually limit the maximum waterway width.

upstream/downstream array lengthsSmith-Root’s present installed barrier systems range from 1 m to over 48 m in upstream/downstream length. The array length depends on the water depth and the number and spacing of electrodes necessary to generate the electric field configuration and strength necessary to accomplish the biological objective(s). Guidance systems may have a different working length depending on the species and size of fish to be guided. Smith-Root systems also can employ a reverse polarity feature which greatly reduces or eliminates deterioration of electrodes due to electrolysis. We also can create a sharply defined edge for the electric field by installing parasitic electrodes at the upstream and/or downstream end of the main electric field.

equipment security and monitoring telemetry requirements Smith-Root barrier and guidance systems are driven by electric power and complex electronic and communication components. Computers control the overall function, monitoring and telemetry system. The equipment components need to be placed in a location

within an existing structure, new building or trailer to isolate the equipment from inclement weather and air temperature extremes that could cause damage. It is important that this equipment is placed in a secure housing as it alerts the system operator of any system outages or malfunctions. More information on some of the options available for equipment security and protection is presented in Section 7.0.

BarrIer ParameTerS (CONT.) 5

10 2012


This section introduces a cross section of the types of barrier

and guidance applications that are possible using Smith-Root technology. Many of the applications are shown using conceptual drawings. It is important to remember that each system is specifically designed to meet your biological objective(s) and solve the physical constraints at the site.

6.1 Barriers in FloWinG Water 6.1.1 streams An electric field array across

a flowing stream can act as a complete barrier and/or be used to guide fish to a bypass channel, entrance to a fish ladder, or into a trap. Figure 6.1 shows a typical electrode installation. This same general configuration could be used to prevent fish from entering a dam tailrace. Figure 6.2 shows a typical complete barrier electrode array and associated civil works.

6.1.2 Culverts To control fish movement

through culverts, Smith-Root has developed three approaches.

6.1.2.1 retrofitted culvertsAn existing culvert can be

retrofitted with an electrode array, bottom mounted or encircling the entire culvert. Insulation can be attached UHMW panels, a sprayed polyurethane coating, or the concrete can be removed and replaced with InsulcreteTM, depending on the expected bedload characteristics.

6.1.2.1 Cast Culverts This is a special InsulcreteTM

culvert section with cast-in-place slots for an electrode array. It is installed at the center of a culvert assembly, flanked by conventional culvert sections. The electrode array is powered by pulsators housed in a building nearby. Accidental human exposure to the electric field is prevented by fixed security gates at both ends of the culvert assembly. A fine-mesh drop gate swings down automatically in

6.1 Conceptual drawing of an upstream barrier designed to block upstream fish movement into the channel at the top of the drawing. A description of how this system works is described in Sections 3.0 and 4.0. Note that this array configuration can also be used to guide fish moving upstream into the channel at the lower right which could be a bypass channel or lead to a fish ladder or trap. This configuration could also block fish from entering a tailrace downstream of a hydropower facility or irrigation diversion.

6.2 This photo shows a complete stream barrier system. Note the flush mounted electrode array on the bottom of the concrete sill and the electrodes mounted in the channel side walls to maintain the electric field during high flow events.

Electric

Fish Barrier

DANGER

High Voltage

Keep Away

Electric

Fish Barrier

DANGER

High Voltage

Keep Away

Overflow

Main Culvert

Overflo

w

6.3 A conceptual drawing showing a cast culvert installation. Electrodes are cast inside the concrete culvert. Note the support building and power supply.

6.4 A conceptual drawing showing a typical cross section of a cast concrete culvert section. Note the security gate to prevent unauthorized human access.

6 DeSCrIPTION OF SySTemS

the event of a power failure to prevent fish movement. Figures 6.3 and 6.4 show a plan and cross sectional view, respectively, of

a typical cast concrete culvert configuration.



6.1.2.2 plastic Culverts A plastic culvert barrier is a

custom fitted design intended to replace an existing culvert or for new installation. The required length of Hi-Q pipe has an electrode array installed at its center. The electrode array is powered by pulsators housed in a building nearby. Accidental human exposure to the electric field is prevented by security gates at both ends of the culvert assembly. Figures 6.5 through 6.8 show various aspects of this system.

6.1.3 tailraces and draft tubesDuring turbine shutdowns or

dewatering, fish can swim into a draft tube, thus increasing the chance of injury or mortality on start up, requiring operators to manually salvage trapped fish. To protect fish from turbine draft tubes, many fisheries agencies require a fish exclusion barrier. Smith-Root has developed two primary approaches for excluding fish from tailrace or spillway locations. The first approach is applicable

to locations where water passing through the turbine exits through

Fig. 6.5: An overall view of a typical plastic culvert barrier section.

Fig. 6.6: Electrode end view.

Fig. 6.9: A conceptual drawing of an electrode array inside a turbine draft tube.This configuration uses a circular geometric array.

Fig. 6.7: Front view of culvert array.

Fig. 6.8: A typical cross section view of a plastic culvert section.

DeSCrIPTION OF SySTemS (CONT.) 6

a tunnel as shown in Figure 6.9. These systems employ a circular geometric array with highly insulated electrodes to provide an ideal electric field pattern. Flush mounted electrodes, which do not obstruct water flow, eliminate maintenance associated with debris. Turbine discharge provides high water velocity to sweep stunned fish away from the draft tube. The second approach, which

is applicable to open channel tailraces and downstream of spillway bays is shown in Figure 6.1. This configuration is basically an upstream barrier that can be modified to guide fish to bypass channels, a fish trap, or to the entrance to fish ladder.

12 2012


6.1.4 Canals Barrier systems in canals are

used primarily to prevent fish from moving up the canal into an attached water body. Several canals in Arizona utilize Smith-Root barrier systems to keep non-native fish from moving into areas that have fish listed under the Endangered Species Act.

Figure 6.10 shows a conceptual drawing of a typical canal barrier installation with the electrode array embedded in the bottom and walls of the canal.The Chicago Sanitary and Ship

Canal is an example of a large-scale canal facility. This canal connects the Mississippi River drainage to Lake Michigan. Two barriers have been installed with a third under contract to prevent at least two species of Asian carp from invading the Great Lakes ecosystem. They are over 48 m wide, with a water depth of up to 9 m. Figure 6.11 shows a photo of the canal with a barges and a tug transiting the waterway. This is Smith-Root’s largest system to date, but our technology will accommodate even larger waterways.

6.1.5 Water intake A barrier system (Figure 6.12)

was designed to prevent fish being drawn into the cooling intake of a large industrial facility. This configuration replaced mechanical screens that had to be cleaned regularly, requiring costly plant shutdowns. Pile-clusters were installed to protect the barrier from damage by passing ice-flows or ships.

Fig. 6.10: A conceptual drawing of a large scale canal barrier.

Fig. 6.11: A photo of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal showing two barges and a tug boat transiting the waterway. This canal currently has two barriers installed with a third in the design stage to prevent invasive fish species from entering the Great Lakes ecosystem. The barriers are designed to stop all fish from passing. No fish have been observed passing since full implementation in 2009. This canal is also subject to flow reversals, which means design considerations must include flows moving in both directions.

WHEN LIGHT IS ON BARRIER IS

Electric Fish BarrierDANGERHigh VoltageKeep Away

Fig. 6.12 A conceptual drawing of a barrier array designed to prevent fish from entering an industrial scale water intake. Barrier systems like this have been installed an intake with an opening as small as 1 m.

Fig. 6.13 A conceptual drawing showing a louvered intake barrier. Note that the electrode array is attached to the vertical louvers. This design accommodates large variations in water depth and is ideal for major irrigation diversions, with an acceptable river geometry.

6.1.6 louvered intakes The louvered barrier (Figure

6.13) is designed for water intakes that have high flows and large variations in water depth. Increases in water depth do not reduce the effectiveness of this barrier because the electrodes are mounted vertically on the louvers. Diversion of high flow volumes are made possible by spreading the flow over a large area. The electrodes are flush mounted to facilitate water flow between the louvers. Our experience with this barrier design clarified three important

design considerations. First, the approach velocity to the louvers must be low enough to allow fish repelled by the electric field to swim away from the louver face. Second, the velocity needs to be controlled carefully, avoiding local high-velocity regions. Third, the length of the louvered face should be at a low angle to the dominant river flow to provide a sweeping velocity to aid in moving fish away from the intake and reducing accumulation of debris.

6 DeSCrIPTION OF SySTemS (CONT.)



6.2. downstream Guidance Downstream guidance

systems are designed to move downstream-migrating fish from one location in the channel to another. Since the fish are moving with the current, the key is to get the fish to deviate across a channel to the desired location without immobilizing them. The system uses very short DC

pulses, which create a sensation much like pins and needles that do not immobilize the fish or reduce their swimming ability. In addition, the electric field is designed to divert fish around or cause them to dart upstream away from the electric field. Guidance is achieved by placing the electrode array on a diagonal line across the channel. The fish explore along the electric field until they enter the bypass area or trapping facility. The angle of the diagonal array depends on the species, the size of fish to be repelled and the downstream water velocity. This system should be located in areas of moderate water velocity and positioned upstream from turbine intakes, pumps, etc. This configuration can also be used in waters with no velocity to guide fish away from a particular location. Figure 6.14 shows a conceptual drawing of a downstream guidance array.

6.3 Barriers in static or low velocity Water Barrier or guidance systems

located at sites with no or very little water velocity are easier to design because the water velocity parameter is not a driving force in the overall design. Water depth changes, if any, and water conductivity are major design considerations. Systems in static water are designed to startle and repel the advancement of moving fish. The electric field strength is adjusted to remain constant across the array. Electrical outputs are set to produce very narrow pulses with a slow repeating pulse rate. The narrow pulses do not immobilize or reduce a fish’s ability to swim. The electrode array arrangement is similar to upstream barriers except that parasitic electrodes are placed at each end to

produce an abrupt field edge, which causes fish to be startled toward open water. Tests have shown repelling efficiencies of nearly 100% in static water conditions when an alternate body of water is available as a refuge (Figure 6.15). This type of barrier system has also been used to corral fish in an embayment of Lake Seminole, Florida. Grass carp were introduced into two embayments to control aquatic vegetation. In these systems, physical fences were constructed across each embayment, and the electrical barriers were located at boat passageways (Figure 6.16).

Fig. 6.15: A conceptual drawing of a static water barrier. Note the parasitic electrodes in the array which produces a sharp electric field edge, thus increasing the startle effect on the fish.

Fig. 6.16: A photo of a lake embayment system installed in Lake Seminole, Florida. The barrier allows boat passage, while still containing grass carp behind the barrier to control aquatic vegetation.

Fig. 6.14: A conceptual drawing of a downstream guidance array showing fish being moved across the channel towards a bypass flow. Causing the fish to move to the bypass prevents them from being entrained in a turbine or pump intake.


14 2012



6.4 temporary or seasonal applications Occasionally, situations arise

where a barrier or guidance system is needed for a short time period or there is a need to demonstrate if a permanent electric barrier is right for a particular site or species of interest. To address these situations, Smith-Root developed a temporary portable array that can be deployed at the site on a short-term basis (e.g., blocking or diverting migrating fish for a short period) or to demonstrate the feasibility of installing a permanent barrier. Each array is custom designed to fit a particular site and biological objective. In general, the array consists of a flexible mat (e.g., canvas or vinyl sheet) to which wire rope electrodes are attached. The mat is laid across the bottom and secured. The array operates much like a permanent barrier, except that it can be rolled up and transported easily. A portable array will also handle moderate undulations in the stream bottom and can be designed to fit an irregular shaped channel. Figures 6.17 - 6.21 show

conceptual drawings of various characteristics of a portable array and a typical deployment in a stream. Portable arrays have been used to block and guide fall Chinook into an adjacent river (San Joaquin/Merced rivers in California), provide a proof of concept for a larger scale system (Palisades Creek barrier, Idaho), and demonstrate that pulsed DC can be used to deter marine mammals from migrating up a river (Puntledge River, B.C., Canada; discussed in Section 6.5).

Fig. 6.17: A conceptual drawing showing a “typical” portable array deployment in a stream. Note the vinyl substrate conforms to an irregular channel bottom and electronic equipment being housed in a portable trailer. Tests have also been conducted where the electronics were housed in the back of a pickup with a camper shell attached.

Fig. 6.18: A conceptual drawing showing a portable array configuration for deployment in a stream.

Fig. 6.20: A conceptual drawing showing a typical method used to anchor the upstream edge of a portable array.

Fig. 6.19: A conceptual drawing showing how the vinyl substrate conforms to an irregular stream bottom.

Fig. 6.21: A conceptual drawing showing a typical method used to anchor the upstream edge of a portable array where a concrete sill and regular stream bottom are present.



6.5 marine mammal deterrenCe Barriers and testinG Populations of California sea

lions and other pinniped species have increased exponentially since passage of the Marine Mammal Protection Act. These increases have resulted in high levels of riverine predation on sensitive species of fish in the Pacific Northwest, complicating recovery efforts for the region’s fishery managers. Growing numbers of marine mammals are also damaging docks in boat mooring basins, posing challenges for harbormasters. Smith-Root developed a novel

concept to control marine mammals using non-lethal, electric gradients to deter their foraging behaviors in rivers and their presence in harbors, where animal/human use conflicts occur. A series of studies and tests (summarized below) have been conducted from 2007 to present, to assess the feasibility of developing guidance technology for marine mammal deterrence in the wild. One of these efforts has resulted in a workable technology that is currently in use for marine mammal deterrence in the Fraser River, British Columbia, Canada. The following is a summary of Smith-Root’s capabilities and experience in marine mammal guidance and deterrence over the past few years: (1) deterrence tests on Captive harbor seals, vancouver B.C. aquarium (2007): This study comprised the first-known tests of the effects of a non-lethal, electric deterrence field on marine mammals. In partnership with the Aquarium’s Marine Mammal Veterinarian, scientists from the Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Salmon Commission biologists, and Smith-Root scientists and engineers, two captive harbor seals were exposed to gradually increased voltage gradients in one of the Vancouver Aquarium’s large swim tanks where animals were pre-acclimated. The


underwater deterrence field was limited to the far end of their swim tank. The first harbor seal was deterred from reaching the end of the tank in four of four trials. The second animal was deterred in 18 of 18 trials. Video results are available. Both harbor seals demonstrated extreme sensitivity to an underwater field of pulsed DC electricity at levels below what are now known to affect most species of fish.

(2) in-river deterrence tests on British Columbia harbor seals (2007 and 2008): Based on the successful outcomes in the swim-tank studies above, a deterrence barrier was placed in-situ, into the Puntledge River near Courtenay, B.C. Initial 2007 trials demonstrated immediate deterrence of harbor seals as they swam upstream to forage on salmon juveniles during an evening high tide. A weak field caused five seals to vacate one of their favorite salmon predation areas on the first evening’s tests in the Puntledge River. The following evening, the same non-lethal field prevented about 12 animals from accessing this known predation area (which was situated under a bridge, where deck lighting illuminated their prey). Seal deterrence reactions were immediate. More comprehensive

assessments were implemented in 2008 trials in the Puntledge River. Different electric arrays were evaluated, and various field strengths were examined. With many more animals present, some challenges were encountered: embedded stream-bottom metal may have shorted

the field and maximum spring tides in the test area (located only about 8 km upstream of the estuary) served to weaken the field in a few locations, permitting upstream access by three or four seals. However, the Smith-Root electric deterrence barrier still blocked upstream access for 79% of the seals observed during those Puntledge River trials. The pilot investigations

described above all highlight one important conclusion: marine mammals are extremely sensitive to a very mild field of underwater pulsed DC electricity which can be used successfully as a marine mammal barrier and a deterrence technology for pinniped behavior modification.

(3) seal deterrence from pacific salmon Commission test-Fishing Gillnets in the Fraser river, B.C. (2008): Seal predation on returning adult salmon also had become a serious problem in the Fraser River B.C. over the past several years. Foraging seals were removing salmon from test-fishing gillnets operated by the Pacific Salmon Commission each summer (to determine the strength of the annual salmon runs for in-season management purposes). In addition, seals were damaging the test gillnets. In the Commission’s study, half of a 100-fathom-long, test-fishing gillnet was electrified with Smith-Root’s deterrence technology while the other half served as the untreated control. Over 30 days of continuous testing, the electrified end caught six times as many salmon as the untreated control end (where seals chose to forage and reside). Results of this highly successful demonstration

Fig. 6.22: Vancouver Aquarium testing

Fig. 6.23: Puntledge array

16 2012


photos in Fig. 6.5.5, the Moss Landing Visitors’ dock is typically covered by resting California sea lions nearly every hour of every day. A complex but highly effec-tive deterrence field was installed by Smith-Root and evaluated by Dr. Jenifer Zeligs. Results showed 100% success at voltage gradients nearly imperceptible to humans. Harbormasters on the U.S. West Coast face enormous challenges in keeping marine mammals off docks to reduce human/animal use conflicts and to lessen the potential for struc-tural damage. Technology is now available to help them.6.6 experimental and unique approaches and species Smith-Root scientists and engi-neers are looking at possible new deterrence research on unique species of fish and wildlife. These include: (1) Florida manatee: Under consideration is the pos-sible use of mild, non-lethal electric fields to help conserve the Florida manatee (a species that is frequently injured by boat propellers and subject to thermal shocks or physical damage at power plant outfalls and river dredge sites). A demonstration project is needed. (2) saltwater Crocodiles in australia: Smith-Root has been requested to examine the poten-tial to use underwater electric fields in coastal Queensland rivers in Australia, where engineers must conduct in-water inspec-tions of bridge footings. Studies to research the sensitivities of saltwater crocodiles are under consideration. (3) lungfish, australian eels and Bull sharks: Various requests are being considered to develop deterrence barriers to keep dan-gerous bull sharks out of coastal rivers (world-wide locations) and to protect Australian lungfish and eels during their downstream migrations past hydropower and water reservoir intake sites. (4) american alligators: Research evaluations are planned with partners in Louisiana to assess the potential to sedate large adults for inspections by alligator farmers.


project were published by Canadian scientists in the North American Journal of Fisheries Management (see Forrest et al. 2009). The deployment was so successful that it has become a mainstay technology of the Commission each summer to keep predatory harbor seals out of test-fishing gillnets in the Fraser River. (4) deterrence tests on Califor-nia sea lions at moss landing

marine labs (2008): Tests on California sea lions (conducted with Dr. Jenifer Zeligs, an inter-nationally recognized expert on marine mammal behavior) also highlighted the extreme sensi-tivities of pinnipeds to non-lethal electric gradients. Following tests to determine field levels that animals could discern, deterrence trials were conducted on four California sea lions. Successful deterrence was achieved in all trials, even when a favorite prey item (herring) was introduced on the other side of the deterrence array. Field trials were conducted at weak, non-lethal voltage levels. California sea lions were success-fully deterred even when food was present.Video results of this research

may be found at this link: http://www.smith-root. com/videos/moss-landing-sea-lion-testing (5) tests of the sea lion deterrence Field on Fish (2009): Various studies were conducted on sturgeon (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service), Pacific lamprey, steelhead and Chinook salmon (USGS Columbia River Laboratory) to determine the responses of these fish species to the sea lion deterrence field. Although spring Chinook salmon hesitated when approaching the

deterrence field in an extreme, worst-case trial (continuous, non-stop operation), extensive tests on the other three fish species showed that steelhead, Pacific lamprey and sturgeon are not deterred at the sea lion deterrence level. Results suggest that selective deterrence of marine mammals is possible (especially during intermittent operation of the array) — and thus provides an opportunity to help fishery co-managers and harbormasters resolve controversial resource conflicts with marine mammals.

(6) dock surface deterrence of California sea lions at moss landing harbor district (2012): This study was conducted early in 2012. As can be seen in the

Fig. 6.24: Fraser River seal exclusion testing, with buoys deployed.

Fig. 6.25: Moss Landing testing

Fig. 6.26: Before (top) and after (bottom) sea lion deterrence on docks, Moss Landing CA



The figure at right shows a typical large-stream electric

fish barrier system. The system includes six Programmable Output Waveform (P.O.W.) pulsators. The pulsators are serially connected to a group of submerged electrodes. The system uses a BP-1.5-P.O.W., with an input power of 1.5 kilowatts. Energy is stored in a large capacitor bank and is discharged quickly through water, much like a camera flash. Culvert barriers typically require only one or two pulsators. In the case of only one pulsator, the output can be split to energize up to three electrodes.

7.1 electrical pulsators Smith-Root Programmable Output Waveform pulse generators (BP 1.5 POW, see Figure 7.3) output up to 1.5 kilowatts. Pulsed waveforms and frequencies can be programmed for optimum fish blocking or repelling. Pulse width is adjustable between 0.15 and 10.0 milliseconds. The repetition rate is adjustable from 0.1 to 10 pulses per second. They produce a wide range of DC pulse outputs to give more stopping power with less stress to fish. Each P.O.W. pulsator includes a microprocessor to control width, frequency, and period of the output. A variety of waveforms can be generated: standard pulses, sweeping pulse widths, sweeping frequencies, and gated bursts. This allows generation of optimum waveforms that are effective with a wide range of species. Smith-Root’s Fish Barrier Telemetry and Control System (FBTCS) typically is required to set up, monitor, and control the pulsators. Outputs include:

standard pulses: A regular pattern of on/off times. The width and period of the pulses are selected to produce the most effective pattern. Gated Bursts: A group of pulses followed by a longer off-time. This is often just as effective as standard pulses, but less stressful to the fish. other Waveforms: Sequences of pulses sweeping from wide-to-narrow width, or sequences sweeping from high to low frequency can be implemented on special order.

Fig. 7.3: BP-1.5-P.O.W.

Fig. 7.1: Top: Constant pulse frequency and width mode; Bottom: Gated burst mode.Pulses can be created in a wide range of rates, widths, and periods.

SPECIFICATIONSInput Voltage, standard 240 volts single phase AC

Input Voltage, special order 120 volts single phase AC

Output Voltage (Pulsed DC) 40, 80, 120, 160, 200 and 240 volts

Maximum Input Power 1,500 watts

Maximum Output Energy 1,525 joules

Output Insulating Rating 5,000 volts

Maximum Output Current 1,200 amps

Pulse Width 0.15 to 10.0 milliseconds

Output Pulse Frequency 0.1 to 10.0 Hz

Dimensions 15.5" W x 10.5" H x 21" D

Weight 100 pounds

Operating Temperature 0 to 35° C (32 to 95° F)

Capacitor Bank 27,000 µfd

Specifications are subject to change without notice.

eQuIPmeNT aND mONITOrING INFraSTruCTure 7

Fig. 7.2: Typical barrier installation. Six pulse generators mounted in an environmental equipment enclosure. Wiring connects underground cables to the electrode array. Auxiliary power is provided, fueled by propane for quick starting and reliability.

SERIAL NO.

C NO NC

FISH BARRIER PULSATORU.S. Patent Nos. 5,327,854 and 4,750,451.

Canada Patent No. 1,304,442.

INPUT: 230/240 Volts 10 Amp AC 50/60 Hz. 1 Φ.

IP31

INPUT: 230/240 Volts 10 Amp AC 50/60 Hz. 1 Φ.

TRIGGER

AUX. ALARM

ON

OFFCIRCUIT BREAKERS

OUTPUT DC pulse 600A 350V 1.5kW

PULSEDVOLTAGEMACHINE

DATA

1+

1-

2+

2-

PULSEMODE

UNITADDRESS

WARNINGRISK OF ELECTRICAL SHOCK.READ INSTALLATION AND OPERATING INTRUCTIONS BEFORE USING.FOR INDOOR USE ONLY - DO NOT EXPOSE TO RAIN OR MOISTURE.

AVERTISSEMENTRISQUE DE CHOC ÉLECTRIQUE.LISEZ L'INSTALLATION ET LES CONSIGNES D'UTILISATION AVANT UTILISATION.POUR L'USAGE D'INTÉRIEUR SEULEMENT - N'EXPOSEZ PAS À LA PLUIE OU À L'HUMIDITÉ.

ATTENTION POUR RÉDUIRE LE RISQUE DE CHOC ÉLECTRIQUE, N'ENLEVEZ PAS LA COUVERTURE. RÉFÉREZ-VOUS L'ENTRETIEN AU PERSONNEL DE SERVICE QUALIFIÉ.

ATTENTION TO REDUCE THE RISK OF ELECTRICAL SHOCK, DO NOT REMOVE COVER. REFER SERVICING TO QUALIFIED SERVICE PERSONNEL.

www.smith-root.com

THIS PRODUCT IS PROVIDED WITH A MEANS FOR GROUNDING METAL PARTS THROUGH THE GROUNDING PIN OF THE POWER SUPPLY CORD. DO NOT REMOVE THE GROUNDING PIN.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9A B C

D E F

PULSÉ TENSION MACHINE

CE PRODUIT EST ÉQUIPÉ D'DES MOYENS POUR FONDRE DES PIÈCES EN MÉTAL PAR LE PIQUET DE MISE À LA TERRE DE LA CORDE D'ALIMENTATION D'ÉNERGIE. N'ENLEVEZ PAS LE PIQUET DE MISE À LA TERRE.

BP-1.5 POW WAVEFORM

PROGRAMMABLEOUTPUT

Fig. 7.4: BP-1.5-P.O.W. rear panel

18 2012


Figure 7.7: A typical barrier schematic. Optional extensions are shown in dashed lines.

7.2 monitoring systems Each pulsator's waveform is controlled and monitored by the Fish Barrier Telemetry and Control System (FBTCS) via a fiber optic network. Pulsators are connected through a star concentrator. The advantage is that should any pulsator in the system fail, the barrier will remain operational without disrupting communications with the remaining pulsators. A separate trigger loop keeps the pulsator's outputs synchronous as required by the system. The FBTCS system also has

relay contacts for controlling external devices. The system can be expanded to monitor and/ or control up to 256 devices by adding a custom interface board. The control system reports to remote monitoring locations via telephone modem or radio telemetry. Up to four telephone numbers can be programmed for it to call in the event of a problem. The FBTCS can also receive

remote commands to reconfigure the pulsator outputs via telephone or radio modem link. When connected by modem to a computer, the FBTCS system presents menus allowing remote control and monitoring. Passwords can be employed to prevent unauthorized tampering. The system software provides a status display, and a keystroke calls up the menus to give access to all functions. An event-history is maintained to record error conditions. The system can be interrogated at any time from a standard touch-tone phone, in which case the system will respond in clear spoken voice. In the illustration at right the

system monitors water velocity, temperature and water-level sensors which can automatically adjust pulse characteristics to respond to changes in water conditions. The system sends an alarm if preset water parameters go beyond set limits.

7 eQuIPmeNT aND mONITOrING (CONT.)

Figure 7.8: Typical Barrier Building

Figure 7.9: Interior of barrier building, showing BP 1.5 POW pulsers, smart concentrator.

Fig. 7.0: Monitoring center, Chicago Barrier IIB (Photo: US Army Corp of Engineers)



8.0 saFety

There are two areas of concern for electrical safety. Out

of the water, the Smith-Root electrical barrier systems are designed with careful attention to all national safety codes. Nevertheless, we require barriers to be fenced and warning signs also be posted. In the water, the water acts as a conductor in the circuit. The voltage is dissipated over the length of the field so that the voltage gradient over any small length of the field is much less than the total voltage applied. Smith-Root barrier and

behavioral guidance systems are designed to be non-lethal and to use only low-frequency pulsed DC to create electric fields. Humans are three times more likely to be harmed by alternating current (AC) than by DC current, and it has been shown repeatedly in the scientific literature that use of AC can injure fish. Pulse frequency (especially) and duration and current can all contribute to potential damage, thus Smith-Root typically sets these values well below the electrocution threshold of a typical ground fault interrupter. Pulse frequencies for barriers are much lower than those used in traditional electrofishing. Our interest for most barriers is in changing fish behavior, not achieving galvanotaxis, tetany or anesthesia.

Fig. 8.1: Warning light indicates output.

SaFeTy 8

11. Effects on humans of an electrical pulse passed through the chest area. Adapted fromThe Handbook of Electronic Safety Procedures, Edward A. Lacy. 1982 edition

260 CURRENT (Milliamps passed through chest area)

Typical pulse duration for SRI pulsators

Electrocution threshold for typical adult

Maximum permitted by UL for class A ground fault interrupter Typical ground fault interrupter

10.0

5.0

1.0

0.1

0.05

0.01

0.005

0.001

0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240

PULS

E D

UR

ATIO

NSe

cond

s

Fig. 8.2: Effects on humans of an electrical pulse passed through the chest area.

Fig. 8.0: Warning signage posted at Chicago Canal, Romeoville, Ill. (Photo USACE)

Vessels can safely pass through our electrical fields. Metal-hulled vessels create local short-circuits (requiring longer fields to ensure that fish do not find a pathway through); there are no potential differences within a hull. Hulls of insulating materials merely distort the field by displacing the conductive water. As occurs in the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal multiple times per hour, metal-hulled barges traverse our series of electric barriers for Asian carp control with no effects to vessels or occupants. Smith-Root systems are safe to operate when done so in accordance with the design criteria specified for each unique situation.

Fig. 8.3: Typical barrier warning sign.

Fig.8.4 :Smith-Root can provide international signage where needed.

20 2012


Smith-Root has an active program of research and development to continually improve and expand upon the capabilities of our pulsed DC electric barrier and guidance systems. Some

examples of current efforts include:

potential neW appliCations and areas oF researCh

9 aPPlICaTIONS aND reSearCh

•Development of new electric wave forms to optimize electric field characteristics to increase the effectiveness of our graduated fields for specific fish species and sizes.

•Development of new electric wave forms to reduce the potential for injury or harm to individual fish.

•Conducting modeling and evaluations of the optimum way to generate barrier/guidance fields in estuarine and full seawater environments.

Sea Lion deterrence test trials in Moss Landing, CA - 2008.

• Expanding our prototype marine mammal deterrence systems for harbor seals and sea lions to other marine mammals species.

•Preliminary evaluations of ways of excluding fish from hydropower turbine draft tubes during de-watering events.

•Deterring or excluding predators from areas at the ends of pipes used for fish releases to reduce mortality.

•Preliminary evaluation of the physical conditions necessary to guide or provide a barrier to downstream-moving juvenile fish.

If you have a situation where you think an electric barrier may help meet your objectives or you think your situation may need some special application of our technology, please contact our Project Management Department at [email protected]. Smith-Root is also interested in partnering with individuals or entities to develop new applications for our proven technology.



10.0 Barrier and GuidanCe serviCes availaBle From smith-root, inC.

smith-root's team of scientists, electrical engineers, and civil/structural engineers is available to help you through the entire decision making process. We can

help define your biological objectives, suggest what type of physical structure and configuration will best accomplish your objective, and provide the appropriate electronic equipment to generate the deterrence or guidance field you need.

avaIlaBle ServICeS 10

• Biological and engineering evaluation of your objective and physical site suitability for a barrier or guidance system;

• Sale of the appropriately sized pulse generator, including ensuring that the installation of the equipment is appropriate for the location;

• Complete design services for your site, including all electrical and structural design elements, plus the equipment necessary to complete the installation;

• turn-key installation from design to completed construction;

• periodic maintenance of the barrier and its electronic equipment; and

• telephone support for any issue.

smith-root can provide any or all of the services below:

Smith-Root barrier equipment is covered under a one (1) year Limited Product Warranty. During the one (1) year warranty period, SRI electronically monitors the site, provided connectivity is available. SRI’s mission is to resolve any noted issues, and field any questions or concerns of the client in a timely manner.

22 2012


10 avaIlaBle ServICeS

Services may include:

• Array Tests – check for corrosion, inspect/repair junction boxes, load test electrodes, chart field strength, and record polarity measurements.

• Pulsator Tests – check pulse width and period controls, check power, test overload and over-temperature circuits, check output waveform, and test spare pulsator and rotate into operation.

• FBTCS – test alarm channels for proper operation, check reading and reporting of pulsator output, print and analyze event history file, update software as necessary.

We look forward to helping meet your deterrence and behavioral guidance needs for fish and other aquatic species with our innovative designs and our state-of-the-art technology.

For coverage beyond the one (1) year warranty period, sri offers an electric fish barrier service/maintenance contract.

• Power Supply Tests – test transfer switch mechanism, check for voltage and spikes from local power, operation check of emergency generator system, check propane levels, coolant and oil levels, inspect batteries and charging system, note and report any required repairs to client.

• Equipment Building – Inspect air conditioning, roof and gutters, doors and locks, interior and exterior lighting, warning lights and signs, security system and keypad operation, security gates, erosion or insect problems, report any findings to client.

• Reports – Smith-Root will provide “Electrical Fish Barrier Inspection Report” for each inspection to client. Included in this report is a copy of the site’s alarm history with analysis.

• Barrier Monitoring–Provide technical assistance to client’s staff to insure effective electrical field.


Fish Barriers & Guidance Fish Barriers & Guidance

Fish Barrier sites

Smith-Root, Inc. has over a decade of experience designing and installing fish barrier systems. Building on extensive engineering and high-tech monitoring systems, SRI has constructed the most effective fish diversion and protection system available. On the following pages are presented a selection of various installations around the United States.

SMITH-ROOT.COM 17


II. FISH BARRIER SITES

smith-root, inc. has over two decades of experience designing and installing fish barrier systems. Building on extensive engineering and

high-tech monitoring systems, sri has constructed the most effective fish diversion and protection system available. on the following pages are presented a selection of various installations around the united states.

FISh BarrIer SITeS II

24 2012


Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal 1romeoville, IllinoisA demonstration electric fish barrier constructed of bottom mounted steel wire rope electrodes resting on InsulcreteTM sleepers.Designed to demonstrate effectiveness of blocking upstream migration of invasive Asian carp. Canal is 49 m wide by 8 m deep. The barrier concept was validated by several academic studies.Built: 2002Barrier Type: UpstreamConfiguration: 2 x BP-25kW, 2 x BP-125kW

Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal 2a and 2Bromeoville, IllinoisPermanent barriers using steel billets on InsulcreteTM sleepers spanning the 49-m wide by 8-m deep shipping canal.Designed to block upstream migration of two species of invasive Asian carp. Scaled to permit large barges to pass.Built: 2A built 2006, commissioned 2009; 2B

built 2010, commissioned 2011.Barrier Type: Upstream to still-water.Configuration: 1 x BP-1500 kW, 1 x BP-350 kW

II FISh BarrIer SITeS

aTCO Power, Battle river Generating Stationalberta, CanadaVertical electrodes mounted on three rows of HDPE piles across a 15 m constriction in a wide cooling water canal.Located approximately 200 kilometers southeast of Edmonton, the Battle River Generating Station is a 670 megawatt, coal-fired power generating station. The fish barrier is designed to stop upstream migration of fish into the cooling water discharge of the facility.Built: 2002Barrier Type: UpstreamConfiguration: 2 x BP-125kW

heron lakeWindom, minnesotaSeven steel flat bar electrodes in slots in an InsulcreteTM structure with sloping sides. Used to prevent reinfestation by carp after restoration of Heron Lake.Built: 1991Barrier Type: UpstreamConfiguration: 6 x BP-1.5kW POW



eagle Creek National Fish hatcheryestacada, OregonRailroad iron electrodes mounted on an InsulcreteTM deck and side walls and a low-water bypass channel.The barrier is used to block upstream migration of spawning salmon. The entrance to the fish hatchery is below the fish barrier. The salmon are used for fish hatchery egg production. There are currently four Smith-Root fish barriers in the Pacific Northwest used at Salmon hatcheries.Built: 2003Barrier Type: UpstreamConfiguration: 6 x BP-1.5kW POW

vessyGeneva, SwitzerlandSteel flat bar electrodes installed on InsulcreteTM slab and walls.Designed to prevent trout from entering power station tailrace.Built: 2008Barrier Type: UpstreamConfiguration: 6 x BP-1.5kW POW

FISh BarrIer SITeS II

mountain Bayou lakeSt. landry, louisianaTwo barriers installed. Both are downstream barriers intended to contain sterile grass carp in a cooling-system lake. One has flat bar electrodes set in an InsulcreteTM structure (pictured above). The other has flat bar electrodes over an insulating mat on an existing weir.Built: 2011Barrier Type: DownstreamConfiguration: 3 x BP-1.5kW POW

Pine Creek BarrierIrwin, IdahoConcrete in an existing weir was replaced by InsulcreteTM with slots for steel flat bar electrodes in the slab and walls. The barrier diverts fish into a trap for sorting and separating native cutthroat from invasive rainbow trout.Built: 2010Barrier Type: UpstreamConfiguration: 3 x BP-1.5kW POW

See mOre ONlINeView the entire Smith-Root portfolio of over 40 fish barrier sites - and complete data on each - at: http://www.smith-root.com/barriers/sites/



Literature and Reports

28 2012


Barwick, d.h., and l.e. miller. 1990. Effectiveness of an electric barrier in blocking fish movement. Production Environmental Services Research Report PES/ 90-07, Duke Power Company, Huntersville, NC.

Clarkson, r.W. 2004. Effectiveness of Electrical Fish Barriers Associated with the Central Arizona Project. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 24: 94-105.

dawson, h.a., u. G. reinhardt, and J. F. savino. 2006. Use of Electric or Bubble Barrier to Limit the Movement of Eurasian Ruffe. Journal of Great Lakes Research 32: 40-49, International Association for Great Lakes Research.

dettmers, J.m., and s.m. Creque 2004. Field assessment of an electric dispersal barrier to protect sport fishes from invasive exotic fishes. Annual Report to Division of Fisheries, Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Illinois Natural History Survey, Lake Michigan Biological Station, Zion, IL 60099. Federal Aid Project Report F-150-R. 20 pp.

Forrest, k.W., J.d. Cave, C.J. michielsens, m. haulena and d.v. smith. 2009. Evaluation of an electric gradient to deter seal predation on salmon caught in gill-net test fisheries. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 29: 885-894.

harlan, l., d. smith, m. holliman, C. Burger, G. taccogna, d. miller, B. munro, p. olesiuk, s. Baillie, i. matthews, and G. Bonnell. 2009. Evaluation of an electrical barrier as a seal deterrent on the Puntledge River. Prepared by Smith-Root, Inc. and Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada for the Pacific Salmon Commission, Southern Boundary Restoration & Enhancement Committee, Vancouver, BC.

holliman, F.m. 2011. Operational protocols for electrical barriers on the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal: Influence of electrical characteristics, water conductivity, fish behavior, and water velocity on risk for breach by small silver and bighead carp. Available from U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Great Lakes and Ohio River District, Cincinnati, OH (123 pp).

maceina, m.J., J.W. slipke, and J.m. Grizzle. 1999. Effectiveness of three barrier types for confining grass carp in embayments of Lake Seminole, Georgia. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 19: 968-976.

moy, p., C. B. shea, J. m. dettmers, and i. polls. 2005. Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal aquatic nuisance species dispersal barriers. Proceedings of the 2005 Governor’s Conference on the management of the Illinois River System (“The Illinois River: Progress and Promise”). Tenth Biennial Conference, October 4-6, 2005. Peoria, IL.

moy, p., i. polls, and J. m. dettmers. 2011. The Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal aquatic nuisance species dispersal barrier. Pages 121-137 in D. C. Chapman and M. H. Hoff, editors. Invasive Asian Carps in North America. American Fisheries Society Symposium 74. Bethesda, MD.

palmisano, a. n. and C.v. Burger. 1988. Use of a portable electric barrier to estimate Chinook salmon escapement in a turbid Alaskan river. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 8: 475-480.

reclamation district number 108, 1997. State of California RD 108 Executive Summary for Wilkins Slough Fish Entrainment Study, P.O. Box 50, Grimes, California.

rozich, t. J. 1989. Evaluation of the Pere Marquette River electrical lamprey barrier. Report to Michigan Department of Natural Resources.

seelye, J. G. 1989. Evaluation of the Ocqueoc River electrical weir for blocking sea lampreys. USGS Great Lakes Science Center Report, Hammond Bay Biological Station, Millersburg, MI.

service de l’Électricité. 2009. Centrale Hydroelectrique de Vessy. Suivi du système de repulsion des poisons (suivi de mise en service) (In French). Report to Service de l’Électricité, Geneva, Switzerland by GREN Biologie Appliquée Sari, Geneva, Switzerland.

sparks, r.e., t.l. Barkley, s.m. Creque, J.m. dettmers, and k.m. stainbrook. 2011. Evaluation of an electric fish dispersal barrier in the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal. Pages 139-161 in D. C. Chapman and M. H. Hoff, editors. Invasive Asian Carps in North America. American Fisheries Society Symposium 74. Bethesda, MD.

swink, W.d. 1999. Effectiveness of an electrical barrier in blocking a sea lamprey spawning migration on the Jordan River, Michigan. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 19: 397-405.

savino, J.F., d.J. Jude, and m.J. kostich. 2001. Use of electric barriers to deter movement of round goby. Pages 171-182 in C. Coutant, editor. Behavioral Technologies for Fish Guidance. American Fisheries Society Symposium 26. Bethesda, MD.

Zeligs, J. and C. Burger. 2008. Behavioral deterrence responses of captive California sea lions to a mild, electric voltage gradient at Moss Landing Marine Labs, CA. Unpublished technical memorandum by Moss Landing Marine Laboratory to Smith-Root, Inc., Vancouver, WA.

verrill, d. d. and C.r. Berry. 1995. Effectiveness of an electrical barrier and lake drawdown for reducing common carp and bigmouth buffalo abundances. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 15: 141-141.

11.0 puBlished literature and monitorinG and evaluation reports

11 lITeraTure aND rePOrTS

11.1 PuBlISheD lITeraTure:



lITeraTure aND rePOrTS (CONT.) 11

evaluation oF a Graduated eleCtriC Field as a Fish eXClusion deviCe prepared For puGet sound poWer and liGht Company (quilcene Fish hatchery) Final report may 1992Prepared by: Phil J. Hilgert, Beak Consultants Incorporated.

1990 task ForCe monitorinG results For the salt river proJeCt’s eleCtriCal Fish Barriers BeloW Granite reeF dam – south and ariZona Canal eleCtriCal Fish BarriersPREPARED BY: United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Arizona Project Office

evaluation oF the pere marquette river eleCtriCal lamprey BarrierPREPARED BY: Thomas J. Rozich, Fisheries Habitat Biologist, Fisheries Division, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, October 11, 1989

evaluation oF the oCqueoC river eleCtriCal Weir For BloCkinG sea lampreysPREPARED BY: James G. Seelye, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Hammond Bay Biological Station, 11188 Ray Road, Millersburg, MI 49759, December 27, 1989

GuidanCe eFFiCienCy oF a FloW distriBution system – eleCtriC Barrier in reduCinG Juvenile Chinook salmon entrainment at the reClamation distriCt 108 Wilkins slouGh diversion: 1995 Field studies and evaluationeFFeCtiveness oF an eleCtriCal Barrier in BloCkinG Fish movementsPREPARED BY: D. H. Barwick and L. E. Miller, 1990, Duke Power Company, 13339 Hagers Ferry Road, Huntersville, NC 28078

eFFeCtiveness oF an eleCtriCal Barrier in BloCkinG a sea lamprey spaWninG miGration on the Jordan river, miChiGanPREPARED BY: William D. Swink, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Great Lakes Science Center, Hammond Bay Biological Station, 11188 Ray Road, Millersburg, MI 49759

use oF eleCtriCal Barriers as a deterrent to doWnstream movement oF round GoBiesPREPARED BY: Jacqueline F. Savino, Great Lakes Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 1451 Green Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105David J. Jude, Center for Great Lakes and Aquatic Sciences, University of Michigan, 501 East University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109Melissa J. Kostich, Great Lakes Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey

eFFeCtiveness oF three Barrier types For ConFininG Grass Carp in emBayments oF lake seminole, GeorGiaPREPARED BY Michael J. Maceina, Jeffery W. Slipke, and John M. GrizzleDepartment of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures,Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station,Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849

11.2 rePOrTS

the above reports are available upon request.please visit our website or contact project management at [email protected]

WWW.SMITH-ROOT.COM


360.573.0202 Voice360.573.2064 FAX

[email protected]



®

®

WWW.SMITH-ROOT.COM


360.573.0202 Voice360.573.2064 FAX

[email protected]



®

®

SMITH-ROOT, INC.FISH BARRIERS & GUIDANCE

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Documents

Smith-Root Barrier Book