8
1400 I Street NW - Suite 1200 - Washington, DC 20005 Phone (202) 296-5469 · Fax (202) 296-5427 · www.tobaccofreekids.org Since 1970, smokeless tobacco has gone from a product used primarily by older men to one used predominantly by young men and boys. This trend has occurred as smokeless tobacco promotions have increased dramatically and a new generation of smokeless tobacco products has hit the market. Far from being a “safe” alternative to cigarette smoking, smokeless tobacco use causes cancer and increases the risk of developing other health problems, including nicotine addiction and the potential to move on to combustible tobacco products. Smokeless Tobacco Use Although cigarette smoking in the U.S. has been on the decline, the latest survey from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention showed that the use of smokeless tobacco among youth has held steady since 1999. In 2013, 14.7 percent of high-school boys and 8.8 percent of all high-school students reported current use of smokeless tobacco products. 1 Each year, about 535,000 kids ages 12-17 use smokeless tobacco for the first time. 2 In 16 states, smokeless tobacco use among high school boys is higher than the national rate, with the highest boys’ rates in Alabama (23.1%), Arkansas (24.2%), Kentucky (22.3%), Montana (21.6%), North Dakota (22.0%), Oklahoma (21.2%), Tennessee (20.9%), West Virginia (27.4%) and Wyoming (21.9%). 3 Smokeless tobacco use didn’t used to be so prevalent among the younger population. In 1970, men 65 and older were almost six times as likely as those aged 18 to 24 to use spit tobacco regularly, but by 1991, young men were 50 percent more likely than the oldest men to be regular users. 4 This pattern held especially true for moist snuff, the most popular type of smokeless tobacco. From 1970 to 1991, the regular use of moist snuff by 18 to 24 year old men increased almost ten-fold, from less than one percent to 6.2 percent. Conversely, use among men 65 and older decreased by almost half, from four percent to 2.2 percent. 5 With the new generation of smokeless tobacco products that are made to be easier to conceal, easier to use, and lower priced, the popularity of these products among young people is likely to continue. New Companies, Old Players In the past, cigarette companies only sold cigarettes and smokeless tobacco companies only sold smokeless tobacco. Today, however, companies sell a wide range of tobacco products, with one company declaring itself a “total tobacco company.” The U.S. Smokeless Tobacco Company (UST), now a subsidiary of Altria, the parent company of Philip Morris USA (makers of Marlboro cigarettes), is the biggest smokeless tobacco company in the U.S. and controls more than half (55.2%) of the moist snuff tobacco market (with leading premium brands Skoal and Copenhagen). 6 Reynolds American, Inc. (makers of Camel cigarettes) owns the second largest smokeless tobacco company in the U.S., American Snuff Company (formerly Conwood Tobacco Company), the makers of Grizzly and Kodiak, which holds more than one-third of the moist snuff market. 7 Other cigarette companies have also test-marketed their own smokeless tobacco products. Marketing Smokeless Tobacco to Kids Not surprisingly, tobacco marketing plays an important role in attracting users – particularly youth. The 2012 Surgeon General’s report, Preventing Tobacco Use among Youth and Young Adults, found that the integration of product design with marketing helped to reverse the mid-twentieth century decline in smokeless tobacco use and spurred a rapid increase in smokeless tobacco use by adolescents and young adult males.” 8 From 1998 to 2011 (the most recent year for which data are available), the total advertising and marketing expenditures of the top-five smokeless tobacco companies in the U.S. more than tripled. In 2011, these smokeless tobacco companies spent $451.7 million to advertise and market their products—an increase of more than 80 percent from 2005 expenditures ($250.8 million). 9 Some of these funds pay for smokeless SMOKELESS TOBACCO AND KIDS

Smokeless Tobacco and Kids

Embed Size (px)

DESCRIPTION

SMOKELESS TOBACCO AND KIDS

Citation preview

Page 1: Smokeless Tobacco and Kids

1400 I Street NW - Suite 1200 - Washington, DC 20005 Phone (202) 296-5469 · Fax (202) 296-5427 · www.tobaccofreekids.org

Since 1970, smokeless tobacco has gone from a product used primarily by older men to one used predominantly by young men and boys. This trend has occurred as smokeless tobacco promotions have increased dramatically and a new generation of smokeless tobacco products has hit the market. Far from being a “safe” alternative to cigarette smoking, smokeless tobacco use causes cancer and increases the risk of developing other health problems, including nicotine addiction and the potential to move on to combustible tobacco products. Smokeless Tobacco Use

Although cigarette smoking in the U.S. has been on the decline, the latest survey from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention showed that the use of smokeless tobacco among youth has held steady since 1999. In 2013, 14.7 percent of high-school boys and 8.8 percent of all high-school students reported current use of smokeless tobacco products.1 Each year, about 535,000 kids ages 12-17 use smokeless tobacco for the first time.2

In 16 states, smokeless tobacco use among high school boys is higher than the national rate, with the highest boys’ rates in Alabama (23.1%), Arkansas (24.2%), Kentucky (22.3%), Montana (21.6%), North Dakota (22.0%), Oklahoma (21.2%), Tennessee (20.9%), West Virginia (27.4%) and Wyoming (21.9%).3

Smokeless tobacco use didn’t used to be so prevalent among the younger population. In 1970, men 65 and older were almost six times as likely as those aged 18 to 24 to use spit tobacco regularly, but by 1991, young men were 50 percent more likely than the oldest men to be regular users.4 This pattern held especially true for moist snuff, the most popular type of smokeless tobacco. From 1970 to 1991, the regular use of moist snuff by 18 to 24 year old men increased almost ten-fold, from less than one percent to 6.2 percent. Conversely, use among men 65 and older decreased by almost half, from four percent to 2.2 percent.5

With the new generation of smokeless tobacco products that are made to be easier to conceal, easier to use, and lower priced, the popularity of these products among young people is likely to continue.

New Companies, Old Players

In the past, cigarette companies only sold cigarettes and smokeless tobacco companies only sold smokeless tobacco. Today, however, companies sell a wide range of tobacco products, with one company declaring itself a “total tobacco company.” The U.S. Smokeless Tobacco Company (UST), now a subsidiary of Altria, the parent company of Philip Morris USA (makers of Marlboro cigarettes), is the biggest smokeless tobacco company in the U.S. and controls more than half (55.2%) of the moist snuff tobacco market (with leading premium brands Skoal and Copenhagen).6 Reynolds American, Inc. (makers of Camel cigarettes) owns the second largest smokeless tobacco company in the U.S., American Snuff Company (formerly Conwood Tobacco Company), the makers of Grizzly and Kodiak, which holds more than one-third of the moist snuff market.7 Other cigarette companies have also test-marketed their own smokeless tobacco products. Marketing Smokeless Tobacco to Kids

Not surprisingly, tobacco marketing plays an important role in attracting users – particularly youth. The 2012 Surgeon General’s report, Preventing Tobacco Use among Youth and Young Adults, found that the “integration of product design with marketing helped to reverse the mid-twentieth century decline in smokeless tobacco use and spurred a rapid increase in smokeless tobacco use by adolescents and young adult males.”8

From 1998 to 2011 (the most recent year for which data are available), the total advertising and marketing expenditures of the top-five smokeless tobacco companies in the U.S. more than tripled. In 2011, these smokeless tobacco companies spent $451.7 million to advertise and market their products—an increase of more than 80 percent from 2005 expenditures ($250.8 million).9 Some of these funds pay for smokeless

SMOKELESS TOBACCO AND KIDS

Page 2: Smokeless Tobacco and Kids

Smokeless Tobacco & Kids / 2

tobacco ads in magazines with high youth readership, such as Sports Illustrated and Rolling Stone.10 In fact, in the few years after signing the Smokeless Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement (STMSA), despite its restrictions placed on youth advertising, UST increased its expenditures in magazines with a significant number of youth readers by 161 percent, from $3.6 million to $9.4 million.11

Tobacco companies have used a variety of strategies to entice youth to use smokeless tobacco: sweet and kid-friendly flavors, sponsorships of events popular with youth, advertisements with youth-oriented messages, and affordable prices.

Flavors. Smokeless tobacco products are being sold in a variety of kid-friendly flavors. Internal company documents show that UST intentionally used flavors to hook new spit-tobacco users (meaning kids) years ago. As one document states:

New users of smokeless tobacco -- attracted to the category for a variety of reasons -- are most likely to begin with products that are milder tasting, more flavored, and/or easier to control in the mouth. After a period of time, there is a natural progression of product switching to brands that are more full-bodied, less flavored, have more concentrated ‘tobacco taste’ than the entry brand.12

Following this strategy, between 1983 and 1984, UST introduced Skoal Bandits and Skoal Long Cut, designed to “graduate” new users from beginner strength to stronger, more potent products. A 1985 internal UST newsletter indicates the company’s desire to appeal to youth: “Skoal Bandits is the introductory product, and then we look towards establishing a normal graduation process.”13 In 1993, cherry flavoring was added to UST’s Skoal Long Cut, another starter product. A former UST sales representative revealed that “Cherry Skoal is for somebody who likes the taste of candy, if you know what I’m saying.”14 “Candy” is an appropriate comparison, given a recent chemical analysis showing that the same flavor chemicals used in sweet-flavored moist snuff tobacco products are also used in popular candy and drink products such as LifeSavers, Jolly Ranchers, and Kool-Aid.15 UST has continued its efforts to grow and expand its brands. For instance, one study found that between 2000 and 2006, UST increased the number of its sub-brands by 140 percent, creating a larger variety of products, including flavors, with which to “cast a wide net” and appeal to as many potential users as possible.16

According to Nielsen scanner data, sales of flavored moist snuff across all companies increased 72 percent between 2005 and 2011; and in 2011, flavored products (which now include flavors such as apple, peach, vanilla, berry blend, and citrus blend, in addition to wintergreen and spearmint/mint) accounted for more than half (56.1%) of all moist snuff sales.17

Sponsorships. Smokeless tobacco products have been marketed to young people through a number of channels, including sporting events like auto racing and rodeos that are widely attended by kids. UST used to sponsor many professional motorsports and rodeo and bull riding events. As the general manager of the College Finals said, “U.S. Tobacco is the oldest and best friend college rodeo ever had.”18 However, the state tobacco settlement agreements and 2009 Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act (Tobacco Control Act) now limit smokeless tobacco companies’ ability to continue to do brand-name sponsorships of events and teams. The Tobacco Control Act also prohibits free sampling of smokeless tobacco except under very narrow circumstances. In addition, some cities, including Boulder and Greeley, CO, have prohibited free tobacco product giveaways, making it even more difficult for companies like UST to lure new users at these events.

Advertisements. For years, tobacco companies have used advertisements as a way to market their smokeless tobacco products to youth and young adults. As one example, back in 1999, UST ran a full-color advertising insert for its Rooster brand smokeless tobacco in San Diego State University’s college paper, the Daily Aztec. The ad offered a sweepstakes for an all expenses paid trip to the Playboy mansion and, in direct violation of California law, included a $1.00 coupon. State enforcement efforts related to the ad forced UST to pay a fine of $150,000 and pay for a parallel ad insert opposing smokeless tobacco use.

Continuing its efforts to lure and maintain young users, in 2001, UST ran a magazine ad for its Rooster brand in Rolling Stone with the phrase, “Cock-A-Doodle Freakin’ Do.” Less than a year later, ads for Rooster appeared in Sports Illustrated, bearing the same image as before, but with the phrases, “Where’s The Chicks?,” and “Birds of a Feather Party Together.” After UST received criticism for both the ads’ blatant appeal to youth and a Massachusetts Department of Public Health report finding that UST

Page 3: Smokeless Tobacco and Kids

Smokeless Tobacco & Kids / 3

increased its advertising in magazines targeting youth after the STMSA19, the company stopped using those ads and suspended its advertising in four magazines.20

More recently, Reynolds’ “tellin’ it like it is” campaign for Grizzly uses sarcastic phrases as advice about how to be “manly” or “macho.” Users were even encouraged to submit their own phrases. Grizzly is currently the most popular smokeless tobacco brand among 12-17 year olds.21

In May 2014, after five years out of magazines, Altria began placing Skoal ads in publications popular with boys and young men, including Sports Illustrated, Car and Driver, and Maxim. After years as the most popular moist snuff brand, Skoal is now the third most popular among 12-17 year olds, behind Copenhagen and Grizzly.22 And in January 2015, Altria restarted the first ads for Copenhagen in magazines such as Popular Mechanics, GQ, Car and Driver, and Maxim, since 2008.

Pricing. Higher prices are one of the most effective ways to reduce tobacco use, and its corollary is also true: low prices can promote or initiate tobacco use. Tobacco companies have been using price promotions and other strategies successfully to make smokeless tobacco products more affordable. Skoal and Copenhagen – both more expensive, premium brands – were the most popular products through the mid-2000s, even among youth, until bargain-priced Grizzly arrived. Within five years, Grizzly became the most popular brand among 12-17 year olds, a position it held until 2013.23 One convenience store retailer stated, “What is driving sales for us has been the influx of new brands that retail for under $3. We’re looking at a massive demand on these brands.”24

In an effort to regain their market share, UST and Altria, makers of Skoal and Copenhagen, have tried to convince states to change their tax structures to make them more favorable towards the premium brands to

Rolling Stone, July 3, 2001

Sports Illustrated, May 6, 2002

Sports Illustrated, April 4, 2002

Maxim, May 2014

Car and Driver, January 2014

Rolling Stone, October 10, 2013

2009 Direct mail piece. Source: www.trinketsandtrash.org.

Page 4: Smokeless Tobacco and Kids

Smokeless Tobacco & Kids / 4

the detriment of bargain brands. In addition, Altria cut prices on Copenhagen and Skoal products in 2009 and in 2011 introduced a “value” extension of its Skoal brand. Convenience store retailers reported, “…Skoal launched its Skoal Xtra brand, which pretty much cut the price in half. And Copenhagen was at $5-$6 a roll, and now it’s in the $4.50 range. As the price has come down, consumers have responded by increasing purchases.”25 By 2013, Copenhagen became the most popular moist snuff brand among 12-17 year olds.26

New Smokeless Tobacco Products

For years, tobacco companies have marketed smokeless tobacco products as a way to use tobacco in places or situations when smoking is not allowed or is not socially acceptable, and that practice continues today. Seeing the downward trend in smoking rates and the increasing popularity of smokeless tobacco products, cigarette companies have released their own smokeless tobacco products that draw on the brand names of their popular cigarettes to attract new users. R.J. Reynolds’s Camel Snus and Philip Morris USA’s Marlboro Snus are now sold nationally, and other cigarette companies had tried their hand at snus brands. Snus are small, teabag-like pouches containing tobacco and other flavorings that users place between their upper gum and lip. Because these products do not require spitting, their use can be easily concealed. One high school student admitted using Camel Snus during class, saying, “It’s easy, it’s super-discreet…and none of the teachers will ever know what I’m doing.”27

R.J. Reynolds began test-marketing its own new line of dissolvable tobacco products, again under the Camel brand name, in three cities in January 2009 and in two different test cities beginning March 2011.28 Camel Orbs are pellets of ground tobacco resembling tic tacs, Camel Strips are flat sheets of ground tobacco that work like dissolvable breath strips, and Camel Sticks are toothpick-like sticks of ground tobacco. The Indiana Poison Center issued a warning that the products’ resemblance to non-tobacco products put children at risk for accidental poisoning. In 2013, Reynolds announced that it would be scaling back efforts on its dissolvable products, but they continue to be sold in limited test markets.29 The Tobacco Products Scientific Advisory Committee of the U.S. Federal Drug Administration issued a study on these and other dissolvable tobacco products and found, among other things, “that the available

evidence, while limited, leads to a qualitative judgment that availability of DTPs [dissolvable tobacco products] could increase the number of users of tobacco products.”30

Altria, Inc., the parent company of Marlboro-maker PM USA and Skoal-maker UST, has been test-marketing flavored Marlboro Sticks and Skoal Sticks, both toothpick-type sticks coated in tobacco, since March 2011 in various places in Kansas. In response, the Kansas Department of Health and Environment (KDHE) issued a warning about the products, stating, “As the state’s health agency, KDHE is particularly concerned about the

potential appeal of these new tobacco sticks to youth. The packages are so small that they could easily be concealed in a shirt or pants pocket and youth could use tobacco sticks in front of parents or teachers while appearing to have a simple toothpick in their mouth. We are also concerned about the risk of young children accidentally ingesting these products.”31 By placing the new brand extensions both with cigarettes (Marlboro Sticks) and with smokeless tobacco products (Skoal Sticks), the company seems to be testing which market is more viable for their product.32

These new products concern public health organizations for numerous reasons: they may lure even more kids into smokeless tobacco use and addiction; because of their novelty; because of the misconception that they are a harmless form of tobacco use; and because they can be consumed much less conspicuously than either cigarettes or existing spit tobacco products at home, in school and in other locations. Furthermore, cigarette smokers who might ultimately quit because of the social stigma associated with smoking, the inconvenience caused by smoking restrictions at work and elsewhere, or a

Camel Snus Camel Dissolvables

Skoal Sticks

Page 5: Smokeless Tobacco and Kids

Smokeless Tobacco & Kids / 5

desire to protect their family and friends from secondhand smoke may instead switch to smokeless tobacco products and end up perpetuating and increasing their nicotine addiction.* Harms from Smokeless Tobacco Use

Public health authorities including the Surgeon General and the National Cancer Institute have found that smokeless tobacco use is hazardous to health and can lead to nicotine addiction. Smokeless tobacco contains at least 28 cancer-causing chemicals and causes oral, pancreatic and esophageal cancer. Use of smokeless tobacco is also associated with other health problems including lesions in the mouth and tooth decay. More specifically:

• Nearly 30 years ago, an expert advisory committee to the U.S. Surgeon General found that, “After a careful examination of the relevant epidemiologic, experimental, and clinical data, the committee concludes that the oral use of smokeless tobacco represents a significant health risk. It is not a safe substitute for smoking cigarettes. It can cause cancer and a number of non-cancerous oral conditions and can lead to nicotine addiction and dependence.”33

• According to the National Cancer Institute, at least 28 cancer causing chemicals have been identified in smokeless tobacco.34 The U.S. National Toxicology Program established smokeless tobacco as a “known human carcinogen.” 35

• The National Cancer Institute and the International Agency for Research on Cancer report that use of smokeless tobacco causes oral, pancreatic and esophageal cancer. 36

• Smokeless tobacco use is associated with leukoplakia, a disease of the mouth characterized by white patches and oral lesions on the cheeks, gums, and/or tongue. Leukoplakia can sometimes lead to oral cancer. Studies have found that more than half of daily users of smokeless tobacco had lesions or sores in the mouth, and that these sores are commonly found in the part of the mouth where users place their chew or dip.37

• Chewing tobacco has been linked to dental caries (tooth decay). A study by the National Institutes of Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found chewing tobacco users were four times more likely than non-users to have decayed dental root surfaces.38

• Smokeless tobacco contains nitrosamines—proven and potent carcinogens.39 A study by the American Health Foundation for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts found that the level of cancer causing tobacco specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) in U.S. oral moist snuff brands were significantly higher than comparable Swedish Match brands. These data suggest that it is possible for smokeless tobacco companies to produce oral snuff with significantly lower TSNA levels.40

• A 2009 study found that moist snuff tobacco contained a considerable number of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in varying amounts, depending on the product and brand. Because of this variation, the researchers concluded that tobacco companies could minimize the levels of PAHs in their products.41

• A study in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine found that “snuff use may be a gateway form of nicotine dosing among males in the United States that may lead to subsequent cigarette smoking.” Further, the study found that “the prevalence of smoking was substantially higher among men who had quit using snuff than among those who had never used snuff, suggesting that more than 40 percent of men who had been snuff users continued or initiated smoking.”42

• A study from Nicotine & Tobacco Research found that adolescent boys who use smokeless tobacco products have a higher risk of becoming cigarette smokers within four years.43

• A 2008 study showed how smokeless tobacco manufacturers changed free nicotine levels—and thus the addictiveness of products—by manipulating pH levels in smokeless tobacco products over time. For instance, between 2000 and 2006, Conwood Smokeless Tobacco Company (now American Snuff Company, a Reynolds American subsidiary) increased the free nicotine level by 31.1 percent across

* Under the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, tobacco companies must prove the validity of any health claims to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration before using them in promotional materials. Additionally, any new smokeless tobacco products must go through independent testing regarding either their inherent harmfulness or their likely impact on overall tobacco use levels or public health before entering the market.

Page 6: Smokeless Tobacco and Kids

Smokeless Tobacco & Kids / 6

all its brands. This change supports manufacturers’ graduation strategy of starting new users at low nicotine levels and then building brand loyalty with fully addicted users with high nicotine levels. Researchers found that established, addicted, long-term smokeless tobacco users preferred products with the highest levels of free nicotine, whereas those who used smokeless tobacco with lower free nicotine content tended to be fairly new users.44

Despite all the evidence of the harms of smokeless tobacco, in April 1999, a spokesperson for UST, quoted in the Providence Journal, claimed that it has not been “scientifically established” that smokeless tobacco is “a cause of oral cancer.” The Rhode Island Attorney General subsequently filed a legal action against UST for violating the multi-state settlement agreement’s provisions prohibiting false statements about the health effects of tobacco products. As a result, UST was required to formally acknowledge that the Surgeon General and other public health authorities have concluded that smokeless tobacco is addictive and can cause oral cancer and to pay $15,000 to the Attorney General’s office for efforts to prevent Rhode Island youths from using tobacco.

Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, March 19, 2015 / Ann Boonn Types of Spit Tobacco • Oral (moist) snuff is a finely cut, processed tobacco, which the user places between the cheek and

gum that releases nicotine which, in turn, is absorbed by the membranes of the mouth. • Snus (or pouches) is a tea-bag like packet of moist snuff tobacco and flavorings, placed between the

upper gum and lip. The product design does not require the user to spit, unlike traditional moist snuff. • Dissolvable tobacco products are made of ground tobacco and flavorings, shaped into pellets, strips,

or other forms, that the user ingests orally. These products do not require spitting. • Looseleaf chewing tobacco is stripped and processed cigar-type tobacco leaves, loosely packed to

form small strips. It is often sold in a foil-lined pouch and usually treated with sugar or licorice. • Plug chewing tobacco consists of small, oblong blocks of semi-soft chewing tobacco that often contain

sweeteners and other flavoring agents. • Nasal snuff is a fine tobacco powder that is sniffed into the nostrils. Flavorings may be added during

fermentation, and perfumes may be added after grinding.

More information on smokeless tobacco is available at http://www.tobaccofreekids.org/facts_issues/fact_sheets/toll/products/smokeless/.

1 U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), “Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance—United States, 2013,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) 63(4), June 13, 2014, http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/ss/ss6304.pdf. 2 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), 2013, http://www.samhsa.gov/data/NSDUH/2013SummNatFindDetTables/DetTabs/NSDUH-DetTabsSect4peTabs1to16-2013.htm#tab4.10a. 3 Other states with boys’ smokeless use rates higher than the national rate include Georgia (15.7%), Louisiana (18.5%), Mississippi (18.5%), Missouri (18.0%), Ohio (15.1%), South Dakota (16.9%), and Vermont (15.0%). CDC, “Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance—United States, 2013,” MMWR 63(4), June 13, 2014, http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/ss/ss6304.pdf. 4 CDC, “Surveillance for Selected Tobacco-Use Behaviors—United States, 1900-1994,” MMWR 43(SS-03), November 18, 1994. 5 CDC, “Surveillance for Selected Tobacco-Use Behaviors – United States, 1900-1994,” MMWR 43(SS-03), November 18, 1994. 6 Altria Group, Inc., Form 10-K, 2014 Annual Report, filed February 25, 2015, http://edgar.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/764180/000076418015000022/a2014form10-kq42014.htm. 7 Reynolds American, Inc., Form 10-K, 2014 Annual Report, filed February 10, 2015, http://edgar.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1275283/000119312515040558/d821365d10k.htm. 8 HHS. Preventing Tobacco Use Among Youth and Young Adults: A Report of the Surgeon General, 2012, at 539. 9 Federal Trade Commission (FTC), Smokeless Tobacco Report for 2011, 2013, http://www.ftc.gov/reports/federal-trade-commission-smokeless-tobacco-report-2011. Data for top 5 manufacturers only: Altria Group, Inc.; North Atlantic Trading Company, Inc.; Reynolds American, Inc.; Swedish Match North America, Inc.; and Swisher International Group, Inc..

Page 7: Smokeless Tobacco and Kids

Smokeless Tobacco & Kids / 7

10 Morrison, MA, et al., “Under the Radar: Smokeless Tobacco Advertising in Magazines With Substantial Youth Readership,” American Journal of Public Health (AJPH) 98:543-548, 2008. See also, Sports Illustrated, July 30, 2001, and December 11, 2009; Rolling Stone, June 10, 2010, and December 5, 2013. 11 Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Smokeless Tobacco Advertising Expenditures Before and After the Smokeless Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement: A Report of the Massachusetts Department of Public Health, May 2002, http://archives.lib.state.ma.us/bitstream/handle/2452/49479/ocm50878863.pdf. 12 Connolly, G, “The Marketing of Nicotine Addiction by One Oral Snuff Manufacturer,” Tobacco Control 4(1):73-79, 1995. 13 Connolly, G, “The Marketing of Nicotine Addiction by One Oral Snuff Manufacturer,” Tobacco Control 4(1):73-79, 1995. 14 Freedman, AM, “How a Tobacco Giant Doctors Snuff Brands to Boost Their Kick,” The Wall Street Journal, October 26, 1994. 15 Brown, JE, et al., “Candy Flavorings in Tobacco,” New England Journal of Medicine, DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc1403015, May 7, 2014, http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1403015. 16 Alpert, HR, et al., “Free nicotine content and strategic marketing of moist snuff tobacco products in the United States: 2000-2006,” Tobacco Control 17:332-338, 2008. 17 Delnevo, C, et al., “Examining market trends in the United States smokeless tobacco use: 2005 – 2011,” Tobacco Control, October 31, 2012, doi:10/1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050739. 18 Rocky Mountain News, June 22, 1996. 19 Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Smokeless Tobacco Advertising Expenditures Before and After the Smokeless Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement: A Report of the Massachusetts Department of Public Health, May 2002, http://archives.lib.state.ma.us/bitstream/handle/2452/49479/ocm50878863.pdf. 20 U.S. House Committee on Energy and Commerce, Can Tobacco Cure Smoking? A Review of Tobacco Harm Reduction, Hearing, June 3, 2003, Serial No. 108-31, at 132, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-108hhrg87489/pdf/CHRG-108hhrg87489.pdf. Dipasquale, CB, “Smokeless Tobacco Company Pulls Magazine Ads,” Ad Age, June 7, 2002, http://adage.com/article/news/smokeless-tobacco-company-pulls-magazine-ads/34765/. 21 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration (SAMHSA), Analysis of data from the 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. 22 SAMHSA, Analysis of data from the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. 23 SAMHSA, Analysis of data from the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. 24 Lofstock, J, “Smokeless Sales are Surging,” Convenience Store Decisions, December 7, 2012. 25 Lofstock, J, “Smokeless Sales are Surging,” Convenience Store Decisions, December 7, 2012. 26 SAMHSA, Analysis of data from the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. 27 Nelson, L, “If you think Snus is a safe alternative to smoking, think again,” Kansas City Star, October 31, 2007. 28 Craver, R, “Dissolvable tobacco products to be tested,” Winston-Salem Journal, February 24, 2011. 29 Craver, R, “R.J. Reynolds scales back marketing of dissolvable tobacco products,” Winston-Salem Journal, July 31, 2013. 30 FDA, Summary: TPSAC Report on Dissolvable Tobacco Products, March 1, 2012, http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/TobaccoProductsScientificAdvisoryCommittee/UCM295842.pdf. See also, TFK, The Danger from Dissolvable Tobacco and Other Smokeless Tobacco Products, http://www.tobaccofreekids.org/research/factsheets/pdf/0363.pdf. 31 Kansas Department of Health and Environment, World No Tobacco Day; Kansas Test Market for New Tobacco Product, Press Release, May 26, 2011, http://www.kdheks.gov/news/web_archives/2011/05262011.htm. 32 Craver, R, “Dissolvable tobacco products to be tested,” Winston-Salem Journal, February 24, 2011. 33 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), The Health Consequences of Using Smokeless Tobacco: A Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General, Bethesda, MD 20892, NIH Publication No. 86-2874, April 1986, http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/NN/B/B/F/C/. 34 National Cancer Institute (NCI), “Smokeless Tobacco and Cancer,” Accessed September 9, 2014. http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Tobacco/smokeless#r1. See also: NIH, NCI, Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph 2: Smokeless Tobacco or Health: An International Perspective, September 1992, http://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/tcrb/monographs/2/m2_complete.pdf. 35 National Toxicology Program, Public Health Service, HHS, Report on Carcinogens, Thirteenth Edition, October 2014, http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/content/profiles/tobaccorelatedexposures.pdf. 36 NCI and CDC, Smokeless Tobacco and Public Health: A Global Perspective, Bethesda, MD: HHS, CDC, NIH, NCI, NIH Publication No. 14-7983, December 2014, http://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/brp/tcrb/global-perspective/index.html. See also: International Agency for Research on Cancer. A Review of Human Carcinogens: Personal Habits and Indoor Combustions. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Volume 100E (2012). http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol100E/mono100E-8.pdf 37 Hatsukami, D & Severson, H, “Oral Spit Tobacco: Addiction, Prevention and Treatment,” Nicotine & Tobacco Research 1:21-44, 1999. 38 Tomar, SL, “Chewing Tobacco Use and Dental Caries Among U.S. Men,” Journal of the American Dental Association, 1999, 130: 160.

Page 8: Smokeless Tobacco and Kids

Smokeless Tobacco & Kids / 8

39 National Cancer Institute, “Smokeless Tobacco and Cancer,” Accessed September 9, 2014. http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Tobacco/smokeless#r1; Hatsukami, D & Severson, H, “Oral Spit Tobacco: Addiction, Prevention and Treatment,” Nicotine & Tobacco Research 1:21-44, 1999. 40 Brunnemann, KD, et al., “Aging of Oral Moist Snuff and the Yields of Tobacco -Specific N-Nistrosamines,” American Health Foundation, Massachusetts Tobacco Control Program, June 22, 2001. 41 Stepanov, I, et al., “Analysis of 23 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Smokeless Tobacco by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry,” Chemical Research in Toxicology [epub ahead of print], October 27, 2009. 42 Tomar, SL, “Snuff Use and Smoking In U.S. Men: Implications for Harm Reduction,” AJPH 23(3), 2002. 43 Tomar, S, “Is use of smokeless tobacco a risk factor for cigarette smoking? The U.S. experience,” Nicotine & Tobacco Research 5(4):561-569, August 2003. 44 Alpert, HR, et al., “Free nicotine content and strategic marketing of moist snuff tobacco products in the United States: 2000-2006,” Tobacco Control 17:332-338, 2008.