SO2, NO,NO2

H2O2

+ HO2+ SO2 H2SO4

O2

HO2

+ CO, O2CO2+ NO

NO2 HO.

+ SO2, O2

SO3 + H2O

SO4

particles

+ NO2HNO3

+ H2O

O

O3

H2SO4

dry deposition dry depositionwet deposition wet deposition

NH3, HYDROCARBONS, HEAVY METALS, CARBON PARTICLES, SOIL DUST

Response of water organisms to pH decrease in running waters

7,5 7,0 6,5 6,0 5,5 5,0 4,5 4,0 3,5

xx

Death of Crustaceans, Molluscs

Death of salmons, trouts, Arctic charr

Death of sensitive insectsand animal plankton

Death of grayling

Death of perch and luce

Death of eel and trouts

Life is possible for sensitive insects,part of animal and vegetal plankton

Increase of Vellutella bianca

Damage begins when pH is less than 6.5

Most of species disappear when pH is less than 5

Source: Report of the Swedish Ministry of Agriculture

SOURCES AND EFFECTS OF HEAVY METALS

INPUT OF HEAVY METALSINPUT OF HEAVY METALS

Decomposition of

geological material

Natural emissions

Industrial activities

Car traffic

Mineral fertilizersOrganic manureSewage, sludge and compostPesticides

Industrial activities

Agriculture

TOXICITY FOR TOXICITY FOR HUMANSHUMANS

ANIMALS AND ANIMALS AND CROPSCROPS

Air pollution

Soil pollution

Water pollution

Residues inplants

1450 1500 1550 1600 1650

4950

5000

5050

5100

5150

A lp eg era

B e llin za

B o sch iB ra llo

B re ra

B ru g h e ri

C ise

C o m oIsp ra

L o ca rn o

L o n g o n e

L u g an oL u n ecco

L _ A rn o

M ad esim o

M i_ T ren n o

M o rb e g n o

M o tta ro n eO rta

P a llan za

S a rd eg n a

S o _ M o n c

T o g g ia

T rin o

C en to

S O 4 N M

da ti m an can ti4 .5 8 - 5 4 .1 6 - 4 .5 83 .7 4 - 4 .1 63 .3 2 - 3 .7 42 .9 - 3 .322 .4 8 - 2 .92 .0 6 - 2 .4 81 .6 4 - 2 .0 61 .2 2 - 1 .6 40 .8 - 1 .22 g r / m 2 an n o

Deposizione di solfati non marini ( g S /m2/y )

1450 1500 1550 1600 1650

4950

5000

5050

5100

5150

A lp eg era

B e llin za

B o sch iB ra llo

B re ra

B ru g h e ri

C ise

C o m oIsp ra

L o ca rn o

L o n g o n e

L u g an oL u n ecco

L _ A rn o

M ad esim o

M i_ T ren n o

M o rb e g n o

M o tta ro n eO rta

P a llan za

S a rd eg n a

S o _ M o n c

T o g g ia

T rin o

C en to

S O 4 N M

d a ti m an can ti4 .5 8 - 5 4 .1 6 - 4 .5 83 .7 4 - 4 .1 63 .3 2 - 3 .7 42 .9 - 3 .3 22 .4 8 - 2 .92 .0 6 - 2 .4 81 .6 4 - 2 .0 61 .2 2 - 1 .6 40 .8 - 1 .2 2 g r / m 2 an n o

Non marine Sulphate deposition ( g S /m2/y )

1450 1500 1550 1600 1650

4950

5000

5050

5100

5150

A lp eg e ra

B e llin za

B o sch iB ra llo

B re ra

B ru g h e ri

C ise

C o m oIsp ra

L o ca rn o

L o n g o n e

L u g an oL u n ecco

L _ A rn o

M ad esim o

M i_ T ren n o

M o rb e g n o

M o tta ro n eO rta

P a llan za

S a rd eg n a

S o _ M o n c

T o g g ia

T rin o

C en to

N O 3 + N H 4

d a ti m an c an ti2 .3 4 - 2 .6 2 .0 8 - 2 .3 41 .8 2 - 2 .0 81 .5 6 - 1 .8 21 .3 - 1 .5 61 .0 4 - 1 .30 .7 8 - 1 .0 40 .5 2 - 0 .7 80 .2 6 - 0 .5 20 - 0 .2 6 g r / m 2 an n o

Azoto totale nelle deposizioni (g N /m2/y )

1450 1500 1550 1600 1650

4950

5000

5050

5100

5150

A lp eg e ra

B e llin za

B o sch iB ra llo

B re ra

B ru g h e ri

C ise

C o m oIsp ra

L o ca rn o

L o n g o n e

L u g an oL u n ecco

L _ A rn o

M ad esim o

M i_ T ren n o

M o rb e g n o

M o tta ro n eO rta

P a llan za

S a rd eg n a

S o _ M o n c

T o g g ia

T rin o

C en to

N O 3 + N H 4

d a ti m an c an ti2 .3 4 - 2 .6 2 .0 8 - 2 .3 41 .8 2 - 2 .0 81 .5 6 - 1 .8 21 .3 - 1 .5 61 .0 4 - 1 .30 .7 8 - 1 .0 40 .5 2 - 0 .7 80 .2 6 - 0 .5 20 - 0 .2 6 g r / m 2 an n o

Total nitrogen in the deposition (g N /m2/y )

Source: Europen Commission, 1999

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

acidificazionenel 1990

acidificazionenel 2010

eutrofizzazionenel 1990

eutrofizzazionenel 2010

UE

Non UE

Europa

Fonte: AEA, 2000Fonte: AEA, 2000

% d

i ecosis

tem

i con

dep

osiz

ion

e s

up

eri

ore

al ri

sp

ett

ivo c

ari

co c

riti

co

Deposizioni acidificanti ed eutrofizzanti: danno agli ecosistemi

Percentage of alpine lakes sensitive to acidification

Percentuale di laghi alpini sensibili Percentuale di laghi alpini sensibili all’acidificazioneall’acidificazione

Current UNECE protocols Year Main target

The first sulphur protocol (Helsinki) 1985 Reduction in sulphur emissions or transboundary fluxes of sulphur by30% of 1980 levels by 1993

The second sulphur protocol (Oslo) 1994 National emission ceilings for 2000 (and in some cases also for2005/2010) derived from an interim target of a 60% gap closure of theexceedance of the 5 percentile critical sulphur deposition

The first NOx protocol (Sofia) 1988 Stabilise that the NOx emissions or the transboundary fluxes of NOx at1987 levels by 1994

UNECE protocols under preparation Year(expected)

Main target

The multi-effect/multi-pollutant protocol 1999 To establish national emission ceilings for NOx, NH3 and VOCs usingan effect-oriented (critical loads and levels) and cost-effectiveapproach aimed at reducing acidification, eutrophication andtropospheric ozone in conjunction with reductions of the NMVOCemissions

Current EU Policy Year Main target

5EAP SO2 target 1992 A 35% reduction from 1985 level by 2000. Several Directives havecome into effect or are under revision to meet this target

5 EAP NOx target 1992 Stabilisation by 1994 and reduction of 30% by 2000, both from 1990level of emission. Various derectives have come into effect or are inthe pipeline to achieve this target

EU Strategy under preparation Year(expected)

Main target

Reduction of SO2, NOx and NH3 emissions 1998 Based on an effects-based (critical loads) and cost-effective approach,reductions of SO2, NOx and NH3 emissions in order to attain, by 2010,the interim environmental target of at least a 50% gap closure (basedon a reference scenario including all Directives (present and underpreparation) within the EU) in each area of ecosystems exceedingcritical loads for total acidity

UNECE and EU current and planned emission reduction targets regarding acidification and eutrophication