Social and Cultural British History - curs.doc

8/17/2019 Social and Cultural British History - curs.doc

1/147

UNIVERSITATEA ‘LUCIAN BLAGA’ DIN SIBIU

FACULTATEA DE LITERE SI ARTECATEDRA DE STUDII BRITANICE SI AMERICANE

MIRELA PETRASCU

SOCIAL AND CULTURAL BRITISH HISTORY

LECTURE NOTES

2009

1


2/147


3/147

t e early $"liti'al an# '%lt%ral e&"l%ti"n "+ t e Englis

$e"$le, t e relati"ns i$ -et.een $e"$le an# *"nar' y,as .ell as "n t e esta-lis *ent "+ $arlia*entary

g"&ern*ent T e '"%rse als" a$$r"a' es s"'ial an#

$"liti'al $r"-le*s, '"**%nity an# in#%strial

#e&el"$*ents, t e e $ansi"n "+ t e E*$ire, #"*esti'

a++airs "+ Great Britain an# N"rt ern Irelan#

2


4/147

CONTENTS

T"+ Hi!to # o, t"+ B iti!" I!l+! -.olitic!/ !ocial

"i!to #/ +cono #/ +li1ion/ colonial "i!to #

1 T e Britis Isles +r"* $re)R"*an Britain t" t eMi##le Ages T e R"*an C"n3%est Celts,

Sa "ns an# Vi4ings T e Rise "+ Large

5ing#"*s

0 T e Mi##le Ages6 T e 7"%se "+ N"r*an#y

Magna Carta

T e 18 t Cent%ry6 Crises in Englan# T e 19 t

Cent%ry6 T e :ar "+ t e R"ses

2 T e 1; t 'ent%ry6 Re+"r*ati"n T e Eli/a-et an

Age

8 T e 1


5/147

T e Vi't"rian Age

< T e U 5 in t e 0?t

Cent%ry Iris In#e$en#en'eT e t." :"rl# :ars T e L"ss "+ t e E*$ire

Int+1 at+d to.ic!:

• T e #e&el"$*ent "+ t e Englis lang%age (l#

Englis t" Mi##le Englis Fr"* @Early M"#ernEnglis t" Englis as a ."rl# Lang%age

• Instit%ti"ns6 T e M"nar' y an# t e C %r'

@#e&el"$*ent, inter#e$en#en'e, t eir r"les in

'"nte*$"rary Britis s"'iety

•

T e !%#i'iary syste* C ara'teristi's "+ Englis la.T e arlia*entary syste*6 T e #e&el"$*ent "+

Angl")Sa "n #e*"'ra'y T e State +r"* $re)R"*an

Britain t" t e U 5 t"#ay

• T e 'lass)syste* Mentalities, *"rals, t e in#i&i#%al

an# s"'iety

To.ic! !u11+!t+d ,o indi3idual !tud# 6

E#%'ati"n6 ty$es "+ s' ""ls

9


6/147

C%lt%ral instit%ti"ns

Art, ar' ite't%re, %r-anis*ainting, s'%l$t%re, *%si', 'ra+ts

Me#ia an# t e $ress

;


7/147

PRERE4UISITES: )

RE4UIREMENTS 'OR STUDENTS:

T e st%#ents are re3%ire# t" ans.er t e 3%esti"ns at t e

en# "+ e&ery le't%re an# are als" a#&ise# t" '"ns%lt t e

rea#ing list +"r +%rt er in+"r*ati"n T e e&al%ati"n'"nsists "+ 2? "*e a'ti&ity @"ne re$"rt t" -e

s%-*itte# -y t e en# "+ t e se*ester an#


8/147

THE HISTORY O' THE BRITISH

ISLES

56 T"+ B iti!" I!l+! , o . +7Ro an B itain to

t"+ Middl+ A1+!6 T"+ Ro an Con8u+!t6 C+lt!/ Sa on!

and *i in1!6 T"+ Ri!+ o, La 1+ &in1do !6

5656 P +7Ro an and Ro an B itain

Be+"re t e R"*an C"n3%est "+ t e Britis Isles, t e

$resent territ"ry "+ Britain .as 4n".n as Al-i"n, a na*e

t at a# -een %se# -y Gree4s as early as ;??? BC Later,

in t e 8 t 'ent%ry BC, Britain an# Irelan# .ere 4n".n as

t e retani' Islan#s t e R"*ans %se# t e ter*

generi'ally t" #en"te $e"$le -el"nging t" a Celti')

s$ea4ing tri-e

>


9/147

In an'ient ti*es t e territ"ry .as in a-ite# -y

I-erians, "+ . "* &ery little is a't%ally 4n".n Be+"ret e +"r*ati"n "+ t e Englis state, t e territ"ry .as

in&a#e#, in t%rn, -y Celts, R"*ans an# Angl")Sa "ns

In t e < t )2 r# 'ent%ries BC, t e Celti' tri-es,

"riginally "''%$ying t e n"rt ern an# .estern $arts "+

Ger*any an# t e Net erlan#s, .ere *"&ing a'r"ssE%r"$e in s%''essi&e .a&es S"*e "+ t e* settle# in

Fran'e, "t ers in Italy T e Celti' in&a#ers "+ Britain

'a*e in s%''essi&e tri-al .a&es an# i*$"se# t e*sel&es

as an arist"'ra'y "n t e '"n3%ere# tri-es t r"%g "%t

Britain an# Irelan#

T e R"*an "''%$ati"n "''%rre# -et.een t e

'"*ing "+ t e Celts an# t e '"*ing "+ t e Sa "ns In 99

an# 98 BC @a+ter a&ing '"n3%ere# Ga%l in Fran'e ,

=%li%s Caesar la%n' e# e $e#iti"ns against S"%t ern

Englan#, -%t *et str"ng resistan'e +r"* t e Celti' tri-es

It .as "nly in 82 AD t at E*$er"r Cla%#i%s, en'"%rage#

-y internal #is'"r# a*"ng t e Britis tri-es, in&a#e#

Britain, . i' .as in'"r$"rate# int" t e R"*an E*$ire

T e Brit"ns, le# -y t e legen#ary %een B"a#i'ea,

+"%g t t e R"*ans, -%t .ere #e+eate# Legen# as it t at


10/147

t e 3%een ' "se t" #rin4 $"is"n rat er t an -e ta4en

$ris"ner By AD Englan# an# :ales .ere %n#er R"*an '"ntr"l, a sit%ati"n t at .as t" last %ntil lin4s

.it R"*e '"lla$se# in 8? @$"ssi-ly 88

T e Britis Isles .ere, ".e&er, n"t '"n3%ere#

entirely @7ig lan# S'"tlan# .as ne&er '"n3%ere#, . ile

Irelan# .as ne&er atta'4e# A ‘+r"ntier /"ne’ @7a#rian’s:all .as '"ns"li#ate# -y t e R"*ans t" $r"te't

Englan# +r"* in&asi"n +r"* t e N"rt T e R"*ans

trie# +"r "&er a 'ent%ry t" '"n3%er Cale#"nia, as t ey

'alle# S'"tlan#, -%t .ere %ns%''ess+%l (n'e t e -"r#er

.it S'"tlan# .as '"ns"li#ate#, t e R"*ans *a#e it t e

+art est "%t$"st "+ t eir E*$ire T ey ne&er s%''ee#e# in

'"n3%ering t e S'"ts, . "* t ey i#enti+ie# .it t e

‘Bar-arians’ +r"* t e +art er n"rt ern regi"ns

M"re"&er, 7a#rian’s :all .as +re3%ently #estr"ye# -y

t e re$eate# in&asi"ns "+ t e i'ts +r"* S'"tlan#, an# it

.as %lti*ately a-an#"ne#

In t e S"%t , t e R"*an s"'iety en'"%rage# a

$r"'ess "+ R"*ani/ati"n, granting rig ts t" t e nati&e

$"$%lati"n T e R"*ans i*$"se# t eir s%$eri"r

'i&ili/ati"n "n t e in a-itants "+ t e '"n3%ere# territ"ry

1?


11/147

T ey le+t -e in# :els C ristianity, t e r"a#s an# t e

'ity sites, . i' gaine# in i*$"rtan'e Many "+ t et".ns .ere "riginally ar*y 'a*$s an# t e Latin na*e

+"r 'a*$, castra , as re*aine# in *any *"#ern t".n

na*es en#ing in ‘'aster’, ‘' ester’ "r ‘'ester’, s%' as

Man' ester, D"n'aster "r Lei'ester

Ne&ert eless, t e R"*ans .ere n"t s%''ess+%l ini*$"sing Latin, . i' in+l%en'e# t e Englis lang%age

"nly later, na*ely a+ter t e N"r*an C"n3%est "+ 1?;;,

. en it .as i*$"se# as t e "++i'ial lang%age in religi"n,

.ritten #"'%*ents an# e#%'ati"n

T e en# "+ R"*an Britain .as -r"%g t -y

in'reasing atta'4s +r"* Bar-arian $e"$les6 i'ts

Celti')s$ea4ing tri-es +r"* S'"tlan#, Angles, =%tes an#

Sa "ns +r"* n"rt Ger*any, =%tlan# an# Frisia, an#

Sa "ny, res$e'ti&ely T ese atta'4s 'a%se# t e #e'line "+

tra#e an# t e stagnati"n "+ a'ti&ity in %r-an 'enters T e

R"*ans gra#%ally .it #re. +r"* Britain 7a&ing a#

t e s%$$"rt "+ t e e tre*ely .ell "rgani/e# R"*an

ar*y, t e nati&es a# n"t '"ns"li#ate# any +"r* "+

11


12/147

#e+ense an# .ere n". $".erless an# %na-le t" resist t e

atta'4ersIn 8? AD t e R"*an)Brit"ns e $elle# t e

"++i'ials "+ E*$er"r C"nstantine III an# .ere le+t t"

resist t e atta'4s -y t e*sel&es A''"r#ing t" *"st

ist"rians, it .as t e la'4 "+ an e++i'ient ar*y an# "+

'"ns"li#ate# sites t at *a#e Britain s" &%lnera-le t"in&asi"ns +r"* t at *"*ent "n.ar#s

10


13/147

5626 An1l+!/ Sa on! and )ut+!

12


14/147

T e Angl")Sa "n settle*ent, . i' -egan in t e

9t

'ent%ry AD, .as, *"st li4ely, n"t t e arri&al "+ a%ni+ie# ar*y, -%t rat er t at "+ s%''essi&e gr"%$s "+

.arri"rs, . " sa. t e $"ssi-ility +"r e $ansi"n an#

-egan t" settle "n t e islan#

T e Angles, t e Sa "ns an# t e =%tes 'a*e +r"*

t e regi"ns "+ '"ntinental E%r"$e t at '"rres$"n# t" t e*"#ern territ"ries "+ 7"llan#, S"%t ern Den*ar4 an#

:estern Ger*any It as yet n"t -een esta-lis e# t" . at

an e tent t ere .ere large)s'ale *"&e*ents "+ $e"$les,

"r -an#s "+ .arri"rs . " settle# in #i++erent $arts "+ t e

'"%ntry T ere .as a l"ng)lasting str%ggle .it t e

R"*an)Brit"n $"$%lati"n an# #"*inati"n .as n"t

esta-lis e# %ntil late in t e ; t 'ent%ry, a$$arently, t e

age "+ t e legen#ary 5ing Art %r

T ese tri-es gra#%ally t""4 "&er t e area t at is

n". 4n".n as Englan# @t e lan# "+ t e Angles , . ile

t e Celts retreate# n"rt an# .est t" S'"tlan# an# :ales

T e Sa "ns atta'4e# Englan#, t e =%tes esta-lis e#

t e*sel&es in 5ent an# t e Isle "+ :ig t, an# t e Angles

.ent +art er N"rt By


15/147

*"st "+ t e lan#, .it t e e 'e$ti"n "+ C"rn.all an# $art

"+ s"%t ern S'"tlan#

In t e '"n3%ere# areas t e R"*an)Brit"ns

s%r&i&e# as sla&es an# $easants T e (l# Englis ."r#

‘.eal ’, initially *eaning ‘+"reigner’, 'a*e t" *ean,

a+ter t e Angl")Sa "n settle*ent, -"t ‘Celt’,

‘:els *an’, an# ‘ser&ant’, ‘sla&e’, . i' is in#i'ati&e "+

t e s%r&i&al "+ t e Brit"ns, -%t als" "+ t eir l". stat%s in

t e ne. s"'iety

19


16/147

As tra#e #e'line#, Englan# rela$se# t" a *"re

&i"lent stage an# C ristianity +a#e# a.ay, as t e in&a#ers.ere all $agans T e Angl")Sa "ns -r"%g t .it t e*

an e tensi&e -"#y "+ tri-al '%lt%re S"*e "+ t e* %se# a

r%ni' al$ a-et, -%t t e r%nes .ere "nly %se# +"r s "rt

ins'ri$ti"ns :riting .as n"t %se# e tensi&ely %ntil t e

'"n&ersi"n t" C ristianity, . en *an%s'ri$t te' n"l"gy.as intr"#%'e# +r"* R"*e e&en t en, a Celti' &ersi"n

"+ t e R"*an al$ a-et .as %se#, -%t r%ni' signs .ere

als" intr"#%'e# in it

T e Angl")Sa "ns li&e# in s*all &illages t ey

%se# *%#, .""# an# stra. t" -%il# t eir "%ses, . i'

.ere gr"%$e# ar"%n# t e "%se "+ t e l"r# T e l"r#, "r

thane , .as t e *"st i*$"rtant *an in t e &illage, as e

4e$t "r#er an# *a#e $e"$le "-ey t e la.s T ere .as n"

-"#y "+ la.s in Angl")Sa "n s"'iety, -%t t ere .ere

'"*$ensati"ns "ne a# t" $ay +"r a 'ri*e (++en#ers "r

'ri*inals .ere, #e$en#ing "n t e se&erity "+ t eir #ee#,

eit er ange# "r '"*$elle# t" $ay a s%* "+ *"ney 'alle#

wergild. (n t e . "le, t e Angl")Sa "ns +"r*e# a

$ea'e+%l s"'iety (n'e t ey settle# t e Englis territ"ry,

t ey 'ease# 'arrying "n .ars an# t eir -iggest ene*ies

1;


17/147

-e'a*e #isease an# star&ati"n, as li+e e $e'tan'y .as

&ery s "rt

1


18/147

1>


19/147

562656 T"+ Lan1ua1+

T e Angl")Sa "n in&asi"n *eant t e settle*ent

"+ a . "le $e"$le, . i' *eans t at t eir lang%age

-e'a*e t e #"*inant "ne an# "nly a +e. tra'es "+ t e

Celti' lang%age re*aine# T e Englis lang%age retaine#

t e na*es "+ s"*e t".ns @L"n#"n, Lee#s , regi"ns@5ent, De&"n, C"rn.all ‘t e lan# "+ t e :els ’ , an#

"+ ri&ers @A&"n ‘.ater’, t e T a*es ‘#ar4 ri&er’

T e +a't t at t e Celti' lang%age @na*ely t." "+

its -ran' es, Gaeli' an# Britanni' C"rnis an# :els

#i# n"t in+l%en'e (l# Englis t" any great e tent, #"es

n"t *ean t at t e Brit"ns .ere all 4ille# "r #ri&en "%t,

-%t t at t eir lang%age si*$ly #i# n"t a&e any i*$a't

"n t e '"n3%er"rs

T e Englis lang%age $r"$er #eri&es +r"* t e

early Ger*ani', . i' , li4e t e Celti', is a -ran' "+ t e

In#")E%r"$ean +a*ily "+ lang%ages T e Ger*ani'

lang%ages #eri&e# +r"* t e r"t")Ger*ani' #iale't "+

t e In#")E%r"$ean +a*ily "+ lang%ages T e r"t")

Ger*ani' #iale't .as +irst *enti"ne# -y Ta'it%s in

1


20/147

Germania , .ritten in > AD As a res%lt "+ t e e $ansi"n

"+ t ee Ger*ani')s$ea4ing $e"$les, #i++eren'es in t e#iale'ts .it in t e r"t")Ger*ani' -e'a*e *"re

*ar4e#, %ntil t ree #istin't -ran' es @N"rt , East an#

:est Ger*ani' e*erge#

T e :est)Ger*ani' -ran' is s%-#i&i#e# int"

t." #iale'ts6 7ig Ger*an, . i' e&"l&e# int" Ger*anan# Hi##is , an# t e L". Ger*an #iale'ts "+ N"rt

Ger*any @'alle# (l# Sa "n in t eir earliest +"r* T ey

in'l%#e D%t' , A+ri4aans, Fle*is , Frisian an# Englis

Frisian is t e lang%age *"st 'l"sely relate# t" Englis It

.as "n'e s$"4en al"ng t e '"ast "+ t e N"rt Sea, +r"*

N"rt ern 7"llan# t" Central Den*ar4 7ist"rians

s$e'%late t e $"ssi-ility t at t e Angl")Sa "ns *ig t

a&e -een near)neig -"rs .it t e Frisians -e+"re t e

+"r*er *igrate# t" Englan#

A+ter t e Angl")Sa "ns '"n3%ere# Englan#, t e

res%lt in ter*s "+ lang%age .as a &ariety "+ #iale'ts

@es$e'ially #%e t" t e +a't t at t ey a# '"*e an# settle#

in s%''essi&e .a&es In The Ecclesiastical History of

the English People @


21/147

re+erre# t" as gr"%$s relate# in lang%age an# '%lt%re, an#

t ey regar#e# t e*sel&es as $e"$le -el"nging t" "ne'%lt%re In t is res$e't, t e (l# Englis ."r#s ‘Engle’

@t e Angles an# ‘Englis'’ @Englis .ere %se# t" #en"te

all t ese $e"$les an# t e lang%age t ey s$"4e

Old En1li!" , t e earliest $ ase in t e#e&el"$*ent "+ t e Englis lang%age, laste# %ntil

a$$r" i*ately t e year 11?? (l# Englis si*$li+ie# t e

r"t")Ger*ani' lang%age syste* ) it a# +"%r 'ases +"r

t e n"%ns, re#%'e# t e n%*-er "+ #e'lensi"ns t" t ree "r

+"%r, it a# +e.er #istin'ti&e 'ase en#ings, . i' .ere

+%rt er re#%'e# in ti*e (l# Englis relie# +"r its 'ase

#istin'ti"ns "n t e a#!e'ti&es, . i' a# $reser&e# *"re

#istin'ti&e en#ings t an t e n"%ns, an# "n t e #e+inite

arti'le ‘se’ In its &er- syste*, it $reser&e# a r"t")

Ger*ani' t.")tense syste*, -%t it als" sa. t e

-eginning "+ a ne. tense syste* %sing a% iliaries an# it

#e&el"$e# +"r*s +"r t e $resent $ast $er+e't an# +"r t e

$assi&e &"i'e

In ter*s "+ synta , (l# Englis a# greater

&ariety "+ ."r# "r#er t an t"#ay, -e'a%se "+ its

01


22/147

in+le'ti"nal syste* Negati"n .as a' ie&e# -y *eans "+

t e $arti'le ‘ne’, . i' .as %se# s" +re3%ently t at it"+ten *i e# .it 'ertain ."r#s, $r"#%'ing +"r*s li4e

‘nis’ @‘is n"t’ "r ‘n"l#e’ @‘."%l# n"t’ It retaine# t e %se

"+ $re+i es an# s%++i es +r"* t e r"t")Ger*ani' @in

."r#s s%' as blodig, thancful, freondleas A#&er-s

.ere '"**"nly +"r*e# +r"* a#!e'ti&es -y *eans "+ s%++i es @‘+aest’ ‘+ir*’, ‘+aeste’ ‘+ir*ly’ re+i es

.ere a##e# t" &er-s in "r#er t" intensi+y t eir +"r'e "r t"

#en"te #estr%'ti"n @‘-aernan’ ‘t" -%rn’, ‘+"r-aernan’

‘t" #estr"y -y -%rning’ T e $re+i ‘ge’, +"r instan'e,

in#i'ate# t e '"*$leti"n "+ an a'ti"n6 ‘ri#an’ ‘t" ri#e’,

‘geri#an’ ‘t" '"n3%er’, ‘t" "''%$y’ ‘sigl#e’ ‘t" sail’,

‘gesigl#e’ ‘t" get s"*e. ere -y sailing’

C"*$"%n#ing .as als" +re3%ent6 (E ‘-"''rae+t’ @‘-""4)

s4ill’ +"r ‘literat%re’, (E ‘ri*s'rae+t’ @‘n%*-er)s4ill’

+"r ‘arit *eti'’ S"*e "+ t e '"*$"%n# ."r#s a&e

s%r&i&e# in M"#ern Englis 6 (E ‘s%nne-ea*’ J

‘s%n-ea*’, (E ‘.i+*ann’ J ‘."*an’

00


23/147

56;6 T"+ H+.ta c"#

T e Angl")Sa "ns esta-lis e# se&eral 4ing#"*s

-e+"re t ey %nite# sl".ly T e Angles esta-lis e#

t e*sel&es in East Anglia an# Mi##le Anglia, t e

Sa "ns settle# *ainly in t e s"%t an# .est @:esse ,Esse , Mi##lese , S%sse , an# t e =%tes settle# in 5ent,

t e Isle "+ :ig t an# $arts "+ 7a*$s ire In S'"tlan#,

i'ts an# S'"ts +"r*e# t e 4ing#"* "+ Al-a Irelan# a#

a rat er "-s'%re $"siti"n, as t ere .as n" $"st)R"*an

'"ntin%ity ere C ristianity s$rea# in Irelan# in t e 9 t

'ent%ry, n"t as a '"nse3%en'e "+ R"*an C ristianity, -%t

as a res%lt "+ t e *issi"nary a'ti&ity "+ St atri'4, a

*"n4 . " 'a*e +r"* Englan#

T ere is little in+"r*ati"n a-"%t :ales as .ell

(n'e it .as n" l"nger $art "+ t e R"*an E*$ire, it s$lit

int" a n%*-er "+ $"liti'al %ni"ns, g"&erne# -y $".er+%l

.arl"r#s Latin .as %se# +"r religi"%s $%r$"ses, -%t t e

Celti' lang%age s%r&i&e# as an a'ti&e &erna'%lar an#

#e&el"$e# int" :els

02


24/147

In Englan#, gra#%al $"liti'al %ni"n re#%'e# t e

4ing#"*s t" se&en @t e 7e$tar' y 6 N"rt %*-ria@s"%t ern S'"tlan# an# Englan# n"rt "+ t e ri&er

7%*-er , Mer'ia @t e :est Mi#lan#s , East Anglia,

Esse , :esse , S%sse an# 5ent In t e < t 'ent%ry,

N"rt %*-ria .as t e str"ngest 'enter "+ $".er, . ile in

t e t

'ent%ry it .as :esse , . "se 4ings +inally %nite#Englan#

08


25/147

09


26/147

7".e&er, t ere .as n" '"ns'i"%sness "+ Englan#

"r "+ :ales as s%' %ntil t e ;t

'ent%ry, e&en i+ :ales.as #issi*ilar As t e :els a# 'arrie# "n a l"ng

str%ggle .it t e in&a#ers, :ales .as '%lt%rally an#

$"liti'ally in#i&i#%ali/e# Literat%re .as .ritten in

:els an# :ales -e'a*e '%lt%rally a s%r&i&"r +r"* an

"l#er 'i&ili/ati"n T ere .as a l"ng str%ggle .it t ein&a#ers6 in t e >t 'ent%ry, +"r instan'e, *ar4e# t e

#e+initi"n "+ a -"r#er -et.een :ales an# Englan# A+ter

t e Angl")Sa "n settle*ents, t e i#entity "+ t e :els

.as #e+ine# in ter*s "+ ‘"t erness’, -%t :ales

ne&ert eless -e'a*e t e *"st i*$"rtant area "+

s%r&i&ing R"*an)Brit"n 'i&ili/ati"n

In Englan#, t e :est)Sa "n #iale't -e'a*e t e

literary stan#ar# E&en i+ t ere are s%r&i&ing te ts +r"*

t e (l# Englis $eri"# .ritten in +"%r *a!"r #iale'ts

@:est Sa "n, 5entis , Mer'ian an# N"rt %*-rian , t ere

.as a ten#en'y +"r t e *an%s'ri$ts t" -e '"$ie# -y :est

Sa "n s'ri-es an# $%t int" :est Sa "n +"r* @e g

Beowulf 7".e&er, t e :est Sa "n #iale't is n"t t e

#ire't an'est"r "+ t e Englis lang%age

0;


27/147

56


28/147

.as $r"$erly "rgani/e# -y T e"#"re "+ Tars%s,

Ar' -is "$ "+ Canter-%ry Fr"* t e <t

'ent%ry "n.ar#s,Englan# -e'a*e t e -ase +"r *issi"nary a'ti&ity,

'"ntri-%ting t" t e s$rea# "+ C ristianity in Ger*any

an# S'an#ina&ia T e *"nasti' ' %r' es t at .ere -%ilt

a# a *a!"r r"le in t e s$rea# "+ litera'y an# e#%'ati"n

T e '"n&erte# Angl")Sa "ns $r"#%'e# re*ar4a-lea'a#e*i' ."r4s, t e *"st n"ta-le "+ t e* -eing Be#e’s

+irst ist"ry "+ Englan# 7".e&er, *any "+ t e

*"nasteries ."%l# -e #estr"ye# -y Britain’s ne t

in&a#ers, t e Vi4ings

0>


29/147

56=6 T"+ D+3+lo. +nt o, t"+ En1li!" Stat+

In t e ; t an# < t 'ent%ries, t e relati"ns i$

-et.een t e 4ing#"*s "+ t e 7e$tar' y .as s%-!e't t"

' ange S"*e "+ t e* +l"%ris e#, . ile "t ers l"st t eir

in#e$en#en'e, %ntil t ree *a!"r 4ing#"*s re*aine# "n

t e *a$ "+ Britain @N"rt %*-ria, '"*$rising s"%t ernS'"tlan# an# Englan# n"rt "+ t e ri&er 7%*-er,,

Mer'ia, na*ely t e $resent)#ay :est Mi#lan#s an#

:esse

It .as #i++i'%lt, +"r any "+ t e r%lers "+ t ese

4ing#"*s, t" *aintain lasting an# e++e'ti&e '"ntr"l "&er

t e "t ers, as ea' "+ t e 4ing#"*s .as #e+eate#, in t%rn

F"r instan'e, Aet el-ert "+ 5ent a'te# as an "&er4ing in

9 ? Mer'ia #"*inate# East Anglia +r"* ;98

N"rt %*-ria .as #e+eate# -y Mer'ia +r"* ;


30/147

T ere .ere +aint in#i'ati"ns "+ a sense "+

nati"nal i#entity T e Syn"# at 7ert+"r# @;


31/147

56>6 T"+ *i in1 In3a!ion!

Fr"* a-"%t


32/147

:esse , .as re'"gni/e# as ‘"&erl"r# "+ Englan#’ In >29

e #e+eate# t e Danes, -%t in >


33/147

its "rigin in t e "n ."r# ‘ta4a’, . ile its (E

'"rres$"n#ent .as ‘ni*an’ B"t ."r#s e iste# inMi##le Englis , -%t t en ‘t" ni*’ *eant ‘t" steal’ T e

."r# ‘gate’ '"*es +r"* t e (E ‘gat%’, -%t in t e

n"rt ern #iale'ts it als" *eant ‘.ay’, ‘street’, +r"* t e

(N ‘gata’ @in Lee#s an# H"r4 t ere still are streets 'alle#

‘5ir4gate’, t e '"rres$"n#ing &ersi"n "+ ‘C %r' street’M"st S'an#ina&ian l"an)."r#s +irst a$$eare# in

.riting in t e Mi##le Englis $eri"#, -%t t eir +"r*

s ".s t at t ey a# -een ta4en "&er in t e late (l#

Englis $eri"#, +"r t ey %n#er.ent t e transiti"n +r"*

(l# Englis t" Mi##le Englis Many "+ t e ."r#s t at

.ere ta4en "&er are "r#inary "nes, relating t" e&ery#ay

li+e an# #en"ting t e si*ilarities -et.een t e t."

'%lt%res @‘sister’, ‘-ag’, ‘'a4e’, ‘+"g’, ‘4ni+e’, ‘s4in’,

‘s4ill’, ‘.in#".’, ‘+lat’, ‘l""se’, ‘"##’, ‘%gly’, ‘t ey’,

‘t e*’, ‘t eir’ 7".e&er, t eir n%*-er is rat er s*all

'"*$are# t" t e n%*-er "+ ."r#s t at .ere later

-"rr".e# +r"* Fren' an# Latin

22


34/147

56>626 An1lo7Sa on! and *i in1!

In >, t e Dan+la? .as esta-lis e# : en

Al+re# #e+eate# t e Danes e all".e# t e* t" in a-it

$art "+ Englan# east an# n"rt "+ a line +r"* C ester t"

L"n#"n Initially, t e Danela. #esignate# t e $arts "+

n"rt , 'entral an# eastern Englan# . ere Danis , rat er t an Sa "n, '%st"*s an# la.s, $re&aile# Later, 5ing

E#gar @ 9 )


35/147

regar#e# as t e +irst 4ings "+ t e Englis In


36/147

Irelan#, S'"tlan# an# :ales .ere at *"st ti*es

in#e$en#ent "+ Englan# Irelan# generally resiste# t" t eVi4ing atta'4s #%e t" a s%''essi"n "+ 4ings . "

.ea4ene# t e atta'4ers’ $".er In S'"tlan#, 5ennet

M'Al$in '"n3%ere# t e S'"ts an# %nite# t e* .it t e

S'"ts T ere .as n" et ni' %ni"n -et.een Englan# an#

S'"tlan# : at e&ent%ally -e'a*e S'"tlan# .aset ni'ally, ge"gra$ i'ally an# '%lt%rally #i&erse an#

in'l%#e# S'"ts, i'ts, Brit"ns an# s"*e Angles F"r

instan'e, %ntil *i#)10 t 'ent%ry it .as %n'lear . et er

*%' "+ . at is n". N"rt ern Irelan#, an# es$e'ially

C%*-ria an# N"rt %*-ria, ."%l# -e $art "+ Englan# "r

"+ S'"tlan#

In :ales t ere .ere +e. atta'4s +r"* t e Vi4ings,

-%t t ere .as $ress%re +r"* Englan# T e #i&isi"n "+

$r"$erty a*"ng s"ns a# e&ent%ally *a#e it #i++i'%lt +"r

:ales t" a' ie&e %nity T %s, e&en i+ t ey .ere

in#i&i#%ali/e# @t ey e&en a# t eir ".n '"ins , t e

:els in t e s"%t *a#e s"*e 4in# "+ s%-*issi"n t"

Al+re#, . " "++ere# t e* el$ against t e Vi4ings, an#

t ey later -e'a*e s%-"r#inates "+ At elstan

2;


37/147

In t e 11 t 'ent%ry, t e Englis 4ing#"* 'reate#

-y t e r%lers "+ :esse .as "&ert r".n -y +"reignin&asi"n T e Danis rai#s '%l*inate# .it t e ta4ing

"&er "+ t e '"%ntry -y 5ing Can%te @1?1


38/147

By t e ti*e "+ Can%te’s reign, t e '"%ntry a#alrea#y -een #i&i#e# int" s ires @later '"%nties , . i'

.ere %ne3%al in si/e an# .ealt @s"*e "+ t e* .ere

+"r*er 4ing#"*s Ea' s ire a# a '"%rt . i' *et

t.i'e a year an# .as $resi#e# "&er -y t e 4ing’s

re$resentati&e @s eri++ S ires .ere #i&i#e# int"%n#re#s, ea' .it its '"%rt @"+ r%ral $"$%lati"n By

t e 11 t 'ent%ry t e e isting la.s re&eal a 'are+%lly

#e+ine# ierar' y6 "ne’s $"siti"n in s"'iety .as

esta-lis e# n"t "nly -y la.s, -%t als" -y titles At t e

-ase .ere t e sla&es, s"*e "+ t e* #es'en#ants "+ $re)

Sa "n $e"$les, a-"&e t e* .ere t e '"ttagers, . " .ere

tie# in t eir ."r4 an# "-ligati"ns t" t eir l"r#’s .ill, an#

at t e t"$ .ere t e *agnates an# t e .arri"rs T e -"n#

-et.een *an an# l"r# .as essential an# l"r#s i$ gaine#

in i*$"rtan'e

T is .as t e s"'ial -a'4gr"%n# against . i' ,

.it t e -attle "+ 7astings in 1?;;, t e N"r*ans

'"n3%ere# Englan#

2>


39/147

CONCEPTS AND &EY%ORDS

1 Celts, Angles, Sa "ns, =%tes

0 (l# Englis

2 5ing#"*s t e 7e$tar' y

8 Vi4ing in&asi"ns (l# N"rse

9 T e :itan

4UESTIONS

1 7". #i# t e R"*an "''%$ati"n in+l%en'e t e

#e&el"$*ent "+ t e Celti' $e"$leK

0 : at is t e "rigin "+ t e Englis lang%ageK

2 : at .as t e signi+i'an'e "+ t e 7e$tar' y in t e

#e&el"$*ent "+ t e Englis stateK

8 7". #i# C ristian religi"n s$rea# "n t e Englis

territ"ryK

9 : at .as t e in+l%en'e "+ (l# N"rse "n (l#

Englis K

; : at .as t e i*$a't "+ t e :itan "n t e

#e&el"$*ent "+ Englis #e*"'ra'yK

2


40/147

26 En1land in t"+ Middl+ A1+!6 Hou!+ o, No and#6

2656 Hou!+ o, No and# :illia* t e C"n3%er"r

@1?;;)>< signi+ie# t e a#&ent "+ a ne. era in Englis

ist"ry, t e -eginning "+ t e Mi##le Ages Englan# .asn". 'entere# "n t e r%ler, "n is &ie.s an# ent"%rage

T e &ery ' ara'ter "+ is reign #e$en#e# entirely "n t e

$ers"nality "+ t e *"nar'

:it t e '"*ing "+ t e N"r*ans, t ere .as a s"'ial

re&"l%ti"n at t e le&el "+ t e Angl")Sa "n elite, . ile

t e ne. r%le "+ +"reigners a++e'te# t e "r#inary $e"$le t"

a lesser #egree

T e N"r*ans intr"#%'e# t e s"'ial syste* "+

,+udali! in Englan#, a syste* t at .as t" ' ange t e

s"'ial str%'t%re "+ t e '"%ntry #ra*ati'ally Un#er t e

N"r*ans, t e *ain e'"n"*i' %nit .as t e *an"r t e

"*e +ar* an# t e s%rr"%n#ing estate T e l"r# .as

entitle# t" #ay la-"r an# rent E&en i+ rents an# la-"rs

a# e iste# %n#er Angl")Sa "n r%le in "r#er t" "++er

$e"$le $r"te'ti"ns against in&a#ers, t e syste* .as

8?


41/147

re+ine# an# '"ns"li#ate# Un#er t e +e%#al syste*

instit%te# in Englan# -y t e N"r*ans, *an"rs .eregi&en t" t e 4ing’s &assals in ret%rn +"r *ilitary ser&i'e

T e s"'ial syste* "+ t e '"%ntry .as ' ara'teri/e# -y

$ers"nal relati"ns i$ T e 4ing grante# lan#s t" is

s%-!e'ts in ret%rn +"r *ilitary ser&i'e an# t is e ' ange

.as '"ns"li#ate# -y t e a't "+ "*age $ai# -y t e &assalt" t e l"r#

T e N"r*ans -%ilt 'astles t at .ere sy*-"li' "+

t eir $".er an# . i' -e'a*e 'enters +"r g"&ern*ental,

$"liti'al an# religi"%s a'ti&ity easants .ere *"re

'l"sely '"ntr"lle# an# t e stat%s "+ +ree *en -e'a*e

l".er

In '"ntrast t" Can%te’s reign, :illia*’s r%le

'a%se# str"ng "$$"siti"n E&en i+ t "se n"-le*en . "

.illingly s%-*itte# t" :illia* t e C"n3%er"r .ere

all".e# t" 4ee$ t eir lan#s, t ere .as str"ng resistan'e

t" t e s$rea# "+ N"r*an r%le Many n"-le*en re&"lte#

an# in 1?; t e re&"lt s$rea# t r"%g "%t t e n"rt "+

'"%ntry T e sti+ling "+ t e re&"lt, t e ‘ arrying "+ t e

N"rt ’, res%lte# in t e ‘N"r*ani/ati"n’ "+ -"t C %r'

81


42/147

an# lan# T e Englis .ere #enie# 'leri'al a$$"int*ents

an# lan#l"r#s .ere #is$"ssesse# "+ t eir $r"$ertiesLatin .as intr"#%'e# as "++i'ial lang%age, as t e

N"r*an in&asi"n a# en!"ye# t e s%$$"rt "+ t e "$e

T ese ' anges intensi+ie# resistan'e, an# *"re %$risings

in t e N"rt an# in t e :est Mi#lan#s t""4 $la'e $arallel

t" Danis an# S'"ttis in&asi"ns in s%$$"rt "+ t eEnglis As t ere .as la'4 "+ '""r#inati"n a*"ng t e

re-elli"ns, t ey .ere %ns%''ess+%l Mal'"l* III "+

S'"tlan# .as +"r'e# t" s%-*it an# in 1?>; *"st "+ t e

i*$"rtant lan#l"r#s $ai# "*age t" :illia*

In "r#er t" get an esti*ate "+ t e lan# an# t" gain

as *%' as $"ssi-le -y lan# ta , :illia* '"n'ei&e# t e

Do +!da# Su 3+# Boo , a re'"r# "+ $r"$erty t at

+%n'ti"ne# as t e +inal a%t "rity in any #is$%tes "&er

$r"$erty, an# +r"* . i' t ere .as n" a$$eal R"yal

'"**issi"ners &isite# ea' s ire an# &illage, *a#e

re$"rts "n t e i#entity "+ t e lan#".ners, t e si/e an#

%se "+ lan#, t e n%*-er an# stat%s "+ its '%lti&at"rs

=%ries t at '"nsiste# "+ -"t Englis *en an# N"r*ans

atteste# t e tr%t "+ t e ans.ers, an# t e in+"r*ati"n .as

ta-%late# "n an a-a'%s

80


43/147

Des$ite t e +a't t at :illia*’s r%le .as regar#e#

as an e 'essi&ely "$$ressi&e "ne, t e $r"'ess "+ 'entrali/ati"n "+ t e state $".ers a# -eg%n its '"%rse,

an# +%t%re *"nar' s "+ t e 7"%se "+ N"r*an#y

'"ntri-%te# t" t is "ng"ing $r"'ess

D%ring t e reign "+ 7enry I @11??)1129 , . ".as *ainly '"n'erne# .it '"ns"li#ating is $"liti'al

an# *ilitary $"siti"n in t e ne.ly '"n3%ere# N"rt ern

Fran'e, *eans a# t" -e +"%n# t" r%le Englan# in t e

a-sen'e "+ t e 4ing C"nse3%ently, is reign .itnesse#

t e gr".t an# rati"nali/ati"n "+ t e r"yal a#*inistrati&e

an# !%#i'ial syste*s Fr"* a-"%t 112?, itinerant !%sti'es

@!%sti'es in eyre t"%re# t e '"%ntry an# later r"yal

!%#i'ial a'ti&ity e $an#e# as t e Cr".n a$$"inte# l"'al

!%sti'es, in "r#er t" 4ee$ Englan# sta-le

T e E c"+8u+ , t e +inan'ial an# a''"%nting

"++i'e "+ *e#ie&al Englan#, #ating +r"* 5ing :illia*’s

ti*e, .as als" '"ns"li#ate# @in 11


44/147

t e Finan'e Minister "+ t e U 5 is 'alle# C an'ell"r "+

t e E ' e3%er

2626 C"an1+! in Lan1ua1+

T e year 11?? is regar#e# as t e a$$r" i*ate#ate . en (l# Englis .as re$la'e# -y Mi##le Englis ,

a +%rt er $ ase in t e #e&el"$*ent "+ Englis lang%age,

. i' .as t" last, '"n&enti"nally, %ntil 19?? (l#

Englis #i# n"t, "+ '"%rse, #ie "%t s%##enly, -%t +"r s"*e

'ent%ries Englis 'ease# t" -e t e lang%age "+ t e %$$er

'lasses an# it .as re$la'e# -y Fren'

E&en i+ Englis .as still s$"4en -y t e "r#inary

$e"$le, t ere .as n" l"nger any stan#ar# literary

lang%age T e Angl")Sa "ns a# a tra#iti"n "+

s' "lars i$ t at .ent -a'4 t" t e < t 'ent%ry @. en

C arle*agne a# .ante# t" re+"r* is e#%'ati"nal

syste*, e a# 'alle# an Englis *an t" #" it T is

tra#iti"n a# -een #isr%$te# -y t e Vi4ing in&asi"ns, -%t

it .as re&i&e# in t e 1? t 'ent%ry %n#er :est)Sa "n

lea#ers i$

88


45/147

(n'e Fren' .as #e'ree# t e "++i'ial lang%age,

t e :est)Sa "n #iale't l"st its $la'e as stan#ar# literarylang%age F"r a-"%t t ree 'ent%ries, t ere .as n" single

+"r* "+ Englis re'"gni/e# as a n"r*, an# $e"$le s$"4e

in t e lang%age #iale't "+ t eir ".n regi"n T e $restige

lang%ages .ere Latin an# Fren' t e +"r*er .as t e

lang%age "+ t e C %r' , "+ s' "lars i$, "+ internati"nal'"**er'e, . ile t e latter .as %se# *ainly in

a#*inistrati"n B%t Fren' .as ne&er t e *"t er t"ng%e

"+ t e $"$%lati"n an#, as t e Fren' ne&er "%tn%*-ere#

t e Englis in t e .ay in . i' Angl")Sa "ns a#

"%tn%*-ere# t e Brit"ns, Fren' gra#%ally #ie# "%t in

t e 18 t 'ent%ry

Generally, N"r*an Englan# .as ' ara'teri/e# -y

'"n+li't %n#er &ari"%s +"r*s T ere .as ri&alry .it in

t e N"r*an elite @'"*$etiti"n -et.een n"-le*en,

#is$%tes -et.een n"-le*en an# *"nar' s, *"st "+

. i' .ere lin4e# t" t e #"*inant $rin'i$le "+ t e

%n#i&i#e# in eritan'e, . i' .ent t" t e el#est *ale

' il#, a $rin'i$le . i' als" esta-lis e# s%''essi"n t"

89


46/147

t e t r"ne M"re"&er, t e *ilitary 'a*$aigns against

:ales an# S'"tlan#, $arallele# -y "stilities .it t er%lers "+ Fran'e an# t e 'i&il .ar .it in t e N"r*an

elite +"ll".ing :illia*’s #eat , '"ntri-%te# t" t e

.ea4ening "+ Englan#’s *ilitary &al%es an# $"tential

T e 7"%se "+ N"r*an#y .as re$la'e# +"r a s "rt

. ile -y t e 7"%se "+ Bl"is @Ste$ en 1129)98 , -%te&en t e +%t%re 4ings .ere #es'en#ants "+ 5ing :illia*

I

26;6 Hou!+ o, Planta1+n+t6 La? and

ad ini!t ation6 Ma1na Ca ta6

5ing 7enry II @1198)> .as grante#

"&erl"r#s i$ "+ Irelan# -y "$e A#rian T %s, an Angl")

Iris str%ggle .as starte#, t at .as t" last e&er sin'e

7enry II "-taine# t e s%-*issi"n "+ *any "+ t e Iris

4ings an# "+ t e Iris C %r' M%' "+ Irelan# .as

'a$t%re#, -%t 7enry .as !%st "&erl"r#, ne&er 4ing, "+

Irelan# 7e als" "-taine# t e "*age "+ t e 5ing "+

8;


47/147

S'"tlan#, . " rest"re# i* s"*e territ"ries, an# e

s%-#%e# t e :elsIn "r#er t" $%t an en# t" t e anar' y in Englan#,

7enry II instit%te# a n%*-er "+ legal re+"r*s T e *"st

n"ta-le e a*$le .as t e Assi/e "+ Clare#"n @11;; ,

. ere t e !%ry syste* .as esta-lis e#, an# . i' .as

+%n#a*ental in t e #e&el"$*ent "+ t e Englis !%#i'ialsyste*

7e -e'a*e +a*"%s +"r t e '"n+li't .it is

C an'ell"r, T "*as Be'4et, Ar' -is "$ "+ Canter-%ry,

. " #e+en#e# t e rig ts "+ 'leri's t" -e trie# in C %r'

'"%rts @t e +ree#"* "+ a$$eal t" R"*e As a res%lt "+

t e #is$%tes "&er t e rig ts "+ C %r' an# State, Be'4et

.as e ile# an# *%r#ere# at Canter-%ry 7e .as

'an"ni/e# an# is s rine -e'a*e a $la'e "+ $ilgri*age

T e e $ansi"n "+ g"&ern*ental a'ti&ity re3%ire#

an in'reasing n%*-er "+ $r"+essi"nal $e"$le T ese .ere

'alle# ‘curiales’ a ."r# "riginating in ‘ curia regis’ , t e

r"yal '"%rt "+ N"r*an 4ings, . i' a# +%l+ille# t e

+%n'ti"ns "+ r"yal g"&ern*ent T e ‘'%riales’ en+"r'e#

!%sti'e an# '"lle'te# r"yal re&en%es T ey '"ntri-%te# t"

t e in'rease "+ t e '"er'i&e $".er "+ g"&ern*ent

8


48/147

T e a#*inistrati"n -e'a*e e&en *"re

in#e$en#ent #%ring t e reign "+ Ri' ar# I C"e%r #e Li"n@11> ) , . "se $arti'i$ati"n in t e Cr%sa#es an#

+re3%ent a-sen'es +r"* t e '"%ntry $la'e# ea&y

-%r#ens "n Englan#’s +inan'es

Until 11> , Englis *"nar' s a# en!"ye# great

$".er, -%t t ey a# a''e$te# a#&i'e an# 'ertainli*itati"ns "n t eir a%t "rity 5ing =" n @11 )101; ,

".e&er, ign"re# t ese restri'ti"ns 7e *a#e Englan# a

+ie+ "+ t e a$a'y an# t is, al"ng .it t e $re&i"%s

gr".t in t e r"le an# li-erty "+ t e State, 'a%se# t e

"$$"siti"n "+ t e n"-le*en, . " %nite# against is

#i'tat"rial r%le

In 1019, 5ing =" n .as +"r'e# t" a''e$t t e

ter*s "+ Ma1na Ca ta , a #"'%*ent t at .as "riginally

inten#e# t" $r"te't t e arist"'ra'y, n"t t e "r#inary

$e"$le, -%t . i' , in ti*e, -e'a*e a lan#*ar4 in Britis

'"nstit%ti"nal ist"ry

Magna Carta .as a ' arter "+ li-erties t at

'"n#e*ne# 5ing =" n’s %se "+ +e%#al an# !%#i'ial

$".ers It #e+ine# an# li*ite# r"yal $".er an# r"yal

rig ts an# it +"r'e# t e 4ing t" a''e$t a#&i'e an#

8>


49/147

$r"*"te# an arist"'rati' in+l%en'e in nati"nal a++airs It

g%arantee# e&ery *an’s se'%rity +r"* illegal inter+eren'ein is $ers"n an# $r"$erty, it $r"&i#e# +ree*en .it

s"*e rig ts an# li-erties against r"yal a'ti"n It

g%arantee# !%sti'e t" e&ery"ne, sti$%lating t at n" $ers"n

'"%l# -e $%nis e# "r 4e$t in $ris"n .it "%t a +air,

".e&er s$ee#y, trialA''"r#ing t" t e ter*s "+ Magna Carta, t e

Cr".n .as n" l"nger a-le t" #eter*ine its rig ts al"ne

Magna Carta '"nstraine# *"nar' s t" a''e$t li*itati"ns

in t eir $".er, an# it .as t" -e en+"r'e# -y a C"%n'il "+

-ar"ns, . " '"%l# #e'lare .ar "n t e 4ing i+ e +aile# t"

res$e't is $r"*ises

Magna Carta .as +re3%ently reiss%e# -y Great

C"%n'ils an#, e&en i+ later *"nar' s "+ten trie# t" ign"re

it, an# its i*$"rtan'e .as n"t $er'ei&e# as s%' at t e

ti*e, it re*aine# t e "l#est .ritten '"nstit%ti"nal $a$er

in Englan#

T e 12 t 'ent%ry .as *ar4e# -y +%rt er #e'isi&e

$"liti'al e&ents Crises in Angl"):els relati"ns i$s

'%l*inate# in 10


50/147

in&a#e# :ales an# esta-lis e# a ne. *ilitary "r#er an#

$"liti'al settle*ent T e Stat%te "+ :ales .as esta-lis e#in 10>8, an# it #e+ine# t e legal an# a#*inistrati&e

' anges an# arrange*ents *a#e -y E#.ar# +"r t e

'"n3%ere# territ"ries Ne. g"&ern*ent 'enters .ere

esta-lis e#, ne. -"r"%g s an# '"%nties .ere +"r*e#,

*"re 'astles .ere -%ilt Englis 'ri*inal la. .as *a#e'"*$%ls"ry, . ile :els 'i&il la. .as all".e# t"

'"ntin%e E#.ar# initiate# t e Englis '%st"* "+

entitling t e 4ing’s el#est s"n rin'e "+ :ales

T e .ars .it S'"tlan# .ere n"t as s%''ess+%l

S'"tlan# .as n"t #e+eate# -e'a%se, at t e sa*e ti*e, a

'"n+li't .it Fran'e e*erge#, . i' .as t" #egenerate

int" t e 7%n#re# Hears’ :ar

26


51/147

*in"r arist"'rats arlia*ent e*erge# "%t "+ t e nee# +"r

an i*$"rtant $"liti'al -"#y t" '"*$le*ent *"nar' y In10 9, re$resentati&es "+ t e 'lergy, "+ '"%nties an#

-"r"%g s .ere 'alle# t" gi&e a#&i'e t" t e 5ing an# t"

'"nsent "n -e al+ "+ t e '"**%nities t ey re$resente#

t e n"-les a$$eare# "n t eir ".n -e al+ T e M"#el

arlia*ent .as t" ser&e as an e a*$le +"r si*ilar +%t%restr%'t%res Its t." se'ti"ns '"nsiste# "+ t e L"r#s an#

Bis "$s, . " .ere ' "sen -y t e 5ing, an# t e

C"**"ners, . " .ere ele'te#

In t e 18 t 'ent%ry, t e $ra'ti'es "+ arlia*ent

.ere esta-lis e# Ta *"ney +r"* t e n"-les .as n"

l"nger en"%g t" +inan'e t e %$4ee$ "+ a#*inistrati"n

an# $ay +"r t e .ars against Fran'e, s" t at t e *i##le

'lasses .ere as4e# t" '"ntri-%te as .ell In 128 , #%ring

t e reign "+ E#.ar# III @120


52/147

arlia*ent -e'a*e i*$"rtant -e'a%se "+ t e

'"nstant nee# t" raise ta es in "r#er t" $ay +"r .ar+are@*ilitary tr""$s At t e en# "+ t e 18 t 'ent%ry, ta ati"n

.as esta-lis e# -y t e 7"%se "+ C"**"ns, .it t e

'"nsent "+ t e L"r#s 7".e&er, +"r *"st "+ t e Mi##le

Ages, t e C"**"ns .ere an a#!%n't t" arlia*ent,

rat er t an a $art "+ it t ey *et se$arately an# .erere$resente# in t e arlia*ent C a*-er -y t eir s$ea4er,

. " .as, %ntil t e en# "+ t e 1< t 'ent%ry, a ser&ant "+

t e Cr".n

: ile arlia*ent #i# ser&e as a *eans t" s%$$"rt

r"yal $"li'ies +inan'ially, it als" '"nstraine# *"nar' ial

+ree#"* "+ $"liti'al *an"e%&re Englan# .as "n t e

r"a# "+ -e'"*ing t e +irst an# "nly $arlia*entary

*"nar' y in E%r"$e Fr"* a sit%ati"n in . i' t e

*"nar' a# en!"ye# al*"st a-s"l%te $".er, -y t e en#

"+ t e Mi##le Ages, t." '"%n'ils, "ne *a#e %$ "+

arist"'rats an# "ne "+ '"**"ners, a# a say in t e

r%nning "+ t e '"%ntry Englan# .as t e +irst '"%ntry in

t e ."rl# . ere t e $rin'i$le t at t e re$resentati&es "+

t e $e"$le a# a rig t t" $arti'i$ate in g"&ern*ent .as

a''e$te#

90


53/147

92


54/147

26=6 En1land in t"+ 5<t"

C+ntu #

In t e 18 t 'ent%ry, s"'ial an# e'"n"*i' 'rises

in'rease# M"st "+ t e* .ere triggere# -y t e '"n+li'ts

-et.een t e n"-ility an# t e ne.ly e*erge# *i##le

'lassesD%ring t e reign "+ E#.ar# II @12?


55/147

t e age "+ 18 T is ta $resse# ar# "n t e r%ral

$"$%lati"n, lea#ing t" ri"ts in 12>1 T e $easants, le# -y:att Tyler, "''%$ie# L"n#"n, sei/e# t e T".er "+

L"n#"n an# *%r#ere# t e C an'ell"r an# t e

Ar' -is "$ "+ Canter-%ry

5ing Ri' ar# II grante# ' arters "+ +ree#"* t"

t e re-els, -%t as s""n as t ey a# ret%rne# t" t eir "*es, e re&"4e# t e ' arters an# $%nis e# t e lea#ers

"+ t e re-els

In 12 e '"n#%'te# a s%''ess+%l e $e#iti"n t"

Irelan#, . ere t e Iris l"r#s $ai# i* "*age T ree

years later, e -anis e# 7enry B"ling-r"4e @Lan'aster

an# sei/e# is in eritan'e, -%t in 12 e .as #e$"se#

7enry IV @7"%se "+ Lan'aster -e'a*e 4ing %ntil 1812

T e s%''essi"n "+ t e 7"%se "+ Lan'aster t" t e

t r"ne "+ Englan# 'a%se# t e :ar@s "+ t e R"ses @1899)

>; B"t +a*ilies in&"l&e# @Lan'aster an# H"r4

'lai*e# r"yal rig t -y #es'ent +r"* E#.ar# III Internal

$"liti'al '"n+li't -et.een t e 7"%se "+ Lan'aster an# t e

7"%se "+ H"r4 -egan in 1898, . en 5ing 7enry VI

@Lan'aster .as #e'lare# te*$"rarily insane an# .as

99


56/147

re$la'e# -y Ri' ar#, D%4e "+ H"r4, . " -e'a*e

r"te't"r "+ Englan#In 18;1 E#.ar#, D%4e "+ H"r4, #e+eate# t e

Lan'astrians an# $r"'lai*e# i*sel+ E#.ar# IV 7enry

VI +le# t" S'"tlan# 7e ret%rne# in 18;8, -%t e .as

'a$t%re# an# i*$ris"ne# In 18


57/147

26>6 T"+ Lan1ua1+6 Middl+ En1li!"6

Sin'e t e N"r*an C"n3%est, t ree lang%ages a#

-een %se# in $arallel in Englan#6 N"r*an Fren' .as

s$"4en in C"%rt an# -y t e n"-ility, Latin .as t e

lang%age "+ t e C %r' an# "+ "++i'ial #"'%*ents, . ileEnglis .as t e lang%age "+ t e "r#inary $e"$le B%t, at

t e -eginning "+ t e 12 t 'ent%ry, 5ing =" n l"st

N"r*an#y t" t e Fren' Cr".n T e ties .it

N"r*an#y .ere gra#%ally se&ere# an# t e N"r*an

n"-ility gra#%ally -e'a*e Englis Gra#%ally, t ere .as

a s.it' +r"* Fren' t" Englis as t e "++i'ial lang%age

T e +irst state #"'%*ent t" -e iss%e# in Englis

.as t e r"'la*ati"n "+ 7enry III @101;)


58/147

t e C"%rt In t e 18t 'ent%ry t ere .as a s.it' +r"*

Fren' t" Englis as t e *e#i%* "+ gra**ar s' ""le#%'ati"n

: en, in 12 , 7enry Lan'aster sei/e# t e

t r"ne "+ Englan#, e ."%l# -e t e +irst 4ing . "se

nati&e lang%age .as Englis , an# in t e 19 t 'ent%ry

t ere .ere *e*-ers "+ t e n"-ility . " s$"4e n" Fren'at all

As Englis -e'a*e t e lang%age "+

a#*inistrati"n an# '%lt%re, t ere 'a*e a re)esta-lis *ent

"+ an Englis literary lang%age a stan#ar# +"r* "+ t e

lang%age, . i' '"%l# -e regar#e# as a n"r* @t ere

.ere, in +a't, t." stan#ar# +"r*s "+ t e lang%age, t at "+

Englan# an# t at "+ S'"tlan# In Englan#, t e ne.

stan#ar# lang%age .as n" l"nger -ase# "n t e :est)

Sa "n literary lang%age, -%t "n t e East Mi#lan# #iale't,

as t e East Mi#lan#s a# a s%$eri"r '%lt%ral, e'"n"*i'

an# a#*inistrati&e li+e T e N"rt re*aine# a rat er

-a'4.ar# regi"n, -%t in t e s"%t , t e L"n#"n s$ee'

i*$"se# itsel+ an# its $restige gre. gra#%ally

Ne&ert eless, t e 12 t an# 18 t 'ent%ries

re$resente# a '"#e)s.it' ing, transiti"nal $eri"#, as -"t

9>


59/147

lang%ages .ere %se# si*%ltane"%sly M"re Fren' ."r#s

.ere a#"$te# in Englis n". t an t ey a# -een . enFren' a# -een t e "++i'ial lang%age, -e'a%se -a'4 t en

it a# n"t -een s$"4en -y t e "r#inary $e"$le An

ill%strati&e e a*$le is t at "+ t e 0 n# $ers"n $r"n"%ns

(riginally, t e Englis ."r#s a# -een ‘t "%’ @sing%lar

an# ‘ye’ @$l%ral , an# ‘t ee’ @sing%lar an# ‘y"%’ @$l%rala+ter a $re$"siti"n "r as an "-!e't, res$e'ti&ely D%e t"

t e a*-ig%ity "+ t e Fren' ‘&"%s’, t e Englis ."r#

‘y"%’ t""4 "&er t e +%n'ti"ns "+ t e $l%ral ‘ye’, an# t en

‘y"%’ t""4 "&er t e +%n'ti"ns "+ t e sing%lar ‘t "%’, s"

t at t e #istin'ti"n -et.een sing%lar an# $l%ral .as l"st

:it t e e*ergen'e "+ a ne. 'lass t e

*er' ants . " t""4 '"ntr"l "+ an internati"nal tra#e,

.it L"n#"n g%il#s -eginning t" %se Englis +"r t eir

re'"r#s, s$e'iali/e# ter*s, in . i' Englis .as

#e+i'ient, .ere ta4en "&er +r"* Fren' By *i#)19 t

'ent%ry, t e tra#es*en a# -e'"*e an al*"st se$arate

literate gr"%$, a$art +r"* t e 'lergy an# t e n"-ility

S"*eti*es, Englis , Fren' an# Latin "''%rre# t"get er

9


60/147

in t eir #"'%*ents @t e sy*-"l ‘ ’ .as +irst %se# in t eir

#"'%*ents

26>656 ' +nc" Loan %o d!

M"st Fren' ."r#s .ere n"t -"rr".e# in Englis

. ile Fren' .as t e lang%age "+ t e %$$er 'lasses @t e"r#inary $e"$le in Englan# #i# n"t s$ea4 Fren' , -%t in

t e 12 t an# 18 t 'ent%ries, . en t ere .ere -iling%al

s$ea4ers ' anging "&er t" Englis +"r $%r$"ses s%' as

'"**er'e, a#*inistrati"n an# literat%re T ey .ere n"t

"*ely ."r#s s%' as t e S'an#ina&ian "nes T e

in+l%en'e "+ Fren' .as a &erti'al "ne, re+le'ti&e "+

'%lt%ral an# $"liti'al #"*inan'e, an# t ey are *"re

'"**"n in t e +iel#s "+ a#*inistrati"n @‘' an'ell"r’,

‘'"%n'il’, ‘g"&ern*ent’ , t e la. @‘t" a''%se’, ‘att"rney’,

‘'ri*e’, ‘t" $%nis ’ , eral#ry, arts @‘'"st%*e’, ‘a$$arel’,

‘#ress’ , *ilitary an# e''lesiasti'al li+e @‘'astle’, ‘t".er’,

‘a--ey’, ‘'lergy’, ‘$rayer’ M"st ."r#s #en"ting titles

"+ ran4 in Englis are als" "+ Fren' "rigin @‘-ar"n’,

‘'"%nt’, ‘#%4e’, ‘$eer’, ‘$rin'e’ , . ile t e lang%age

;?


61/147

retaine# t e Englis ."r#s ‘4ing’, ‘3%een’, ‘l"r#’, ‘la#y’,

‘earl’, ‘4nig t’: en t ey .ere +irst -"rr".e#, Fren' ."r#s

.ere gi&en a Fren' $r"n%n'iati"n, -%t t ey .ere s""n

a#a$te# t" t e Englis $ "n"l"gi'al syste* an# t ey

.ere $r"n"%n'e# in t e Englis *anner T is $r"'ess "+

assi*ilati"n *a#e it easier +"r later R"*an'e an# Latin."r#s t" -e a#"$te# -y t e Englis lang%age @Fren'

ste*s .it Englis $re+i es an# s%++i es, s%' as

‘-ea%ti+%l’, ‘+ait less’, ‘$rea' ing’, ‘%ngra'i"%s’

T e #"*inan'e "+ Fren' +"r s" *any 'ent%ries

a# a %ge i*$a't "n .riting as .ell6 Englis .riters

-egan .riting &erse ' r"ni'les in t e Fren' *anner

7".e&er, in 'ertain $la'es, s"*e Englis literary

tra#iti"ns .ere $reser&e# %ntil t e 0 n# al+ "+ t e 18t

'ent%ry, t ere .as a line "+ $"ets %sing t e alliterati&e

line #es'en#ing +r"* (l# Englis $"etry :it Ge"++rey

C a%'er, . "se &ersi+i'ati"n .as #ee$ly in+l%en'e# -y

Italian an# Fren' *"#els, (l# Englis &ersi+i'ati"n

-e'a*e "-s"lete

;1


62/147

26>626 C"a act+ i!tic! o, Middl+ En1li!"

Ling%ists '"n&enti"nally #ate Mi##le Englis

+r"* 11?? an# 19?? (l# Englis #i# n"t #isa$$ear

s%##enly in t e years +"ll".ing t e N"r*an C"n3%est

T e :est)Sa "n literary tra#iti"n .as '"ntin%e# +"r a

. ile in s"*e *"nasteries, -%t t e ' anges t at a# -eg%n t" "''%r in t e lang%age -e+"re t e '"n3%est n".

#e&el"$e# at a *%' ig er s$ee# Signi+i'ant ' anges

t""4 $la'e in s$elling6 t e N"r*an s'ri-es #isregar#e#

(l# Englis s$elling alt"get er t ey s$elle# ."r#s as

t ey ear# t e* an# "+ten res"rte# t" t e '"n&enti"ns "+

N"r*an Fren'

A s"%n# ' ange t at t""4 $la'e in late (l#

Englis -%t #i# n"t -e'"*e a$$arent %ntil t e Mi##le

Englis $eri"#, .as t e lengt ening "+ s "rt &".els

-e+"re 'ertain '"ns"nant gr"%$s, %n#er t e in+l%en'e "+

Fren' $r"n%n'iati"n F"r instan'e, t e (E ."r# ‘-a4an’

@‘t" -a4e’ -e'a*e ‘-a4en’ in Mi##le Englis , -%t it .as

still $r"n"%n'e# .it a l"ng ‘a’ :it t e Fren'

in+l%en'e, it t en -e'a*e ‘t" -a4e’, an# its $r"n%n'iati"n

.as t e "ne %se# n".a#ays T e Mi##le Englis

;0


63/147

lengt ening "+ &".els in "$en sylla-les "+ #isylla-i'

."r#s als" a++e'te# t e s$elling '"n&enti"ns "+ t eEnglis lang%age In early Mi##le Englis , ."r#s li4e

‘-a4e’ a# t." sylla-les A+ter t e +irst &".el .as

lengt ene#, t e +inal e .as l"st an# s%' ."r#s -e'a*e

*"n"sylla-i'

In t e +iel# "+ *"r$ "l"gy, t ere .as a greatre#%'ti"n in t e in+le'ti"nal syste* in erite# +r"* (l#

Englis @t e $eri"# "+ ‘re#%'e# in+le'ti"ns’ T e l"ss

an# .ea4ening "+ %nstresse# sylla-les at t e en# "+ t e

."r#s #estr"ye# *any "+ t e #istin'ti&e in+le'ti"ns "+

(l# Englis T e (l# Englis ."r#)+inals a, )%, )e

-e'a*e en in Mi##le Englis , t" -e +inally re#%'e# t"

e T e en#ings as an# es +"r t e N"*inati&e $l%ral an#

Geniti&e sing%lar -e'a*e es E&en t e +inal e

%lti*ately #isa$$eare# in t e N"*inati&e #%ring t e

Mi##le Englis $eri"# an# *any en#ings -e'a*e

i#enti'al By t e 19 t 'ent%ry t e es $l%ral -e'a*e

%ni&ersal

A si*ilar $r"'ess "+ l"ss "+ 'ase #istin'ti"ns t""4

$la'e in a#!e'ti&es an# #e*"nstrati&es In t e 'ase "+

a#!e'ti&es, t e lang%age %se# t." +"r*s6 t e -ase +"r*

;2


64/147

@e g ‘+air’ an# a +"r* .it t e en#ing e %se# +"r t e

$l%ral @‘+aire’ T".ar#s t e en# "+ t e Mi##le Englis $eri"#, t e e .as l"st an# t e a#!e'ti&e -e'a*e

in#e'lina-le In (l# Englis , t e #e+inite arti'le s ".e#

t ree gen#ers, -%t -y t e en# "+ t e Mi##le Englis

$eri"# ‘t e’ -e'a*e t e "nly +"r* "+ t e #e+inite arti'le

In (l# Englis , t e #e+inite arti'le an# t ea#!e'ti&e $laye# a *a!"r r"le in *ar4ing t e #istin'ti"ns

"+ 'ase an# n%*-er : en t ey l"st t is +%n'ti"n -y t e

en# "+ t e Mi##le Englis $eri"#, t e lang%age ' ange#

a l"t Gra**ati'al gen#er #isa$$eare# in +a&"r "+ t e

‘nat%ral gen#er’ @in (l# Englis , +"r instan'e, t e ."r#

‘.i+*ann’ ‘."*an’ .as *as'%line, . ile ‘.i+’

‘.i+e’ .as ne%ter

:"r# "r#er -e'a*e &ery i*$"rtant, -e'a%se

in+le'ti"ns .ere n" l"nger 'a$a-le "+ s ".ing . i'

n"%n .as t e s%-!e't "+ t e senten'e In t e &er- syste*,

t ere .as als" a ten#en'y +"r in+le'ti"ns t" -e re$la'e#

-y *"re analyti'al #e&i'es I+, in (l# Englis , t ere .ere

*any in+le'ti"ns, -%t "nly t." tenses @$resent an# $ast ,

in Mi##le Englis t e syste* "+ in+le'ti"ns .as re#%'e#,

;8


65/147

-%t a ne. syste* "+ tenses .as -%ilt %$ -y *eans "+ t e

$ri*ary a% iliaries an# "+ t e *"#al a% iliaries

;9


66/147

26@6 Lit+ ac# and Education in t"+ Middl+A1+!

In t e Angl")Sa "n $eri"#, t e '"ntr"l "+

e#%'ati"n in Englan# -e'a*e t e res$"nsi-ility "+ t e

C ristian ' %r' @t e +irst s' ""ls .ere +"%n#e# in t e; t 'ent%ry In t e Mi##le Ages, t e *"nasti' an#

'at e#ral s' ""ls, . i' a# "riginally -een esta-lis e#

+"r t e 'lergy an# +"r t "se inten#ing t" enter t e

*"nasteries, gra#%ally a#*itte# lay $%$ils an#

-r"a#ene# t e '%rri'%l%* t" in'l%#e t e st%#y "+ t e

'lassi's, gra**ar, l"gi', r et"ri', ge"*etry an#

arit *eti' T e C %r' '"ntin%e# t" #"*inate e#%'ati"n

%ntil t e en# "+ t e Mi##le Ages

In N"r*an an# early *e#ie&al ti*es "nly a +e.

$e"$le .ere e#%'ate# es$e'ially ' %r' *en Be+"re

t e N"r*an C"n3%est, Al+re# t e Great a# atte*$te# t"

-ring t e -ene+its "+ litera'y t" a .i#er se'ti"n "+ t e

'"**%nity @ e +"%n#e# a '"%rt s' ""l an# translate#

s"*e ."r4s +r"* Latin int" Angl")Sa "n i*sel+

7".e&er, Al+re# .as s"*et ing "+ a %ni3%e +ig%re in

;;


67/147

t is res$e't :it t e N"r*ans, e#%'ati"n .as regar#e#

as s"*et ing in'"*$ati-le .it +ig ting *en @:illia*t e C"n3%er"r '"%l# n"t e&en sign is na*e an# e

‘signe#’ ' arters .it a 'r"ss

7".e&er, t ere .ere s' ""ls atta' e# t"

*"nasteries in t e Mi##le Ages It .as t" t e greatest

e tent t e C %r' t at en!"ye# t e $rer"gati&es "+ e#%'ati"n, -%t t e Uni&ersities "+ ( +"r# an# Ca*-ri#ge

#e&el"$e# ar"%n# 'enters "+ learning esta-lis e# -y t e

'lergy in t e 10 t an# 12 t 'ent%ries D%ring t e Mi##le

Ages, t e n%*-er "+ 'at e#ral gra**ar s' ""ls r"se t"

a$$r" i*ately 8?? By t e 18 t 'ent%ry, gra**ar s' ""ls

e iste# +"r t e e#%'ati"n "+ -"ys . " .ere n"t #estine#

+"r t e C %r'

:it t e Bla'4 Deat , *any "+ t ese s' ""ls a#

'l"se# -y t e 19 t 'ent%ry T ey .ere rest"re#

a+ter.ar#s, t is ti*e -y 'ertain 'iti/ens an# '"*$anies

. " +"%n#e# ne. s' ""ls -y #"nati"n T ese .ere t e

Li&ery C"*$anies t e L"n#"n tra#e an# 'ra+ts

ass"'iati"ns s%' as t "se "+ t e .ea&ers, *er' ants

an# &intners, . " .ere t e s%''ess"rs "+ t e g%il#s an#

#"*inate# L"n#"n’s $"liti'al an# e'"n"*i' li+e in t e

;


68/147

Mi##le Ages T ey -egan t" '"ntr"l tra#es in t e *i#)

12t

'ent%ry an# e er'ise# $".er "&er all as$e'ts "+ '"**er'ial "rgani/ati"n As t ey .ere i**ensely

.ealt y, t ey als" engage# in ' arita-le an# e#%'ati"nal

a'ti&ities, s" t at t ey +"%n#e# -"ys’ s' ""ls, t""4 "&er

res$"nsi-ility +"r r%nning t e* an# $r"&i#e#

s' "lars i$s at s' ""ls an# %ni&ersities At t e sa*eti*e, a -asi' e#%'ati"n .as als" $r"&i#e# in s"*e areas

+"r t e ' il#ren "+ t e $""r, %s%ally -y t e l"'al $aris

$riest


1 Fe%#alis*

0 D"*es#ay S%r&ey B""4, E ' e3%er

2 Transiti"n +r"* (l# Englis t" Mi##le Englis

8 Magna Carta

9 M"#el arlia*ent

; Mi##le Englis

< T e Great Fa*ine, t e lag%e, t e easant Re&"lt

;>


69/147

4UESTIONS

1 7". #i# t e N"r*an C"n3%est in+l%en'e t e early

Englis #e*"'ra'yK

0 : at .as t e +e%#al syste* ' ara'teri/e# -yK

2 7". #i# !%#i'ial a'ti&ity e $an# in t e Mi##le Ages

@7"%se "+ lantagenet K8 7". #i# early arlia*ent str%'t%res e*erge in t e

12 t 'ent%ryK

9 Dis'%ss t e *ain s"'ial 'rises in t e 18 t 'ent%ry

; 7". #i# t e :ar@s "+ t e R"ses in+l%en'e *"nar' y

in t e 19 t 'ent%ryK

;


70/147

;6 T"+ 5>t"

C+ntu #: R+,o ation6 T"+Eli a +t"an A1+6

Englan# in t e 1; t 'ent%ry .as ' ara'teri/e# -y

signi+i'ant ' anges (n t e . "le, t ere .as *"ree*$ asis "n religi"%s #i&isi"n, t ere .ere $r"-le*s at

"*e an# a-r"a#, an# trans"'eani' #e&el"$*ents T e

$"$%lati"n "+ t e '"%ntry a# nearly #"%-le# -y *i#)1; t

'ent%ry, . i' -r"%g t a-"%t a gr".t in e'"n"*i'

#e*an#

In+lati"n als" gre., rents an# +""# $ri'es gre. +aster

t an .ages T is -r"%g t a-"%t a gr".t "+ t e n%*-er

"+ -eggars T e 18 9 arlia*ent A't '"n'erning

&aga-"n#s an# -eggars .as +"ll".e# -y a n%*-er "+

la.s regar#ing t e $""r6 $a%$ers . " .ere n"t a-le t"

+in# ."r4 -e'a*e t e res$"nsi-ility "+ $aris es in

Englan#, . ereas in S'"tlan# $a%$ers a# t" earn t e

rig t t" -eg an# -eggars .ere re3%ire# t" .ear a

#istin'ti&e -l%e -a#ge


71/147

T e #is're$an'y -et.een t e ri' an# t e $""r

'reate# a ri+t in t e s"'ial "r#er T e ri' #is$laye# t eir gr".ing .ealt , . i' .as &isi-le in 'l"t es, +%rnit%re,

*%si' instr%*ents 7"*es .ere n" l"nger -%ilt li4e

+"rtresses t ey a# large .in#".s an# .ere

s%rr"%n#e# -y e&er *"re ela-"rate gar#ens

T e gentry trie# t" a#"$t a '"#e "+ arist"'rati''"n#%'t an# #e&el"$e# an interest in e#%'ati"n, . i'

#isting%is e# t e* +r"* t e rest "+ t e '"**%nity

Ca t"n a# intr"#%'e# $rinting in Englan# in 18


72/147

;656 Hou!+ o, Tudo

Un#er t e T%#"rs, Englan# +l"%ris e# an# .as

intr"#%'e# t" Renaissan'e learning It als" -e'a*e an

i*$"rtant $".er in E%r"$ean #i$l"*a'y 7enry VII

@18>9)19? .as t e +irst :els *an t" -e'"*e 5ing "+

Englan# T e $r"'ess "+ a#*inistrati&e assi*ilati"n "+ :ales .as -eg%n #%ring is reign an# it .as '"*$lete#

#%ring t e reign "+ 7enry VIII, +r"* 192; t" 198<

7enry VIII a# an a'ti&e r"le in reasserting t e

*"nar' ’s '"ntr"l "&er t e n"-ility T e n"-ility a#

-een .ea4ene# -y .ars an# -y internal '"n+li'ts s" +r"*

18>9, in T%#"r Englan# t ere .as a ret%rn t" r"yal

#"*inan'e T e n"-le*en .ere "+ten e 'l%#e# +r"*

$"li'y)*a4ing C"nse3%ently, T%#"r *"nar' s

'"ntr"lle# arlia*ent an# s%**"ne# it "nly . en t ey

.ante# t" raise *"ney

T e reign "+ 7enry VIII @19? )8< 5ing "+

Irelan# +r"* 198? .as signi+i'ant +"r t e Re+"r*ati"n

"+ t e C %r' T e Re+"r*ati"n .as a religi"%s an#

$"liti'al *"&e*ent in 1; t 'ent%ry E%r"$e, ins$ire# -y a

.is t" re+"r* t e R"*an Cat "li' C %r' an# res%lting


73/147

in t e esta-lis *ent "+ r"testant C %r' es in se&eral

'"%ntriesT e +irst $art "+ 7enry VIII’s reign .as

#"*inate# -y is #esire +"r a gl"ri"%s +"reign $"li'y 7e

.as #eter*ine# t" *a4e Englan# an in+l%ential '"%ntry

in E%r"$e an# in t is sense e s%staine# *ilitary

'a*$aigns t at -r"%g t t e '"%ntry 'l"se t" -an4r%$t'yA$art +r"* t ese '"n'erns, 7enry VIII als" a#

#ynasti' '"n'erns 7is +irst .i+e, Cat erine "+ Arag"n,

a# gi&en i* "ne #a%g ter, Mary 7enry trie# t" en# is

*arriage . en e +ell in l"&e .it Anne B"leyn As

#i&"r'e .as al*"st i*$"ssi-le, 7enry nee#e# a a$al

#is$ensati"n 7e as4e# "$e Cle*ent VIII +"r an

ann%l*ent "+ is *arriage, . i' e .as n"t grante#

(ne "+ t e reas"ns +"r t e "$e’s re+%sal .as t e +a't

t at, at t e ti*e, Cat erine’s ne$ e. .as E*$er"r

C arles V, t e *"st $".er+%l r%ler in Italy, an# e #i#

n"t .ant t" %$set i*

In a #ra*ati' gest%re, 7enry re!e'te# a$al

!%ris#i'ti"n "&er t e Englis C %r' Until 1922, t e

Englis C %r' .as s%-!e't t" t e $a$a'y T e 'lergy

".e# l"yalty t" t e 5ing an# t" t e "$e in R"*e T ey


74/147

als" a# t e rig t t" -e trie# in C %r' '"%rts @t e rig t

"+ A$$eals t" R"*e A series "+ stat%es @t e Restraint "+ A$$eals t" R"*e en#e# t e $a$al !%ris#i'ti"n "&er t e

Englis C %r' an# als" -r"%g t $a$al a%t "rity t" an

en# in Englan# T is A't $er*itte# 7enry t" #i&"r'e

Cat erine an# *arry Anne B"leyn

In 1922 7enry VIII $r"'lai*e# Englan# anE*$ire, g"&erne# -y ‘"ne s%$re*e ea# an# 4ing’ By

-eing #e'lare# an E*$ire, Englan# .as $r"'lai*e# sel+)

s%++i'ient +r"* a !%ris#i'ti"nal $"int "+ &ie. 7enry

esta-lis e# t e s"&ereignty "+ La. *a#e in arlia*ent

In 1928, t e ter* ‘*a!esty’ .as %se# +"r t e +irst

ti*e in $r"'la*ati"ns an# #"'%*ents @it re$la'e# ‘y"%r

gra'e’ as a +"r* "+ a##ress t" t e 4ing 7enry #e&ise#

t e #"'trine "+ r"yal s%$re*a'y, an# #e&el"$e# t e

t e"ry t at t e *"nar' .as n"t res$"nsi-le t" t e

$e"$le, -%t t" G"# al"ne @t e *ysti3%e "+ 4ings i$

In t e sa*e year @1928 , t e A't "+ S%$re*a'y

esta-lis e# t at 7enry ."%l# -e t e ‘S%$re*e 7ea# "+

t e C %r' ’ A #ra*ati' t%rn t""4 $la'e in religi"n, a

s i+t t at .as t" ' ange t e $"liti'al +%t%re "+ t e '"%ntry

as .ell


75/147

T ere a# -een n" in#i'ati"ns t at Englan#

."%l# -e'"*e, +r"* a Cat "li' '"%ntry, a r"testant"ne In 191


76/147

a# $erse'%te# r"testants -e+"re, resigne# as L"r#

C an'ell"r in $r"test at 7enry’s #i&"r'e an# .ase e'%te# +"r treas"n

In 1928 an A't .as $asse# in arlia*ent,

esta-lis ing t at 7enry’s *arriage t" Anne B"leyn .as

O%n#"%-te#, tr%e, sin'ere an# $er+e'tP, an# t at t eir

' il#ren ."%l# s%''ee# t" t e t r"ne "+ Englan# Mary,Cat erine’s #a%g ter, .as #e'lare# illegiti*ate A+ter

Eli/a-et .as -"rn, Anne B"leyn .as -e ea#e# in 192;

7enry *arrie# =ane Sey*"%r, . " -"re i* a s"n,

E#.ar# In 192; an A't re$la'e# t at "+ 1928, an#

$r"&i#e# +"r t e s%''essi"n "+ 7enry’s ' il#ren .it

=ane Sey*"%r In 1988, a +inal A't settle# t e "r#er "+

s%''essi"n t" t e t r"ne "+ Englan#6 E#.ar# I, Mary I,

Eli/a-et I

In Englan#, t e general rel%'tan'e t" a''e$t

r"testant religi"n .as '"%nter-alan'e# -y t e

%n.illingness "+ *"st $e"$le t" "&ert r". t e 5ing, -%t

t is $"liti'al *"&e a# .ea4ene# t e a%t "rity "+ t e

Cr".n S'"tlan# .as #eter*ine# n"t t" +"ll". t e

Englis lea#, an#, e&en i+ 7enry VIII atta'4e# it in 1980,


77/147

t e neg"tiati"ns +aile# an# S'"tlan# ."%l# a''e$t t e

Re+"r*ati"n *%' later:ales a''e$te# t e Re+"r*ati"n easily, as it .as

t reatene# -y S$ain, t e *"st $".er+%l Cat "li' '"%ntry,

an# it nee#e# Englis el$ Fr"* 192; t" 1982, t e

Uni"n "+ :ales .it Englan# .as '"ns"li#ate# :ales

.as assi*ilate# int" t e Englis g"&ern*ental syste*an# t e :els $e"$le -e'a*e Englis s%-!e'ts, .it

re$resentati&es in arlia*ent In 1982, t e intr"#%'ti"n

"+ Englis la. an# a#*inistrati"n '"ntri-%te# t" t e

$r"s$erity "+ t e '"%ntry, -%t t e re$la'e*ent "+ :els

.it Englis as t e "++i'ial lang%age a# a #e&astating

e++e't "n :els '%lt%re

Irelan# re!e'te# t e Re+"r*ati"n an# t e

r"testant '"l"nists . "* t e 5ing sent t ere T is

res%lte# in a .ar t at laste# +"r nine years, -%t in 198?

t e Iris arlia*ent a''e$te# 7enry VIII as 5ing "+

Irelan#

D%ring t e reign "+ E#.ar# VI @198


78/147

t at .ere $asse# #%ring E#.ar#’s reign esta-lis e# t at

t e *"#erately r"testant ‘B""4 "+ C"**"n rayer’s "%l# -e %se# in Angli'an ser&i'e, an# t at +ines s "%l#

-e $ai# +"r n"n)atten#an'e at ' %r'

: en Mary I @1992)9> s%''ee#e# er -r"t er t"

t e t r"ne "+ Englan#, t ere .as a #ra*ati' ret%rn t"

Cat "li'is* Mary .as a +er&ent Cat "li' s e als"*arrie# ili$ "+ S$ain @an %n$"$%lar *arriage t at

'a%se# re&"lts in t e '"%ntry Englan# .as a-s"l&e#

+r"* S' is*, an# a syn"# rest"re# Cat "li'is* Massi&e

$erse'%ti"n "+ r"testants @Bis "$s an# a-"%t 0


79/147

an# in 19;2 t e 2 Arti'les +"r*%lating t e esta-lis e#

#"'trine "+ t e C %r' .ere iss%e# S e *aintaine#'"ntr"l "&er t e C %r' an# "&er t e -is "$s, an# t e

A't "+ S%$re*a'y t at .as $asse# #%ring er reign @t e

Eli/a-et an Settle*ent #e+ine# "n'e again t e

s"&ereign as t e S%$re*e 7ea# "+ t e C %r'

M"re"&er, s e *a#e %se "+ er $rer"gati&e @t e

$".ers an# $ri&ileges t at t e la. re'"gni/es as

-el"nging t" t e s"&ereign an# 'lai*e# t at arlia*ent

a# n" rig t t" initiate #is'%ssi"n "+ t e religi"%s

settle*ent, er *arriage, an# t e s%''essi"n t" t e

t r"ne

S e a''e$te# "nly t "se as$e'ts "+ t e r"testant

#"'trine an# $ra'ti'e t at .ere '"nsistent .it "r#er, an#

s e *a#e it 'lear t at t ere ."%l# -e n" +%rt er

Re+"r*ati"n "+ t e C %r' T is -r"%g t a-"%t t e

'"n+li't .it t e %ritans @t e ra#i'al e $"nents "+

r"testantis* S e "nly "++ere# *"#erate an# 'a%ti"%s

el$ t" t e D%t' r"testants an# t e Fren' 7%g en"ts

7er *"#erate r"testantis* a# $"liti'al reas"ns,

as Englan# .as t reatene# -y t." great Cat "li' $".ers,


80/147

Fran'e an# S$ain ili$ "+ S$ain atta'4e# t e O ereti'al

%eenP, -%t t e $".er+%l S$anis Ar*a#a .as #e+eate# -y t e Englis in 19>>

Eli/a-et I s ".e# great interest in t e .el+are "+

er s%-!e'ts, . " 'alle# er ‘Gl"riana’ S e .as $r%#ent

in er e'"n"*i' #e'isi"ns s e "+ten +inan'e#

G"&ern*ent +r"* er ".n re&en%es an# rarely raise#ta es S e el$e# 'reate a nati"nal sel+)'"n+i#en'e t at

.as re+le'te# in t e ."r4s "+ Marl".e, S$enser an#

S a4es$eare

T e -asis "+ Britain’s tra#ing E*$ire .as set in

1;??, . en t e East In#ia C"*$any .as +"%n#e# t"

tra#e t ere At t e sa*e ti*e, t e +irst Englis '"l"ny in

A*eri'a @Virginia .as esta-lis e# an# s"*e

%ns%''ess+%l atte*$ts .ere *a#e t" -rea4 int"

"rt%gal’s tra#e .it :est A+ri'a

>?


81/147

;62 Lin1ui!tic C"an1+! in t"+ 5=t"

and 5>t"

C+ntu i+!

T e Englis lang%age in t e 1; t 'ent%ry

%n#er.ent #ra*ati' ' anges, . i' re$resente# a ne.

stage in its #e&el"$*ent @early M"#ern Englis@19??)1


82/147

Se&eral s"'ial +a't"rs .ere -r"%g t in s%$$"rt "+ t is

t e"ry (ne "+ t e* .as t e e $ansi"n "+ a .rittenstan#ar# +"r* an# its in'reasing "*"geneity @-""4

$rinting a# -eg%n in Englan# in 18


83/147

learn, in'rease# translati"ns an# -""4 $rinting in

EnglisIn ter*s "+ gra**ar, t e s$ea4ers "+ early

M"#ern Englis "+ten a# a ' "i'e "+ ter*s an#

'"nstr%'ti"ns t at are n"t $"ssi-le n".a#ays in &er-

in+le'ti"ns, $ers"nal $r"n"%ns, relati&e $r"n"%ns,

negati&e an# inter"gati&e senten'es @e g ‘ as’ ’ at ’,‘y"%’ ’t "% g"est g"es’

;62656 T"+ ( +at *o?+l S"i,t .as a ' ange in

t e 3%ality "+ all t e l"ng &".els, . i' -e'a*e s "rter

in 3%ality It -egan in t e 19 t 'ent%ry an# .as '"*$lete#

in t e 1< t 'ent%ry In relati"n t" t is, *any ling%ists

-elie&e t at t e 'a%ses "+ early M"#ern Englis &ariati"n

a*"ng l"ng &".els an# "+ t e ri+t -et.een s$elling an#

$r"n%n'iati"n g" -a'4 t" Mi##le Englis ti*es T e

s"'ial reas"ns +"r t ese inn"&ati"ns are %ne $laine#

A''"r#ing t" a y$"t esis a#&an'e# -y s"*e ling%ists,

t e %$$er 'lasses, ig ly '"*$etent in Fren' in t e 19 t

'ent%ry, *ay a&e s%-stit%te# a *"re ‘re+ine#’

$r"n%n'iati"n "+ Englis M"re"&er, t e *e#ie&al

'"n'e$t "+ s$elling $res%$$"se# a 4in# "+ $ "neti'

>2


84/147

s$elling @s'ri-es in N"r*an ti*es s$elle# ."r#s as t ey

ear# t e* T ere+"re, in t e 1;t

'ent%ry, s$elling a#re*aine# e tre*ely ar' ai' : ile $r"n%n'iati"n a#

' ange# a l"t, s$elling a# lagge# -e in# It is generally

-elie&e# t at, in *any .ays, *"#ern s$elling in Englis

still re$resents *e#ie&al $r"n%n'iati"n

Latin .as als" in+l%ential #%ring t e Renaissan'e $eri"#, a $eri"# t at .as re*ar4a-le +"r t e re#is'"&ery

"+ t e 'lassi's T" s"*e e tent, Latin re*aine# t e

ling%isti' i#eal it .as still t e internati"nal lang%age "+

s' "lars i$, t e lingua franca t at ."%l# sa+eg%ar# a

.riter’s internati"nal +a*e T "*as M"re, :illia*

Ca*#en, Isaa' Ne.t"n, Fran'is Ba'"n, T "*as 7"--es

still .r"te in Latin, s" t at, i+ ."r4s in Latin .ere

ign"re#, t e '%lt%ral ist"ry "+ Englan# ."%l# -e

in'"*$lete In gra**ar s' ""ls, Latin .as still %se#

-e'a%se "+ t e *e#ie&al -elie+ in its s%$eri"rity T e

e#%'ati"nal syste* ."%l# a#"$t t e Englis *e#i%*

e#%'ati"n "nly in t e 1< t 'ent%ry, . en t e in+l%en'e "+

%ritans, . " e3%ate# Latin .it R"*an Cat "li'is*,

in'rease# it .as "nly t e %$ ea&al "+ Ci&il :ar t at

#isr%$te# t e "l# tra#iti"ns "+ t e s' ""ls

>8


85/147

I+, at t e -eginning "+ t e 1; t 'ent%ry, Englis

a# still -een '"nsi#ere# a rat er r%#e, ‘-ar-arian’lang%age, -y t e en# "+ t e 1; t 'ent%ry, a+ter t e G"l#en

Age "+ t e Englis lang%age, t ere .as an %n$arallele#

sense "+ $ri#e in t e nati"nal lang%age

;6;6 Education

In t e 19 t an# 1; t 'ent%ries, Englis %*anists,

s%' as =" n C"let @. " +"%n#e# St a%l’s S' ""l an#

Sir T "*as M"re el$e# t" esta-lis a re&i&al "+

'lassi'al learning an# li-eral st%#ies D%ring t e 1; t an#

19


86/147

VI Gra**ar S' ""ls , -%t, a$art +r"* t at, t e state .as

rel%'tant t" inter&ene in t e e#%'ati"nal s$ ere


1 7enry VIII an# t e Re+"r*ati"n6 Restraint "+ A$$eals t" R"*e

0 S"&ereignty "+ La. *a#e in arlia*ent

2 A't "+ S%$re*a'y

8 L%t eranis* an# r"testantis* t e

Eli/a-et an C %r' Settle*ent

9 Uni"n "+ :ales .it Englan#

; Early M"#ern Englis t e Great V".el

S i+t

4UESTIONS

1 De+ine L%t eranis* an# r"testantis*

0 Dis'%ss t e i*$a't "+ t e Re+"r*ati"n "n :ales an#

Irelan#, res$e'ti&ely

2 Mary I an# t e C"%nterre+"r*ati"n

>;


87/147

>


88/147


89/147

'"nsente# t" an A't "+ arlia*ent esta-lis ing

res-ytarianis* as t e "++i'ial religi"n "+ S'"tlan#, an#e s%-#%e# t e Cat "li's in t e n"rt "+ t e '"%ntry

res-ytarianis* is t e *ain -ran' "+ t e re+"r*e#

' %r' es, e*-"#ying t e $rin'i$les "+ Cal&inis*,

$rin'i$les t at a# -een a#&an'e# -y t e Fren'

r"testant t e"l"gian "+ t e Re+"r*ati"n Cal&in #enie#a$al a%t "rity e '"nsi#ere# t at t e Bi-le .as t e s"le

s"%r'e "+ G"#’s la. an# t at it .as *an’s #%ty t"

inter$ret it

: en e s%''ee#e# t" t e Englis t r"ne, e

$r"*ise# t at e ."%l# n"t alter t e Eli/a-et an C %r'

Settle*ent, an# e #i# n"t a''e$t religi"%s #i&ersity in

t e '"%ntry 7e -elie&e# t at t e Angli'an C %r' an#

t e *"nar' y s "%l# -e inter#e$en#ent ) is sl"gan .as

On" Bis "$, n" 5ingP 7e .as t e target "+ t e

G%n$".#er l"t in 1;?9, . en G%y Fa.4es, a R"*an)

Cat "li', atte*$te# t" -l". %$ arlia*ent

In 1;11 t e esta-lis e# &ersi"n "+ t e Bi-le .as

translate# int" Englis @5ing =a*es Bi-le

>


90/147

: en e -e'a*e 4ing "+ Englan#, =a*es I %nite#

t e 'r".ns "+ Englan# an# S'"tlan#, -y t e A't "+ Uni"n T e t." '"%ntries still a# se$arate arlia*ents,

an# t e +"r*al Uni"n ."%l# -e a''"*$lis e# "nly in

1


91/147

D%ring is reign, Englis '"l"nies .ere

esta-lis e# in N"rt A*eri'a T e Englis als"'"l"ni/e# Ber*%#a @1;12 , Bar-a#"s an# t e :est

In#ies @1;0< T e May+l".er, t e s i$ in . i' t e

ilgri* Fat ers saile# t" A*eri'a, le+t Englan#

@ ly*"%t in 1;0?

1


92/147


93/147

trie# t" ign"re t ese $"liti'al #e&el"$*ents, %ntil e .as

"-lige# t" s%**"n arlia*ent +"r +inan'eT e religi"%s #is$%te .as e3%ally i*$"rtant T e

4ing "$$"se# t e atte*$ts "+ t e %ritans in arlia*ent

t" $%rge t e Angli'an C %r' "+ . at t ey '"nsi#ere# t"

-e R"*an)Cat "li' ten#en'ies, "+ ele*ents t at t ey

regar#e# as s%$erstiti"%s "r la'4ing in s'ri$t%rala%t "rity @t ey lai# e*$ asis "n *"ral stri'tness an#

a-stinen'e +r"* all $leas%re

T e 'i&il stri+e .as a #ire't res%lt "+ t e religi"%s

#is$%tes #ating -a'4 t" t e Re+"r*ati"n $eri"#6 ra#i'al

re+"r*ers "+ t e C %r' @ %ritans '"ntin%e# t" -elie&e

t at t e C %r' a# t" $%ri+y itsel+ +%rt er +r"* t e

a%t "rity "+ t e -is "$s an# t e a%t "ritarianis* "+ t e

St%art 4ings T ese religi"%s re+"r*ers .ere seen as

re-els, -"t -y Cat "li's, an# -y *"#erate r"testants

T e $"liti'al an# religi"%s 'rises rea' e# t eir

'li*a . en t e 4ing an# is Ar' -is "$s trie# t"

i*$"se t eir ".n -ran# "+ 7ig C %r' Uni+"r*ity

@. i' *et %ritan resistan'e , an#, . en, in arlia*ent,

C arles I raise# ta es an# reasserte# t e i#ea t at 4ings

.ere G"#’s agents "n Eart @t e 'lai* t" t e *"nar' ’s

2


94/147

#i&ine rig t @O5ings are n"t "nly G"#’s lie%tenants "n

Eart , -%t e&en -y G"# i*sel+ t ey are 'alle# G"#s PTensi"n .as eig tene# -y t e 5ing’s *arriage t" a

R"*an)Cat "li'

As a res%lt, *any *"#erate r"testants in

arlia*ent %nite# .it t e ra#i'al %ritans against t e

Cr".nT e $e"$le’s rea'ti"n .as e3%i&"'al E&en i+

t ere .as a tense relati"ns i$ -et.een *"nar' an# la.,

e&en i+ $e"$le res$e'te# arlia*ent, +e. in Englan#

a't%ally .ante# t" "&ert r". t e 4ing A *"nar' .as

t "%g t t" -e #i&inely instit%te#, an# i+ C arles .as a

-a# 4ing, e .as t" -e $%nis e# -y G"#, t ere+"re

re-elli"n an# 'i&il .ar .ere %n'"n'ei&a-le

Ne&ert eless, C arles I #iss"l&e# is +irst

arlia*ent in 1;09, a+ter it re+%se# t" &"te i* t e

re&en%e t at e nee#e# A se'"n# arlia*ent .as als"

#iss"l&e# a+ter it re+%se# t" grant *"ney t" t e 4ing

C arles res"l&e# t" r%le t e '"%ntry .it "%t

arlia*ent ) e instit%te# ‘$ers"nal r%le’ +r"* 1;0 t"

1;8? @t e Ele&en Hears’ Tyranny A .ar .it S'"tlan#

*a#e i* s%**"n a ‘S "rt arlia*ent’ in 1;8?, . i'

8


95/147

e #iss"l&e# In t e sa*e year e s%**"ne# t e ‘L"ng

arlia*ent’, -%t e '"%l# n"t '""$erate .it it an# "$en'"n+li't ar"se in 1;80, . en e trie# t" arrest +i&e "+ its

*e*-ers E&er sin'e t at year, t e *"nar' as -een

+"r-i##en t" enter t e 7"%se "+ C"**"ns At $resent,

t e *"nar' 4n"'4s "n t e #""r "+ t e 7"%se "+

C"**"ns a+ter it as -een 'l"se# against er, an# s es%**"ns t e *e*-ers "+ t e C"**"ns t" t e State

"$ening "+ arlia*ent t e Bla'4 R"# 'ere*"ny

In 1;80, t e str%ggle -et.een arlia*ent an#

5ing @ %ritans &s r"yalists, '"%ntry &s '"%rt

'%l*inate# in ar*e# '"n+li't T e %ritans i#enti+ie#

.it t e $arlia*entary "$$"siti"n t" t e *"nar' y, an#

t ey allie# t e*sel&es .it S'"ttis res-yterians in

"r#er t" resist t e -is "$s

In A%g%st 1;80 t e .ar -egan T e 4ing .as

'a$t%re# -y t e S'"ts in 1;8;, an# e .as an#e# "&er

t" t e arlia*entarians A+ter se'ret neg"tiati"ns .it

t e S'"ts, C arles agree# t" esta-lis a res-yterian

C %r' in Englan# an# t ey agree# t" s%$$"rt i*

9


96/147

: en is S'"ttis s%$$"rters .ere #e+eate#, C arles .as

ta4en t" L"n#"n, trie# an# -e ea#e# in 1;8T e e e'%ti&e -"#y in Interregn%* Englan#

-e'a*e t e C"%n'il "+ State In 1;92, (li&er Cr"*.ell

-e'a*e L"r# r"te't"r "+ Englan# @#%ring t e

r"te't"rate 1;92)9 t e e e'%ti&e '"nsiste# "+ t e

r"te't"r an# t e C"%n'il "+ State, '"*$rising 00*e*-ers ele'te# +"r li+e

Englan# .as #e'lare# a Re$%-li', t e

C"**"n.ealt T e 7"%se "+ L"r#s .as a-"lis e# an#

arlia*ent '"nsiste# "nly "+ t e 7"%se "+ C"**"ns,

. i' *et e&ery t ree years T e C %r' "+ Englan#

.as #isesta-lis e#, an# #%ring t e %ritan Interegn%*

t ere .as stri't '"ntr"l, e&en 'ens"rs i$, "+ $%-li'

*"rality

T e Re$%-li'an regi*e .as +a'e# .it &ery

#i++i'%lt g"&ern*ents in S'"tlan# an# Irelan# an# it

'"%l# n"t +eel sa+e %ntil t ey .ere "&ert r".n B"t

S'"tlan# an# Irelan# .ere '"n3%ere# @t e *assa're "+

Dr"g e#a -y t e $arlia*entarians %n#er Cr"*.ell

'"ntri-%te# t" t e angl"$ "-i' Iris $%-li' *yt T e

;


97/147

'"n3%est "+ Irelan# res%lte# in a *assi&e trans+er "+ lan#

+r"* t e Iris t" t e Englis , $arti'%larly t e *ilitary,. " a# t" -e $ai# +"r .ar

T e C"**"n.ealt als" le# an aggressi&e $"li'y

t".ar#s +"reign $".ers @t e +irst Angl")D%t' .ar .as

+"%g t in 1;90)98

Cr"*.ell #isagree# .it arlia*ent, #iss"l&e# itan# intr"#%'e# #ire't *ilitary r%le A se'"n# arlia*ent

"++ere# i* t e title "+ 5ing, . i' e re+%se# 7is s"n,

Ri' ar# Cr"*.ell, . " s%''ee#e# i*, s""n l"st

'"ntr"l "+ t e ar*y an# resigne#


98/147

T e C"n&enti"n arlia*ent &"te# +"r t e 4ing’s

ret%rn, in 1;;? :it t e rest"rati"n "+ t e St%arts, t e*"nar' *ig t again r%le -y #i&ine rig t, -%t e .as t"

r%le t an4s t" arlia*ent @$arlia*entary *"nar' y

: ereas Cat "li' +a*ilies a# -een $erse'%te#

%n#er Cr"*.ell, %ritans .ere e 'l%#e# +r"* $"siti"ns

"+ 'i&il an# religi"%s a%t "rity %n#er C arles II Unli4et e %ritans, . " a# 'l"se# #".n t eatres an# a#

i*$"se# +ines +"r #an'ing an# #rin4ing, t e arist"'ra'y

in t e Rest"rati"n $eri"# en!"ye# an# in#%lge# in a ne.

+ree#"* @t eaters .ere re"$ene# an# all".e# ."*en t"

$er+"r* "n t e stage, literat%re +l"%ris e# T e '"%ntry

en!"ye# *"re $r"s$erity, as t e #e&el"$*ent "+

'"**er'e .as a''"*$anie# -y a#*inistrati&e re+"r*s

T e 4ing a# t" '"n+"r* t" t e $"li'ies "+

arlia*ent, . i' ."r4e# t" strengt en Englan#’s

tra#ing an# agri'%lt%ral in#%stries In a##iti"n t" t e

gr".ing $".er "+ arlia*ent against t e *"nar' , t e

1


99/147

gr"%$s -e'a*e #"*inant, an# t is +eat%re .as t"

' ara'teri/e Britis t.")$arty $"liti's in t e +%t%re Int e $"liti'al -alan'e "+ $".er t ere .as a s i+t +r"* t e

4ing t" t e t.")$arty syste* t e T"ries, ass"'iate#

.it a '"nser&ati&e, r"yalist arist"'ra'y, an# t e : igs,

i#enti+ie# .it t e gr".ing, *"re li-eral, '"**er'ial

'lass @generally r"testants +r"* t e gentry

C arles II .as s%''ee#e# -y is -r"t er, =a*es II

@1;>9)>> As e .as a Cat "li', t ere .as alar* at is

religi"%s '"n&i'ti"ns @$"liti'ians a# *a#e t ree

atte*$ts t" e 'l%#e i* +r"* s%''essi"n

A+ter e -e'a*e 4ing, =a*es II a#*itte#

Cat "li's t" t e s%''essi"n t" t e t r"ne "+ Englan#, -y

t e De'larati"n "+ In#%lgen'e in 1;>< T e an iety +"r

t e +%t%re "+ r"testantis* in Englan# .as intensi+ie#

.it t e -irt "+ a Cat "li' eir t" t e t r"ne

In 1;>>, se&eral $r"*inent $"liti'ians @: igs

an# T"ries in&ite# :illia* "+ (range @. " .as *arrie#

t" t e 5ing’s #a%g ter, Mary t" el$ t e* "&ert r".

=a*es II :it D%t' *ilitary el$, :illia* arri&e# in

Englan#, an# s%''ee#e# t" t e t r"ne, a+ter t e 4ing +le#


100/147

t" Fran'e Sin'e n" +"r'e .as in&"l&e#, t is e&ent .as

'alle# T e Gl"ri"%s Re&"l%ti"n @1;>>)> It .as t e lasts%''ess+%l @-%t -l""#less in&asi"n "+ Englan#, a '"%$ in

. i' t e *"nar' .as re$la'e# -y is #a%g ter, Mary,

an# -y is ne$ e. an# s"n in la., :illia*, . " r%le#

!"intly +r"* 1;> t" 1


101/147

T e Gl"ri"%s Re&"l%ti"n .ea4ene# *"nar' y

it ga&e s%-stan'e t" t e n"ti"n "+ $arlia*entary*"nar' y, it a-"lis e# t e *"nar' ’s 'lai* t" ‘#i&ine

rig t’, an# real $".er n". reste# in t e an#s "+

'"nstit%ti"nal asse*-lies

E&en i+ it .as a $"liti'al 'risis, t e Gl"ri"%s

Re&"l%ti"n .as t" $lay an i*$"rtant r"le in t e Englis $%-li' *yt , t" -e seen as a tri%*$ "+ t e li-eral an#

t"lerant s$irit In 1; ?, t e Englis $ il"s"$ er =" n

L"'4e @Two Treatises on "i#il Go#ernment$ #e&ise# a

$"liti'al t e"ry t at .as t" in+l%en'e t e t in4ers "+ t e

Enlig ten*ent 7e a#&an'e# t e '"n'e$t "+ a s"'ial

'"ntra't, in . i' s"&ereignty rests .it t e $e"$le t e

$e"$le %n#erta4e re'i$r"'al "-ligati"ns .it a r%ler, . "

*ay -e re*"&e# i+ e #"es n"t res$e't is '"ntra't

T e Gl"ri"%s Re&"l%ti"n a# $r"+"%n#

'"nse3%en'es +"r t e $attern "+ g"&ern*ent in t e

Britis Isles In Irelan#, t e $"&erty 'a%se# -y t e $re)

in#%strial e'"n"*y .as a''"*$anie# -y #ra*ati' s"'ial

an# $"liti'al ' anges As Cat "li' Irelan# a# s%$$"rte#

5ing =a*es II, :illia*’s tr""$s "''%$ie# D%-lin an#

1?1


102/147

"t er t".ns Cat "li's .ere #is+ran' ise# an# #e-arre#

+r"* all $"liti'al, legal an# *ilitary "++i'es, as .ell as+r"* arlia*ent


1 5ing =a*es Bi-le @1;11

0 Uni"n .it S'"tlan# Uni"n =a'4

2 Ci&il :ar in Englan#

8 C"**"n.ealt an# t e r"te't"rate

9 T e St%art Rest"rati"n ‘ arlia*entary

*"nar' y’

; T e Bill "+ Rig ts

4UESTIONS

1 : at .ere t e #is$%tes t at -r"%g t a-"%t Ci&il

:arK

0 : at a$$ene# in Englan# #%ring t e %ritan

Interregn%*K

1?0


103/147

2 : at .as t ee i*$"rtan'e "+ t e Gl"ri"%s

Re&"l%ti"n in ter*s "+ 'i&il rig ts in Englan#K8 : at '"n'e$t #i# t e Englis $ il"s"$ er =" n

L"'4e a#&an'e in relati"n t" $e"$le an# *"nar' y

s "rtly a+ter t e Gl"ri"%s Re&"l%ti"nK

1?2


104/147

=6 T"+ 5t"

C+ntu #: T"+ ( o?t" o, t"+E .i +6 T"+ Lo!! o, A + ica6

T e 1> t 'ent%ry .as #e+ine# as t e age "+ reas"n

in Englis ist"ry S'ienti+i' #is'"&eries @gra&itati"n, t e

la.s "+ *"ti"n .ere a''"*$anie#, "n a s"'ial le&el, -yan i*$%lse +"r "r#er, ' ara'teristi' "+ t e rising *i##le

'lasses (&erall, t e 'ent%ry .as $er&a#e# -y s"*e

e$i#e*i's -e'a%se "+ t e la'4 "+ an a#e3%ate se.age

syste* T ere .as a ig $er'entage "+ t e Englis

$"$%lati"n t at .as engage# in a'ti&ities "t er t an

agri'%lt%re an# in#%stry #e&el"$e# A+ter t e Trans$"rt

A't .as $asse# in 1, a-"%t 9?,??? '"n&i'ts +r"

Documents

Social and Cultural British History - curs.doc