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Social Work,Social Welfare, andAmerican Society
Seventh Edition
Philip R. PoppleUniversity of Texas at Austin
Leslie LeighningerArizona State University
Boston H New York a San FranciscoMexico City a Montreal m Toronto a London a Madrid a Munich m Paris
Hong Kong m Singapore a Tokyo m Cape Town a Sydney
ContentsPreface xxiii
Competing Perspectives on Social Welfare
Political Perspectives and SocialWelfare Issues 3
The Worldview of Conservatives, Liberals,and Radicals 5
Attitude toward Change 6Views of Human Nature 7Views of Individual Behavior 7Views of the Family 8Views of the Social System 9Views of the Government and the
Economic System 12
What Americans Believe 16Value Systems 18Political Perspectives in the Real World 21
The Author's Perspective 22
WEBSITES ON POLITICAL PERSPECTIVES 23
ENDNOTES 23
V I I
VIII Contents
Social Welfare: Basic Concepts 25
Stigma and Social Welfare
Social Exclusion and Social Welfare
Descriptive Definitions of Social WelfareSocial Welfare as Nonmarket
Economic Transfers
Social Welfare as Services to Meet Basic Needs
A Functional Definition of Social WelfareSocial Structure
Social Work DestinationsDependence, Interdependence, and the Social
Welfare InstitutionWhat Americans Believe
2729
29
30
31
3232
34
37
42
A Clarification of Social Welfare ServicesPerspectives of Social Welfare
The Conservative Perspective
The Liberal Perspective
The Radical Perspective
Summary
Conclusion
WEBSITES ON GENERAL SOCIALWELFARE CONCEPTS
ENDNOTES
44505151
52
53
54
55
55
Contents ix
Chapter 31/ m
Social Work as a Profession 58
Social Work and Professionalism 59
Social Work's Historical Development 61
State Charitable Institutions 62The Charity Organization Society 63
The Social Settlement 65A Closer Look Josephine Shaw Lowell:
Leader in the Charity Organization Society 66A Closer Look Mary Richmond: Pioneer
in Social Casework 67
Social Work Destinations Hull House 68
A Closer Look Lillian Wald, GrahamTaylor, and Lugenia Burns Hope: ThreeSettlement Leaders 69
A Closer Look Grace Abbott, EdithAbbott, and Sophonisba Breckinridge:Partners in Social Change and Developmentof a Profession 70
Growth of a Profession 71Diversity and Unification . 72A Closer Look George Haynes: Social Work
Education and the National Urban League 73
The Depression and the Development of FederalSocial Welfare Programs 74
A Closer Look Jane Hoey 75
Continued Professional Growth 77
Social Work Values and Philosophical Base 79A Closer Look Important Dates in
Social Work History 80
Social Work Ethics and Ethical Dilemmas 82
Updating a Professional Code of Ethics:Interview with a Key Player 83
A Closer Look Excerpts from the 1996Code of Ethics of the National Associationof Social Workers 84
Social Work Methods 86
A Closer Look Social Work Roles 87
A Model of Social Work Practice . 87
Practice Settings 89
Salaries and Job Opportunities 92
Social Work Education and Knowledge
for Practice 93
Current Professional Issues 93
Social Work in the Larger Field of Social
Welfare 97
Perspectives on Practice 98
Conclusion 98
WEBSITES OF USE TO SOCIAL WORKERS 99
ENDNOTES 99
Contents
Chapter 4
Generalist Social Work
History and Development of SocialWork PracticeThe Evolution of Social Work Practice
Practice
104105
Development of the Concept of GeneralistSocial Work
Generalist PracticeDefinitionCl "11SkillsRelationship Between Generalist and
Specialized Practice
Case Management: A Major Skillfor Generalist Practitioners
114
1151151 1 O
118
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103
DefinitionHistory
SkillsInstitutional FrameworkAdvocacy
Practice Ethics and Ethical DilemmasConclusion
ENDNOTES
120
120120123
123
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126
Contents X I
Chapter 5
Responses to Human Diversity |28
Definition of the Problem
Definition of Terms
Dynamics of Intergroup Relations
Perspectives
The Conservative PerspectiveThe Liberal PerspectiveThe Radical Perspective
History of Intergroup Relationsin the United StatesSocial Workers, Social Welfare Institutions,
and the "New Immigration"
Social Workers, Social Welfare Institutions,and African Americans
A Closer Look The Destruction of a Black
Community in Tulsa, Oklahoma
Social Workers, Social Welfare Institutions,and Women
131
140
142
144144145145
146
146
Current Issues Regarding Social Welfareand Human Diversity 155Multiculturalism 155A Closer Look The Experience of Having
a Mixed Heritage 156
Immigration 157Affirmative Action 162Separatism or Integration? 164
Social Work Roles Related to Diversity 167Social Work Destinations Destinations
to Enhance an Appreciation of Diversity 169
WEBSITES ON DIVERSITY 170
171148 ENDNOTES
151
152
XII Contents
Chapter 6
Religion and Social Work 177
The Religious Roots of Social Welfare 179
Early Egyptian Roots • 179Jewish Roots 179
Christian Roots 180Muslim Roots 181
The Religious Roots of OrganizedSocial Work 182
Churches and the Charity OrganizationSociety Movement 183
Churches and the SettlementHouse Movement 184
The Church and the Institutional Rootsof Social Work 184
The Secularization of Social Work 186
The Reversal of Secularization? 188
Current Sectarian Services 192
Social Work and Religion—UneasyBedfellows 196
Should the Church Be Involved in Social Workand Social Welfare? 197
Conservative Religion and Social Change 198What Americans Believe 200Social Work Values and Christian Values—
Conflict or Consensus?
A Closer Look Guidelines from the NorthAmerican Association of Christians
in Social Work . 205
Conclusion 206
WEBSITES RELATED TO SOCIAL WORKAND RELIGION ' 207
ENDNOTES 207
Contents XIII
Chapter 7
Poverty:The Central Concept 211
Poverty: Major Issues and Common Terms 214
Rich Country, Poor Country 215The Measurement of Economic Inequality 216The Distribution of Income and Wealth
in the United States 218Trends in the Distribution of Wealth
and Income 220
Focus on Diversity Race, Ethnicity,and Increasing Inequality 222
Perspectives on Inequality 222
Focus on Diversity Commentary:Bridging a Family's Socially Conservative andLiberal Views to Meet the Needs of a Sister 224
Poverty—The Dark Side of Inequality 225The Definition of Poverty 226
What Americans Believe 228A Closer Look Poverty Definition Quiz 231
The Official Poverty Line in the United States 232Issues and Perspectives in Measuring
and Defining Poverty 234
Experimental Poverty Measures 238
Conclusion 239
WEBSITES RELATED TO THE CONCEPTOF POVERTY 240
ENDNOTES 240
xiv Contents
The Nature and Causes of Poverty 242
Who Are the Poor? 244Statistical Description of the Poverty
Population 244
Different Types of Poverty 247_
Why Are the Poor Poor? 250Poverty as the Result of
Individual Characteristics 251
Cultural Explanations of Poverty 256
Focus on Diversity "Welfare: A White
Secret" by Barbara Ehrenreich 258
Critique of the Cultural Explanations 261Structural Explanations of Poverty—
Liberal Version 266
What Americans Believe 272Critique of Liberal Structural Explanations 274
• Structural Explanations of Poverty—
Conservative Version 275
Critique of Conservative
Structural Explanations 275 «
Conclusion 276
WEBSITES RELATED TO THE NATUREAND CAUSES OF POVERTY 276
ENDNOTES 277
Contents xv
Chapter 9
The Development of Antipoverty Programs 280
Historical Perspective onAntipoverty EffortsEnglish Roots
Colonial Years and the Era of theAmerican Revolution
Early Years of the Republic, 1781-1860Social Transformation, Reform,
and Reaction, 1860-1930
Seeds of the Reluctant Welfare State,1930-1940
The Return of Prosperity, 1940-1960
282283
286288
292
297
299
Reform and Reaction, 1960-1988 300A Closer Look "War on Poverty Not
a Failure" by William Raspberry 302
A New Era for Antipoverty Policy 304W h a t Americans Believe 310
Conclusion 310
WEBSITES RELATED TOANTIPOVERTY PROGRAMS 313
ENDNOTES 3 13
XVI Contents
Chapter 10
Child Welfare 315
Definition
Statistical Profile
DynamicsA Closer Look Incidents Defined
as Child Maltreatment
Historical PerspectiveThe Emergence of Concern for Children
The Development of Child Welfare Services
Current Issues and TrendsEmphasis on Permanency PlanningEmphasis on Family PreservationReaction to Family PreservationClass Action Lawsuits on Behalf of
Children in Foster Care
317
320
324
325
329329331
337338340
342
Separation of Investigation from Service
PerspectivesConceptions of Appropriate DisciplineThe Causation of Maltreatment
Rights of Children, Parents, andthe Government
What Americans BelieveSocial Work RolesDirect Services in Public Child Welfare
Private Agencies
Conclusion
WEBSITES O N CHILD WELFARE
E N D N O T E S
344
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356343
Contents XVII
FiChapter I I
Crime and Criminal Justice 360
Perspectives on Criminal Justice
The Conservative Perspective
The Liberal Perspective
The Radical Perspective
DefinitionLegal Definition of Crime
Crime as a Social Welfare Problem
Statistical ProfileProblems with Crime Statistics
Patterns of Crime
Social Welfare and Crime
DynamicsControl TheoriesWhat Americans BelieveCultural Theories
Social Victim Theories
A Brief History of Criminal JusticePrisons—The First ReformThe Indeterminate Sentence and ParoleProbationThe Concept of Delinquency and
the Juvenile Court
364364
366
367
367367
369
373373
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377
378378J / O
378
382
385
386387
388
389
Criminal Justice Reform—Rhetoricand Reality
Current IssuesPrisonsParoleProbationDiversionIntermediate SanctionsAbandoning Rehabilitation?
Social Work RolesTreatment Programs Outside the Criminal
Justice System •
Victim AssistanceVictim-Offender Mediation
Police Work as Social Work
.Conclusion
WEBSITES RELATED TO CRIME ANDCRIMINAL JUSTICE
ENDNOTES
391
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xviii Contents
Chanter
Health Care 405
Definitions of Health and Illness
Statistical Picture of Health CareHealth and Socioeconomic FactorsFocus on Diversity Diabetes among
the Oglala Sioux
Dynamics of Health and Illness
History of Health Care
The Rise of Scientific Medicine
Medical Social Work
Health Care in the 1960s and 1970s
Current Issues and Trends
408408414
414
417
419420
423
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430
Managed CareThe Business of Health Care
Government Action to Improve Health Care
PerspectivesThe Conservative Perspective
The Liberal PerspectiveThe Radical Perspective
Social Work Roles
Conclusion
WEBSITES ON HEALTH CARE
ENDNOTES
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44 1
Contents XIX
Chapter 13
Mental Health and Developmental Disability 446
Issues in Definition
Definitions of Mental IllnessMental Illness as the Absence of Mental Health
Mental Illness as DiseaseMental Illness as a Reaction to Life's Problems
Mental Illness as a Label Assigned by Others
Dynamics of Mental IllnessPhysiological ExplanationsPsychological ExplanationsBehavioral Explanations
Environmental and Sociological Explanations
Statistical Picture of Mental Illness
Definitions of Developmental DisabilityFocus on Diversity Race, Diagnosis, and
CommitmentDynamics of Developmental Disability
Statistical Picture of DevelopmentalDisability
Historical Perspectives on Mental IllnessSocial Work Destinations The Public
Hospital, Williamsburg, VirginiaA Closer Look Clifford W. Beers: A Mind
That Found ItselfA Closer Look The Snake Pit
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468
Historical Perspectives on DevelopmentalDisability , 472A Closer Look From The Mismeasure
of Man by Stephen Jay Gould 475
Current Issues and Trends 476
From Institution to Life in the Community 476Community Services for Those with
Mental Retardation 481
Advocacy and Consumer Organizationsfor the Mentally 111 , 482
Stigma and Mental Illness 483
Special Populations in the Field ofMental Health 484
Perspectives 486The Conservative Perspective 486
The Liberal Perspective 487The Radical Perspective 487
Social Work Roles in Mental Health andDevelopmental Disability 488A Closer Look "When Things Were
Darkest, Peers Helped" 490
Conclusion 491
WEBSITES ON MENTAL HEALTH 49 1
ENDNOTES 492
XX Contents
Chapter I 4
Housing, Homelessness, and CommunityDevelopment 497
Definitions of the Problem
Actors in the U.S. Housing SituationBuilders
DevelopersBankersInsurance CompaniesGovernment
A Closer Look Eminent DomainRealtors
Landlords
Community Groups
Advocacy Organizations
Research
Statistical Picture of Housing
Dynamics of HousingCommodity or Right?
Residential Segregation
History of HousingHousing Trends from the Mid-1800s through
the 1920sThe Origins of Modern Housing PolicyHousing Policy after the New Deal"Urban Renewal"The Age of HUD
499499500
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501502
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A Closer Look The Destructionof Pruitt-Igoe
Bush II
Current Issues and TrendsHomelessness
Community ResponsesDesign
TriageSprawl
Community Development
Gender and Household StereotypesThe Retreat from Public Life
Social Work DestinationsSocial Work and Community DevelopmentRenewing Civility
PerspectivesThe Conservative PerspectiveThe Liberal Perspective
The Radical Perspective
Social Work RolesA Closer Look The Language of Sprawl
WEBSITES ON HOUSING AND COMMUNITYDEVELOPMENT
ENDNOTES
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Contents X X I
Aging 545
Definitions of Aging
Statistical Picture of Aging
Living ArrangementsIncomeHealthGovernment Expenditures for the ElderlySummary
Dynamics: Causes and Effects of Aging
Biological TheoriesSocial Psychological Theories of AgingSociological Theories of Aging
Focus on Diversity Men and Aging
History of Aging in America
Current Issues and TrendsGovernment Programs for Older Americans:
Can They Be Maintained?
547548551
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559
560
565
Long-Term CareCommunity Services for the Aging: Problems
of CoordinationAgeism and Advocacy
A Closer Look "Harassing the Elderly"by Karen DeCrow
PerspectivesThe Conservative PerspectiveThe Liberal Perspective
The Radical Perspective
Social Work Roles
Conclusion
WEBSITES ON AGING '
ENDNOTES
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Chapter 16
Developing YourOwn Perspectiveon Social Welfare
NAME INDEX
SUBJECT INDEX
PHOTO CREDITS
583
587
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