Socioemotional Development in Adolescence Chapter 12 © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use

Socioemotional Development in

AdolescenceChapter 12

© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

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Chapter Outline

• The self, identity, and religious/spiritual development

• Families• Peers• Culture and adolescent development• Adolescent problems


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The Self, Identity, and Religious/Spiritual Development

• Self esteem– Self-esteem of girls declines more during

adolescence– Indicate a perception about whether he or she is

intelligent and attractive– Narcissism: Self-centered and self-concerned

approach toward others


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• Identity– Self-portrait composed of many pieces• Vocational/Career• Political• Religious• Relationship


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• Achievement, intellectual• Sexual• Cultural/ethnic• Interests• Personality• Physical

• Identity– Erikson’s view • Identity versus identity confusion


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– Psychosocial moratorium - Gap between childhood security and adult autonomy

– Adolescents experiment with different roles and personalities– Adolescents who cope with conflicting identities emerge with

a new sense of self– Adolescents who do not successfully resolve the identity crisis

suffer identity confusion


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Figure 12.1 - Marcia’s Four Statuses of Identity


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• Identity– Emerging adulthood and beyond• Key changes in identity are more likely to take place in

emerging adulthood than in adolescence• Identity does not remain stable throughout life

– “MAMA” - Repeated cycles of moratorium to achievement


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• Identity– Ethnic identity: Enduring aspect of the self that

includes:• Sense of membership in an ethnic group • Attitudes and feelings related to that membership

– Many adolescents develop a bicultural identity• Identify in some ways with their ethnic group and in

other ways with the majority culture


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• Religious and spiritual development– Religion and identity development– Cognitive development and religion in

adolescence• Increase in abstract thinking lets adolescents consider

various ideas about religious and spiritual concepts

– The positive role of religion in adolescents’ lives


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Figure 12.2 - Developmental Changes in Religiousness from 14 to 24 Years of Age


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Families

• Parental monitoring and information management– Supervising adolescents’ choice of:• Social settings• Activities• Friends• Academic efforts

– When parents engage in positive parenting practices:• Adolescents are more likely to disclose information


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Families

• Autonomy and attachment– Parents must weigh needs for autonomy and

control, independence and connection– The push for autonomy• May puzzle and anger many parents• Adolescents’ ability to attain autonomy is acquired

through appropriate adult reactions to their desire for control• Boys are given more independence


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Families

• Role of attachment– Securely attached adolescents are less likely to

have emotional difficulties and to engage in problem behaviors:• Juvenile delinquency and drug abuse

• Balancing freedom and control


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Figure 12.3 - Old and New Models of Parent-Adolescent Relationships


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Peers

• Friendships– Most teens prefer a smaller number of friendships

that are more intense and more intimate– Friends become increasingly important in meeting

social needs– Developmental advantages occur when

adolescents have friends who are: • Socially skilled, supportive, and oriented toward

academic achievement


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Figure 12.4 - Developmental Changes in Self-Disclosing Conversations


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Peers

• Peer groups– Peer pressure• Young adolescents conform more to peer standards

than children do• Adolescents with low self-esteem and high social

anxiety are most likely to conform to peers


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Peers

• Peer groups– Cliques and crowds• Cliques: Small group averaging 5 or 6 individuals that

may form among adolescents – Engage in similar activities

• Crowds: Larger than cliques and less personal– Members are based on reputation– May not spend much time together


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Peers

• Dating and romantic relationships– Developmental changes in dating and romantic

relationships • Three stages

– Entry into romantic attractions and affiliations at about 11 to 13 years of age

– Exploring romantic relationships at approximately 14 to 16 years of age

– Consolidating dyadic romantic bonds at about 17 to 19 years of age


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Peers

• Dating and romantic relationships– Dating in gay and lesbian youth• Many date other-sex peers, which can help clarify their

sexual orientation or disguise it from others

– Sociocultural contexts and dating• Values, beliefs, and traditions dictate the age at which

dating begins


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Peers

• Dating and romantic relationships– Dating and adjustment• Linked with measures of how well-adjusted adolescents

are


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Culture and Adolescent Development

• Cross-cultural comparisons– Health– Gender– Family– Peers– Time allocation to different activities– Rites of passage


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• Ethnicity– Immigration• High rates of immigration are contributing to the

growth of ethnic minorities in the U.S.• Immigrants experience stressors uncommon to

longtime residents


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– Ethnicity and socioeconomic status• Interact in ways that exaggerate the influence of

ethnicity• Ethnic minority adolescents experience:

– Prejudice, discrimination, and bias – Stressful effects of poverty


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Figure 12.5 - Developmental Changes in the Amount of Time U.S. 8-to 18-Year-Olds Spend with Different Types of

Media


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• The media– Technology and digitally mediated communication• e-mail, instant messaging, social networking sites:

– Facebook, chat rooms, video sharing and photo sharing,

• Multiplayer online computer games, and virtual worlds


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Adolescent Problems

• Juvenile delinquency– Juvenile delinquent: Adolescent who breaks the

law or engages in behavior that is considered illegal

– Delinquency rates• Males more likely to engage in delinquency than

females• Rates among minority groups and lower-SES youth are

especially high


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Adolescent Problems

• Juvenile delinquency– Causes of delinquency• Lower class culture• Parents less skilled in discouraging antisocial behavior• Siblings and delinquent peers


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Adolescent Problems

• Depression and suicide– Depression• Factors contributing to depression

– Genes– Certain family factors – Poor peer relationships

• Treatment– Drug therapy using serotonin reuptake inhibitors– Cognitive behavior therapy– Interpersonal therapy


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Adolescent Problems

• Depression and suicide– Suicide is the 3rd leading cause of death in 10-to

19-year-olds– Adolescents contemplate or attempt it

unsuccessfully than actually commit it– Females are more likely to attempt suicide, but

males are more likely to succeed


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Adolescent Problems

• Depression and suicide– Other risk factors• History of family instability and unhappiness• Lack of supportive friendships• Cultural contexts• Genetic factors• Depressive symptoms


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The Interrelation of Problems and Successful Prevention/Intervention Programs

• Four problems that affect the most adolescents:– Drug abuse– Juvenile delinquency– Sexual problems– School-related problems


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The Interrelation of Problems and Successful Prevention/Intervention Programs

• Successful intervention programs include:– Intensive individualized attention– Community-wide multiagency collaborative

approaches– Early identification and intervention


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Socioemotional Development in Adolescence Chapter 12 © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use