sociolinguistic presentasi

8/10/2019 sociolinguistic presentasi

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A paradoxA paradox is a self contradictory statement

or situation.e.g. - you can save money by spending it.

- Im a liar. How do you know if Im

telling the truth?


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Speech events, genres, andperformance

A speech event is the situation calling forth

particular way of speaking

(Gordon and Lakoff 1975).Genre refers to the form of speaking, such as

joke, narrative, promise, riddle, prayer, even

greeting or farewell.

Performancewill refer specifically to ones

ability to carry out the requirement of a speech

event in a given social situation.


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The example of speech events,

genres, and performances

Church service are speech event, include

prayers, responsive, reading, hymn singing,

and announcement.

Sermons are genres, belonging to church, but

sermons do not cover the entire speech event.

Everyday discourse routines are as muchperformances as are preaching, joke-telling,

and lecturing.


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Intention

In all interaction, the parties assume that eachperson means what he or she says and is

speaking with a purpose.

Intention are not perceived correctly, it can

cause misunderstanding.

e.g. Consider a man who in front of his slightly

plump wife, looks admiringly at a model.

Wow! What a body on that one.The wife immediately says :

I know Im too fat


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Speech acts

People usually think of speech as a way ofstarting propositions and conveying

information.

Austin (1962) also stressed the function ofspeech as a way of doing things with words.

e.g. speaking a language in performing speech

acts, acts such as making statements, giving

commands, asking questions, making

promises, etc.


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A case in point: the telephone

(Schegloff 1968) stated that the ritual nature of

conversation as well as the role

of social conversation in

determining meaning is easily.

e.g. In the United States, the conversation is that

the answerer speak first. (when he/she is

answering the phone in his/her home, the

usual utterance is Hello


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e.g. In places of business or in a doctors

wherever the secretary or operator answerthe phone Hello is not proper. Rather the

name of thee business or offices is given, as

in E. B. Marshall Company or Dr.Sloans Office.

e.g. It was appropriate for the servants in a

household or even neighbors or friends whohappened to pick up the phone to answer

Jones residence, rather than Hello.


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Compulsion in discourse routines

In term of social rules, perhaps what in most

interesting is that the person who answer the

phone feels compelled to go get the one the

caller wants.e.g. John called Andy to go bowling, and Andy's

sister answered the phone, she informed

John that Andy was cutting logs.

Yes Andy is here, but I dont see him. Call back

later.


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Meaning in discourse routines

If the one called on the phone is not at home ordoes not live there any more or never lived

there at all, the semantically appropriate

response to Is Danny there? should be No

e.g. If Danny one lived there, but does not now,

an appropriate answer is:

- Danny doesnt live here any more.

- Danny has moved.

- Danny lives at .. now.


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e.g. If Danny has never lived there, one may

answer :

- There is no Danny here.

- What number are you calling?

- You must have the wrong number.


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Preconditions

Precondition for speech acts are much a part oftheir meaning as actual words are.

e.g. Sometimes people answer ., if there is

someone ask where something is in thestore.

I dont work here, but the tomatoes are in

the next aisle.(the giveaway here is the but, because it is seen as

a response to preconditions)


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Presupposition

Presupposition refers to meaning that is neverovertly stated but is always presupposed if certain

phrases are used.

e.g. if one says: Even Oscar is going.

(Evenhere is possible only if one

presupposes that Oscar usually does not go,

so the fact of his going means that everyone

is going.)


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Questions and answers

Goody (1978) points out that questions being

incomplete, are powerful in forcing

responses, at least in our society but

not, recall.

There are two kinds of overt questions in

English:

1.yes-noquestions

2.wh- questions


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Indirect request and conflict with thesocial values

All indirect request do not arise from such hostilesituation, although most are used when

individual desires conflict with other social rules

or values.

e.g. X : Oh, chocolates

Y : What are those, Cigars?

(Assume that X and Y are spoken by adult who

have long known what chocolate denotes and arefamiliar with cigars, these observations are

perceived as request. This is shown by the usual

responses to either.)


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CommandsCommands share virtually the same

preconditions as questions

I. The speaker who commands has the right

and/or duty to command.

II. The recipient of the command has the

responsibility and/or obligation to carry out

the command.

e.g. Direct commandingMother : Pick those toys up right away.

(Parents normally command young children

directly.)


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Compliments

Compliments are another utterance pair type

that create conflict.

The problem is that to accept the compliment

is very close to bragging. Hence, one typicalresponse to a compliment is a disclaimer.

e.g. X : This old rag?Y : I got it on sale.

X : My mother got it for me.


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Presequences and saving face

An interesting class of discourse rules is what

Harvey Sacks called. Presequences (lecture,

November 2, 1967), particularly preinvitations.

Typically, someone wishing to issue an oral

invitation.e.g. X : What are you doing Saturday night?

(if the response include words like only

or Just, like :

Y : Im just washing my hair.

or

Y : Im only studying.


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The inviter can then issue an invitation for

Saturday night. But if the response is :

Y : Im washing my hair.

or

Y : Im studying.

The potential inviter knows not to issue the

invitation. The inviter signals a change inconversation by saying uh..


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Collapsing sequences

Sometimes utterance pairs are collapsed (Sacks,November 2, 1967)

e.g. A : Do you smoke?B : I left them in my other jacket.

(Such collapsing sequences speed up socialinteraction by forestalling unnecessary

explanations.)


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Repairs

Schegloff, Jefferson, and Sacks (1977) collectedsamples of self-correction in discourse, people

repairing their own errors. Sometimes this takes

the form of obvious correction to a slip of the

tongue, as in:A : What're you so haerun unhappy about?

(sometimes speakers make a repair when

they have made no overt errors, as in:B : Sure enough the minutes later the bell rthe

door bell rang.


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New rules of discourseNew situation may involve learning new

discourse. Anthony Wooton (1975, p.70) gives anexample from psychotherapy. Psychiatrists

typically do not tell patients what to do. Rather,

by asking questions, they try to lead the patient

into understanding.

e.g. Patient : Im a nurse, but my husband

wont let me work.

Therapist :How old are you?

Patient : Thirty-one this December.

Therapist : What do you mean, he wont let

you work?


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Topic in normal and psychoticspeech

The first half of an utterance pair strongly limitswhat can come next. It limits both form and

subject matter. In normal conversation,

everything has to be subordinated to topic,

whatever is being talked about (see VanDijk1977). Schegloff (1971) likens this to co-occurance

restrictions such as we saw in style. The signals

that change topic are. oooh, that reminds me

Not to change the subject but the oooh

in itself is a wearing that an announcement about

topic change is coming.


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Conclusion

This chapter is concern with the use of

language in social context. The ability to

use the language effectively to

communicate in particular context and for

particular purposes. Language chains us

socially because there are social rules that

often force us into responding in certainways.


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