Index

AAbiotic, 131, 132, 137, 146

Accelerated erosion, 8

Acid soils, 73, 74, 135

Acid sulphate soils, 75–77

Adaptation, 250

Adaptation to climate change, 333–334, 336

Agenda 21, 17

Aggregates, 7

Aggregate stability, 27

Agro-ecosystem, 109, 111, 115–124

Agroforestry, 98

Alkaline soils, 71

Ammonia volatilisation, 213

Animal excreta, 210, 211, 213, 215, 216

Animal housing, 213

Archaea, 156, 158–160, 169

Atmospheric nitrogen deposition, 88–89,

92–93, 100

Autotrophic respiration, 133, 135, 136,

143–145

BBauxite, 288, 289, 293, 294, 303–306

Belowground carbon allocation, 131–135, 137,

138, 140, 141, 145, 146

Biochar, 99, 345

Biochar stability, 347

Bioenergy, 359, 369–389

Bioenergy policy, 371–372

Biological activity, 133, 138

Biological indicators, 34

Biomass, 369–386, 388, 389

Biota, 155–171

Biotic, 131, 132, 146

Biotic and abiotic stresses, 3

Birch effect, 143

Black carbon, 345

Brackish/saline water, 11

Bulk density, 31

CCarbon cycle, 112–115, 122, 124, 134, 139,

146, 147

Carbon cycling, 78–80

Carbon sequestration, 96, 98–100, 134, 141,

146, 226, 227

Carbon turnover, 132–134, 146

Cation exchange capacity (CEC), 33, 350, 352

Climate change, 87–101, 132–135, 140, 147,

181, 182, 197, 199, 200, 357, 369–379,

383–385–387, 389, 390

adaptation, 59–62

direct and indirect effects of, 258–277

Conservation agriculture, 61, 63

Conservation tillage, 97

Critical/threshold range, 15

Crop management, 97

Cropping systems, 181, 184, 185, 187,

190–193, 197, 198

DDecomposition, 133, 134, 138, 139, 141,

143, 144

Degradation, 245, 250

Degradation processes, 3

Denitrification, 158, 159, 165, 168

Desertified soil, 18

Direct effects

atmospheric CO2, 260–261

humidity, 264

B.P. Singh et al. (eds.), Soil Health and Climate Change, Soil Biology 29,

DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-20256-8, # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011

399

Direct effects (cont.)rainfall, 263–264

temperature, 261–263

Disturbance, 287, 289–294, 299, 300,

309, 310

Drip irrigation, 11

Drought, 139, 143, 144, 238, 240, 241,

243, 244

Droughtiness, 16

Dry ecosystems, 144

Dung, 207, 212, 220

EEco-efficiency, 17

Ecosystem, 131, 132, 134, 135, 138–147

Electrical conductivity, 33

Elevated atmospheric [CO2], 140–142, 146

Elevated CO2 effects on soil organic carbon,

91–92

Emissions, 131–133, 146

Environmental impacts, 207

Enzyme activity, 38

Erodibility, 16

Erosion, 238, 240, 241, 244–247, 378, 379,

382, 385, 389

Evapotranspiration, 241, 243, 244

Exotic, 239, 241, 246

FFarm economics, 227

Farmer knowledge and adaptation, 330, 332,

334–336

Feedback, 139, 146, 147, 241, 243, 244, 250

positive, 243

Feedstock, 348

Fertiliser use efficiency, 355

Fertilizer nitrogen, 107–111, 113, 115–120,

122–124

Fire, 95, 240, 243, 244, 249

burning, 248

controlled low intensity, 273–275

forest regeneration, 274

impaired nutrient levels, 266

moderate to high intensity, 275

regimes, 258, 259, 272–274, 277

slash high intensity burns, 276, 277

wildfire, 240, 241, 244, 249

Forest, 288, 289, 293–303, 306

disturbance, 258, 260, 263, 265, 271,

277–279

ecosystems, 134, 139, 142, 145

management, 258–260, 265, 266, 273–279

soil health, 257–280

GGeosequestration, 161

Global change, 131–147

Global climate change mitigation, 345

Grasslands, 131, 141, 143, 145, 207, 216,

218, 220, 226

Grazing intensity, 238, 239, 250

grazing management, 211

Greenhouse effect, 8

Greenhouse gas, 30, 133, 369, 387

HHeterotrophic respiration, 131–135, 137–139,

142, 145

Human health, 6

Hydrological, 243

Hydrophobicity, 144

IImpacts of climate change

on crops, 332

on pests, 333

Indirect effects

case studies drought, 270–272

drought, 270–272

forest growth, 265

inputs of organic matter, 265

insect attack, 270–272

nutrient changes, 265

pathogen impacts, 265–270

pest impacts, 265–270

phytophthora, 266, 270

Infiltration, 30

Interactions, 139, 146

LLabile organic matter, 36

Land conversion, 97–98

Land use, 133, 134

Land use change, 371, 374

Leaching, 352

legume-based pastures, 211

Litter, 131, 134, 135, 137–139, 141, 240,

241, 246

Livestock, 238, 249, 250

400 Index

Livestock farming, 208, 209, 223, 227, 228

Low input/ integrated farming, 319, 329, 335

Low protein, 223–225

MManagement, 133

Management practices to restore soil organic

carbon, 96–100

Metagenomics, 169–171

Methane emissions, 218, 219, 225, 226

Methanogenesis, 160

Microbes, 140, 142–146

Microbial, 240–245

Microbial acclimation, 142

Microbial activity, 133, 138

Microbial and metabolic ‘quotients,’ 37–38

Microbial biomass, 142, 143, 145

Microbial enzymes, 137, 138

Microbial growth, 145

Microbiological indicators, 38–39

Minimum data set for soil health

assessment, 40

Mining, 287–289, 291– 296, 298, 299, 301,

306, 308

Mitigation, 156–158, 161, 162, 169

Mitigation technologies, 215, 225, 228

Modern kilns, 362

Moisture, 237, 239–241, 243, 245, 246

Multi-factor, 146–147

Mycorrhizal, 133, 134, 137, 139, 142, 143

Mycorrhizal fungi, 353

NNative vegetation, 238, 250

Net primary productivity, 135, 139, 140, 144

Nitrate leaching, 214–215

Nitrogen availability, 132, 134, 138–140

Nitrogen cycle/Nitrogen cycling, 78–80,

107–124

Nitrogen deposition, 111–112, 144–145

Nitrogen fertiliser management, 211, 213

Nitrogen losses, 212–215

Nitrogen management, 121–123

Nitrogen transformation inhibitors, 225

Nitrous oxide emissions, 219, 220

N2O emission, 118–123, 357

No-till farming, 11

N use efficiency, 359

Nutrient cycling, 10

Nutrient dynamics, 210–215

Nutrient inputs, 210–215

Nutrient retention, 18

OOrganic amendments, 10, 97

Organic farming, 9

comparison with conventional farming,

321–322

development, 317, 319, 321, 337

impact on crop yield, 320, 321

impact on ecosystem services, 329

impact on greenhouse gas emissions,

328–329

impact on nitrogen losses, 327, 328

impact on pH, 326–328

impact on soil biota, 324, 325

impact on soil microbial biomass, 325

impact on soil organic matter, 323, 325

impact on soil physical properties,

323–332

practices, 317–322, 324, 330, 337

Organic matter, 376, 379–382, 384, 389

Overgrazing, 238, 239, 244, 247, 248

PPartitioning methods, 135, 136, 146, 147

Pasture management, 97

Perturbations, 17

Phenology, 137, 141

Photosynthesis, 131, 133, 135–137, 140,

142, 145

Plant available nutrients, 34

Plant available water capacity, 31

Plant growing season, 142

Porosity, 30

Potentially mineralizable C and N, 36

Precipitation, 138–140, 143–144, 146, 147

Precipitation effects on soil organic carbon,

93–94

Primary productivity, 238, 239

Priming effect, 141

Pyrolysis, 346

QQ10, 137

Quality of the food, 6

RRainfall, 71, 74, 77, 139, 143, 144, 237, 239,

241, 243–246, 248, 250

Recommended management practices, 15

Rehabilitation, 15

Residue, 288, 289, 294, 298, 301, 303–306,

370, 374–376, 378–384, 389

Index 401

Resilience, 17, 49–52, 54, 59, 60, 63

Restoration, 287, 291

Rice, 11

Riparian

drainage lines, 239

Root(s), 131–135, 137, 139–142, 144,

146, 240

activity, 131, 134, 138, 141, 143, 144

biomass, 141, 142, 145

deep roots, 250

exudate, 137, 141

growth, 131, 137, 141

respiration, 131–133, 135–138, 141, 145

woody, 242

Rooting depth, 31, 144

Runoff, 240–242

SSeasonality, 131, 134, 135, 137

Shrublands, 240, 244–246

Site history, 238

Soil acidification, 71, 73–75, 77, 79

Soil carbon, 131, 132, 136, 147, 182–189,

191–194, 196, 197, 199, 200, 209,

217, 369, 374, 376–378, 380,

382–385, 389

Soil community structure and function, 39

Soil compaction, 215, 216, 220–222, 224

Soil crust, 32

Soil C sequestration, 9

Soil degradation, 216

Soil erosion, 361

Soil health assessment, 26

Soil health indicators, 25

framework, 25

relations to processes, 28

schematic, 27

Soil management, 223

Soil microbial biomass, 37

13C isotope, 37

Soil microorganisms, 353

Soil moisture, 131, 133, 134, 137, 138,

142–144

Soil organic carbon, 87–90, 94, 97, 351

Soil organic carbon pools, 88–91, 93, 94, 96

Soil organic matter, 34, 87–101, 131–135,

137–139, 142, 143

Soil pH, 32

Soil physical, 258, 277

Soil quality, 4, 25

Soil respiration, 36, 131–147

Soil’s buffering, 5

Soil seal formation, 32

Soil structural degradation, 52, 54–55, 62

Soil structural stability, 51, 59

Soil structural vulnerability, 52, 62–64

Soil surface cover, 32

Soil temperature, 378, 382

Sorption capacity, 33

Sources of soil respiration, 133–135, 142

Stability of biochar, 348

Stand-off pads, 227

Stocking density, 221

Stocking rate, 209, 215, 219, 221, 224,

225, 227

Stomatal conductance, 141

Stubble management, 181–201

Subsoil carbon sequestration, 99–100

Substrate accessibility, 133, 137, 138

Substrate availability, 137, 144

Substrate supply, 132, 135–138, 141, 142

Surface functional groups, 350

Sustainability, 370, 372, 376, 385–390

TTechnical potential, 16, 18

Temperate climate, 215

Temperature, 131, 133, 134, 137–139, 142,

143, 146

Temperature effects on soil organic carbon,

88–91

Terra Preta, 346

Terrestrial ecosystem, 131, 132, 134, 141,

142, 146

The C cycle, 4

Tillage, 181–201

Tilth, 4

Tropical forest, 145, 146

UUrban agriculture, 8

Urine, 207, 211–215, 220, 222, 224, 225

VVector-borne diseases, 7

WWarming, 139, 140, 142–143, 146

Water, 239, 242, 246, 247, 250

hydrology, 250

402 Index

Water availability effects on soil organic

carbon, 93–94

Water holding capacity, 352

Water infiltration

management strategies, 30

Water retention, 18

Wetting, 143, 144

Woody, 239, 240, 244, 245, 248, 249

XXeric, 144

YYield gap, 18

Yield increases, 356

Index 403