RENEWABLE & CLEAN ENERGY

SOLAR (PHOTOVOLTAIC) SYSTEMPresented By: engr. Jose Jaime bautista, reePrepared by: engr. Arnel aguas, reeIIEE-CRCSA

RENEWABLE ENERGYRenewable energy is derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly. In its various forms, it derives directly from the sun, or from heat generated deep within the earth. Included in the definition is electricity and heat generated from solar, wind, ocean, hydropower, biomass, geothermal resources, and biofuels and hydrogen derived from renewable resources.

MAINSTREAM FORMS OF RENEWABLE ENERGYHYDRO POWER ENERGYGEOTHERMAL ENERGYWIND ENERGYWAVE/TIDAL ENERGYHYDROGEN ENERGYBIOFUEL/BIOMASS

SOLAR ENERGY

Radiant Energy

Solar energy is radiation produced by nuclear fusion inside the suns core.It takes millions of years for the energy in the suns core to make its way to the solar surface.

It takes 8 minutes to travel 93 million miles to earth. (186,000 miles per second)The Greenhouse effect traps some of the heat making life on earth possible.

Even though the Sun provides enough energy arriving at the Earth to meet our demands for a whole year, this energy is spread all over the surface of the earth, is intermittent, and therefore require a large area to collect a useful amount.

Solar RadiationThere are four factors that affects how much energy any location on the earth receives:

The amount of energy delivered to any places dependent on time of day, season, latitude, and cloudiness..

Due to these four factors, the average number of peak sun hours per day varies from one area of the country to another.Solar insolation is the solar radiation incident on an area over time.Solar insolation is equivalent to solar energy and is usually expressed in kilowatts-hours per square meter

The Philippine climate is characterized as monsoonal. The solar resource varies between the dry season (March May) and the wet season (November - January).Nevertheless, the spatial variation of the solar resource across the Philippines in any given month is low (approximately 10% to 20%), while the variation between the wet and dry seasons is quite high (30% to 50%).

Average Daily Solar Insolation Per Year in Philippines

A wind in the Indian Ocean & southern Asia that brings heavy rains in the summer6Major Uses of Solar EnergyDrying Agricultural ProductsHeating WaterSpace HeatingGenerating Electrical Energy

7 Solar TechnologiesThe four technologies employed to make use of solar energy are:

1. Day lighting- the use of natural sunlight to brighten the buildings interior.Passive Solar Heating- takes advantage of Suns warmth and materials that absorb that warmth during the day/release it at night when heat is needed.

2. Active Solar Heating- solar collectors concentrate the suns power on dark color plates that absorb heat. Air or liquid flows through tubes and warmed by the plates.

3. Concentrating Solar Thermal - mirrors direct sunlight on one point. Water is turned into steam with this heat. The steam turns a turbine to create electricity.

4. Photovoltaic(PV)- converts sunlight directly to electricity.

8 PhotovoltaicsPhotovoltaic systems convert sunlight directly into electricity, and are potentially one of the most useful of the renewable energy technologies.

Also known as solar cells, PV systems are already an important part of our lives. The simplest systems power many of the small calculators and wrist watches we use everyday.

9 PV CellsThe photovoltaic cell is the basic building block of a PV system.

Individual cells can vary in sizes from about 1cm to about 10 cm across.

Most cells are made with silicon today.

Silicon must be purified this is one of the biggest expenses in the production of solar cells.

10 Types of PV CellsMonocrystalline silicon is used in the manufacturing of high performance solar cells. Since, however, solar cells are less demanding than microelectronics for as concerns structural imperfections, monocrystaline solar grade (Sog-Si) is often used. Monocrystalline solar cell is a dark black colour, and the corners of cells are usually missing as a result of the production process and the physical nature of monocrystalline silicon.

Polycrystalline silicon, also called polysilicon or poly-Si, is a high purity, multicrystalline form of silicon, used as a raw material by the solar photovoltaic and electronics industry. Polycrystalline is identifieable by its signature light or dark blue colour, but not uniformly so: some patches are lighter than others.

The differences in appearance come about as a result of the manufacturing process. Lab efficiencies of 25.0 percent for mono-Si cells are the highest in the commercial PV market, ahead of polysilicon with 20.4 percent.

11A PV cell is made from a thin disc of almost pure silicon crystal called silicon wafer.

A small amount of boron is added. The boron gives the crystal structure a positive electrical characteristic. Since this part has a positive characteristic it is referred to as a P type silicon and it forms the base of the cell.A thin layer of silicon crystal is formed over the disc of P type silicon. This time a small amount of phosphorous is added to the mixture. The phosphorous mixture creates a negative characteristic and thus is referred to as an N type silicon.When light penetrates to the junction of the N and P type silicon layers it creates a flow of electrons throughout the crystal structure. This flow of electrons occurs because sunlight is composed of photons, or particles of solar energy. When sunlight strikes a PV cell, some photons are absorbed. When enough sunlight (energy) is absorbed by the material (called a semiconductor), electrons are dislodged from the materials atoms.A crystal structure of silicon contains empty areas which accept the electrons.As one electron moves to fill a hole, it created another hole.It is the flow of these electrons that produces electricity.

PV Cells

The conversion efficiency of a PV cell is the proportion of sunlight energy that the cell converts into electrical energy.Conversion EfficiencyThis is very important because improving this efficiency is vital to making PV energy competitive with more traditional sources of energy, such as fossil fuels.

The first PV cells were converting light to electricity at 1 to 2 percent efficiency.

Todays PV devices convert up to 17 percent of the radiant energy that strikes them into electric energy. (40% NREL)National Renewable Energy Laboratory -located in Golden, Colorado, is the US primary laboratory for renewable energy & energy efficiency research & development, a government-owned funded through the U.S. Department of Energy. Its motto Leading clean energy innovation. Established in 1974, research type Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, with 1,620 full-time staffs, 678 visiting researchers, interns & contractors as of July 2014.

PV Array Components1. CELL

2. MODULE

3. ARRAY

Solar cells produce direct current (DC), therefore they are only used for DC equipments. If alternating current (AC) is needed for AC equipments or backup energy is needed, solar photovoltaic systems require other components in addition to solar modules. These components are specially designed to integrate into solar PV system, that is to say they are renewable energy products or energy conservation products and one or more of components may be included depending on the type of application. The components of a solar photovoltaic system are:

PV System Components5. Lightning protection prevents electrical equipments from damages caused by lightning or induction of high voltage surge. It is required for the large size and critical solar PV systems, which include the efficient grounding.

1. Solar Module is the essential component of any solar PV system that converts sunlight directly into DC electricity2. Solar Charge Controller regulates voltage and current from solar arrays, charges the battery, prevents battery from overcharging and also performs controlled over discharges.3. Battery stores current electricity that produces from solar arrays for using when sunlight is not visible, night time or other purposes.4. Inverter is a critical component of any solar PV system that converts DC power output of solar arrays into AC for AC appliances

In order to generate large amounts of electricity which can be fed into the electric grid, large number of arrays can be wired together to form an Array Field.Photovoltaic system is ideal for remote applications whether other power sources are impractical or unavailable.PV Array Fields

SOLAR MODULE TiltMost residential solar MODULES are flat panels that can be mounted on a roof or on the ground. Called flat-plate modules, these are typically fixed in a tilted position correlated to the latitude of the location. This allows the module to best capture the sun. These modules can use both the direct rays from the sun and reflected light that comes through a cloud or off the ground.

Optimal tilt angle for solar collector is an angle equal to the latitude.Solar Modules Orientation

Although the optimal tilt angle for the SOLAR MODULE is an angle equal to the latitude, mounting the SOLAR MODULE flat on an angled roof will not result in a big decrease in system performance and is often desirable for aesthetic reasons. You will, however, want to take roof angle into account when sizing the system.ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR ENERGY Looking at this source of energy as a whole, we can say the advantages greatly outweigh the disadvantages, and solar energy is one of the best option for our future energy needs.1. Clean2. Sustainable3. Free4. Provide electricity to remote areas.5. Very low maintenance costs, which will make solar energy affordable for the individual.6. Room for growth in efficiency and usage. Ex: Plants turn sunlight into energy (photosynthesis) to grow this relationship could possibly help us develop better ways and absorbing solar energy.

18DISADVANTAGES OF SOLAR ENERGY1. Many people question the value for money of solar energy, or are not convinced renewable energy is completely sustainable.2. You cant always rely on a consistent source of solar energy. (Atmospheric conditions will affect efficiency of solar energy)3. Geographic locations and atmospheric conditions directly relate to efficiency of energy.4. Limitations in current technology make for high start-up a cost which significantly reduces the amount of people switching to more renewable sources.5. Technology also limits efficiency of energy. Ex: Solar Panels: are grossly inefficient, when compared to natures own systems (photosynthesis).

CONCLUSIONMost of the negative aspects of solar energy stem from peoples doubts or misunderstandings related to the renewable energy source. Other negatives like, our technological limitations, can and will be solved with greater research and understanding of the world around us.Renewable energy cannot have anything but a positive effect on our world. With less pollution from the traditional fossil fuels and more individuals taking their energy needs into their own hands, we can make the world a better place. When it comes to renewable energy, it is not a question of how, because it will overtake fossil fuels as the predominant source of energy we consume, but a question of when, and how much damage will fossil fuels cause to our environment before we completely unlock the potential of these clean, renewable energies.

SOLAR (PHOTOVOLTAIC) POWER SYSTEM CALCULATION

REFERENCES ecovized.com www.alternative-energy kennedyapes.weebly.com www.need.org

-THE END-THANK YOU