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Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D. Biology Department, Yavapai College Biodiversity, Conservation and Biodiversity, Conservation and Domestication— Domestication— why the most important thing why the most important thing in history is where the tree li in history is where the tree li ne is at ne is at

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Biodiversity, Conservation and  Domestication— why the most important thing  in history is where the tree line is at. Solo Brainstorm. Preview. 1. What is biodiversity—a hierarchical view. Species diversity—the typical view DNA diversity—a simple view and complications - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Solo Brainstorm

Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.Biology Department, Yavapai College

Biodiversity, Conservation and Biodiversity, Conservation and Domestication—Domestication—why the most important thing why the most important thing in history is where the tree line is at in history is where the tree line is at

Page 2: Solo Brainstorm

Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.Biology Department, Yavapai College

Solo BrainstormBiodiversity Conservation Domesticated

Species

Page 3: Solo Brainstorm

Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.Biology Department, Yavapai College

Preview1. What is biodiversity—a hierarchical view.

– Species diversity—the typical view– DNA diversity—a simple view and complications– Cellular level diversity– Communities and Ecosystems

2. What is Conservation (and how does it affect

biodiversity)?– The view from the North [back to brainstorm]– The view from the South

3. What is Domestication?– Where forest and grassland meet.– The Guinea Pig’s view FLT=Future Lecture Topic

1. What is biodiversity—a hierarchical view.– Species diversity—the typical view– DNA diversity—a simple view and complications– Cellular level diversity– Communities and Ecosystems

Page 4: Solo Brainstorm

Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.Biology Department, Yavapai College(more on this coming)

reproductively? By other DNA arrangement/transmission mechanisms?

Population and Species Diversity• Typical measures of diversity—abundance or richness—use species.• Are species or populations fundamental or “real” entities?• Empirical evidence:

– Ethonobotanical/ethnozoological studies agree with “Western” systematics

– DNA/protein systematics often disagrees with morphology-based systematics

• Can organisms be divided or parsed into groups?• Does empirical ability to parse organisms into groups just represent

underlying ways in which DNA is structured and isolated…

FLT

Page 5: Solo Brainstorm

Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.Biology Department, Yavapai College

What really “causes” biodiversity?— The hierarchy of living systems

The early “molecular age” view:

DNA point mutations cause… cellular/organismal changes which… spread through populations and… via species/community interactions…

are acted upon by natural selection

FLT

Page 6: Solo Brainstorm

Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.Biology Department, Yavapai College

Washington University Sickle Cell WebpageThe Classic Example—Sickle Cell Anemia

DNA point mutation

Cell/Organism effects

Heredity/Spread through population

Species/Community interactions

Natural Selection

IS IT TOO SIMPLE?

Page 7: Solo Brainstorm

Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.Biology Department, Yavapai College

Other DNA diversity mechanisms

• DNA is parsed and arranged– Gene repetition– Control regions– Selfish DNA– Silent regions– Chromosomal inversions,

polyploidy, etc.

• Horizontal (non-hereditary) transmission/movement– PLASMIDS!!!– transposons

FLT

Page 8: Solo Brainstorm

Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.Biology Department, Yavapai College

Classic Example: Barbara McClintock’s “Jumping Genes”

• Each Kernel of corn is genetically distinct individual whose color is genetically determined

• As individual (kernel of corn) develops, the gene control for color can change.

• Purple colored splotches due to inserted DNA sequences that can be visualized on chromosomes

• Transposons or “Jumping Genes”—Nobel Prize!!

Page 9: Solo Brainstorm

Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.Biology Department, Yavapai College

Cellular Biodiversity• How to classify single-celled

groups?• What are fundamental evolutionary

shifts?– Archaea-Prokaryotes– Prokaryotes-Eukaryote

• How do new cell types evolve in multi-cellular groups (e.g. nerve and muscle cells in animals)

FLT

Page 10: Solo Brainstorm

Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.Biology Department, Yavapai College

Community Biodiversity—beyond species level

• Human concepts with no fundamental underlying reality?– Communities– Ecosystems– Ecoregions– Biomes– “Hot Spots”– Habitat types

• Most obvious “real” boundaries– Water’s edge (aquatic-terrestrial)– Forest edge (grassland/farm-forest)— more in a minute

• Recent focus for conservation efforts

FLT

Page 11: Solo Brainstorm

Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.Biology Department, Yavapai College

Conservation and Biodiversity1. What is biodiversity—a hierarchical view.

– Species diversity—the typical view– DNA diversity—a simple view and complications– Cellular level diversity– Communities and Ecosystems

2. What is Conservation (and how does it affect biodiversity)?– The view from the North [back to brainstorm]– The view from the South

3. What is Domestication?– Where forest and grassland meet.– The Guinea Pig’s view

Page 12: Solo Brainstorm

Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.Biology Department, Yavapai College

Solo BrainstormBiodiversity Conservation Domesticated

Species

Page 13: Solo Brainstorm

Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.Biology Department, Yavapai College

Partner Brainstorm (in groups of twos or threes)

• Biodiversity

• Conservation

• Domesticated Species

Now, working with one or two partners, write a simple sentence or phrase that relates the three terms.

Page 14: Solo Brainstorm

Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.Biology Department, Yavapai College

Conservation—The view from the North• Culturally rooted Culturally rooted

(bound?) idea(bound?) idea• Western notion of Western notion of

human place in naturehuman place in nature– Renaissance and Renaissance and

subsequent Industrial subsequent Industrial RevolutionRevolution

– Tourism and U.S. National Tourism and U.S. National Park SystemPark System

•RESULT: Natural areas and their diversity are to be conserved, apart, for some intrinsic value they hold.

•The human element, including domesticated species, are perils—e.g., Galapagos Island introductions

Page 15: Solo Brainstorm

Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.Biology Department, Yavapai College

Goats threat to turtles in Galapagos

Page 16: Solo Brainstorm

Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.Biology Department, Yavapai College

Conservation—the view from the South

• Same brainstorm in Ecuador: “Biodiversity should be conserved for possibility of future domestications.”

• Cultural roots (bounds) do not always apply—conservation is Northern/”Western” import.

• Human survival and well-being are more clearly seen to depend on agriculture

• Many western dichotomies do not apply– Wild/Domesticated– Urban/Rural– Work/Recreation– Public/Private

How to reconcile North/South

views? FLT

Page 17: Solo Brainstorm

Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.Biology Department, Yavapai College

Bring domestication back into biology

1. What is biodiversity—a hierarchical view.– Species diversity—the typical view– DNA diversity—a simple view and complications– Cellular level diversity– Communities and Ecosystems

2. What is Conservation (and how does it affect biodiversity)?– The view from the North [back to brainstorm]– The view from the South

3. What is Domestication?– Where forest and grassland meet.– The Guinea Pig’s view

Page 18: Solo Brainstorm

Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.Biology Department, Yavapai College

“It makes just as much sense to think of agriculture as something the grasses did to people as a way to conquer the trees.”

--Michael Pollan,

The Botany of Desire

Has anything mattered more than

the tree line?

Page 19: Solo Brainstorm

Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.Biology Department, Yavapai College

The Alpine Tree Line—the rare case becomes the classic example

• Fits Northern Ecology/Environment ideal as “wild” area

• Easy to see• Climactically and

geographically determined

• In temperate latitudes, humans live in lowlands

Page 20: Solo Brainstorm

Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.Biology Department, Yavapai College

Agricultural and Tropical Forest Frontiers

• In Tropics and Temperate Lowlands, tree lines more common where humans live

• Humans, using mainly fire, took control of tree-line at initiation of agriculture with domestication of crop and grazing species

• What is future of domestication? FLT

Page 21: Solo Brainstorm

Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.Biology Department, Yavapai College

Domestication (or Human co-Evolution) Today

• Early agricultural domestication was with species that– Behave well with humans– Make their reproductive processes obvious to humans

• But what are domestications of last 100 years– Laboratory domestications– Species that can survive indoors– Species that make some aspect of their biology—

usually at cellular/developmental/molecular level—easily accessible to humans

FLT

Page 22: Solo Brainstorm

Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.Biology Department, Yavapai College

Example 1: E. coli

WHY HUMANS “LIKE” E. coli• Adaptable and reproduces

under wide variety of lab conditions

• Easy visualization• Genes and proteins easily

accessible• Endonucleases and other

DNA manipulation genes/proteins known and isolated

WHY E. coli “LIKES” HUMANS• Provide new and safe

environments for reproduction• Make new genetic material

accessible• Virulent strains with easy human

access“Unintended” consequence of E. coli domestication—virulent,

anti-biotic resistant strains

Page 23: Solo Brainstorm

Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.Biology Department, Yavapai College

Example 2: Guinea Pig—a triple domestication

Livestock

Lab animal

Pet

Page 24: Solo Brainstorm

Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.Biology Department, Yavapai College

Future of Biodiversity—bet on the guinea pigs1. Biodiversity

– Traditional approach is species level– Important to consider all levels

LOOKING AHEAD: -Hierarchy of Living Systems -DNA diversity mechanisms-Cellular Diversity-Population and Species

Concepts/Diversity-Community/Ecological

Diversity2. Conservation

– Typically wildland/community conservation– But must fit in domestication process– Viewpoint of domesticate

LOOKING AHEAD:-North/South views on

conservation

3. Domestication– Driven by agriculture and tree-line dynamics historically– Recently laboratory and pet (urban) domestications

LOOKING AHEAD:-Tree Line Dynamics-Domestication Today