Somatic comparisons: Baiga and Gond males of Madhya Pradesh, India

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY 3:281-287 (1991)

Somatic Comparisons: Baiga and Gond Males of Madhya Pradesh, India

SURINDER NATH’, KAREN E. FRENCH‘, AND JOHN H. SPURGEON2 ‘Department of Anthropolo y, University of Delhi, Delhi, India 110007; ’Department of Ph sical Ejucation, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Zarolina 29208

ABSTRACT Data were collected during 1987 on 84 Baiga and 146 Gond males, ages 7 years to 18 years, living in rural regions of Madhya Pradesh State (India). Comparisons are made between Baiga and Gond males for 11 measures of body size, one measure of body form, and the body mass index (BMI). Somatic comparisons (standing height, body weight, and skelic index) were made at 5 ages with earlier samples of rural Indian males. Across all ages Gond males exceed their Baiga peers in standing height, sitting height, shoulder width, and body weight. Skelic index values (lower limb height expressed relative to sitting height) are similar for both ethnic groups through late childhood, but thereafter values are higher for Baiga males. Through age 15 years, Gond males exceed other rural Indian males from various tribes in standing height and body weight; lower limb height expressed relative to sitting height is highest for Baiga males.

There is great diversity amon Indian PO - ulations in different regions f Char et a f , 1989). Great socioeconomic diversit also ex-

owth status of children of different grou s. Kpresentative studies conducted in Incfia during the past two decades which deal with the growth progress of children with respect to socioeconomic status and in urban-rural settings include the following: Sharma and Kaul (1970), Mathur et al. (19721, Nath (1972), Sidhu and Phull(1974), Gar (1978),

Marya (1979), Haus ie et al. (1980), Singh

et al. (1987). The findings suggest that In- dian children residing in urban settings belonging to high and middle socioeconomic groups exhibit better growth performance than their rural low socioeconomic eers.

the world indicate that children belonging to high and middle socioeconomic groups are larger in body size that those in lower socioeconomic groups (Goldstein, 1971; Prasad et al., 1971; Banik et al., 1972; Boutourline- Young, 1971; Eveleth and Tanner, 1976). Similarly, urban children show better

owth performance than their rural peers. Kom reviews of numerous studies Meredith (1982) generalized that, on the average, dur-

ists in India which probably af P ects the

Malik and Singh (1978), Manoc a a and

(1980), Kumari and R. ath (19841, and Singh

Since 1950, studies from severa f parts of

ing the period 1950-1980, urban boys and girls at late childhood ages exceed their rural

standing height parents

nutrition, housing, clothing, medical care, and other services than those in poorer settings. Presumably these amenities that contribute to the “qualit of life” are, on the average, more accessi K le to urban than to rural children.

The state of Madhya Pradesh lies between latitudes 20‘ and 26’ and lon ‘tudes 76’ and

opportunity to investigate two almost un- studied groups, compares the growth status of Baiga and Gond males, ages 7 to 18 years, living in the Baigachak region. This region is very rural, about 490 to 975 m above sea level, with inadequate health and human services facilities. It is not linked to other parts of the state by railroad; only forest roads connect the villages. The entire area is covered by dense forests of saal trees and the villages where these people live are labeled forest villages (Fig. 1). “People of both tribes are employed not infrequently by the Forest Department as labourers in constructing forest roads and other related work and this

84’. The present study, whic f provided the

Received June 14,1990; accepted February 18,1991.

01991 Wiley-Liss, Inc

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indi

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he en

larg

ed m

ap

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or ci

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nd th

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ar in

dica

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he vi

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ANTHROPOMETRY OF RURAL INDIA MALES 283

gives the labourer a chance of earning ten to twelve annas” a da ” (Roy and Rao, 1956).

Prior to World d r 11, Elwin (1939) trav- eled extensively throughout Madhya Pradesh and wrote ethnographic accounts of several tribes. Durin the 1950s, Roy and

the Baigas and Gonds. According to these authors, “the Gonds form the most impor- tant tribe in Madhya Pradesh. They are not, on the whole, so primitive as the Baigas and are mostly settled cultivators like other In- dian peasants.” Additionally, most Gonds have sufficient land for cultivation, whereas

recently have some daily wa e labour-

Pradesh covers an area with a population of

5,227,884. There are 45 districts within the state, 47 scheduled castes, and 46 scheduled tribes of which the Baigas and Gonds are but two.

MATERIALS AND METHODS The present cross-sectional study was con-

ducted on 230 clinically normal (free from overt disease) males (84 Baigas and 146 Gonds) 7 to 18 years of age, drawn from various government schools around Chada in the Bai achak region, district ofMandla of

lected at a villa e house in Chada during

bership were obtained from school records. Boys were ouped so that the whole year was the mi r point of an interval, e.g., 7 2 = 6.50 to 7.49 ears and so on. Interviews conducted at t H e time of measurement recon- firmed age accuracy. Gond parents appar- ently have a greater appreciation of formal education than Baiga parents, which results in the discre ancy between numbers of boys

ria. Althou h there is no question that this

come from a rural, low socioeconomic back- ound, the type of school attended by the

g y s can be used as a criterion of socioeconomic stratification. Parents who cannot af-

Rao (1956) conducted ! ietary surveys among

to the Census of In8a (1981),

Madhya 8 radesh state. The data were col-

November 1987. % irthdates and tribal mem-

attending sc R 001 and meeting the age crite-

sample o 7 Baiga and Gond male students

‘The annas was a monitary unit used prior to the current decimal system and worth approximately six cents; 12 annas or about 75 cents constituted a day’s wages.

ford to educate their children in private schools, which are considered to be better, tend to send them to overnment schools

(Singh et al., 1987). The diets of the students lack both quan-

tity and quality. They include primarily corn preparations, rice millet, certain pulsed (dried beans) and cicer crietinum (chick pea flour). Very few ve etables, including pota- toes, are consume 8 . The students do not consume fat in the form of vegetable oil, milk, or milk products. The latter are sold in exchange for salt and other necessities. The Baigas and Gonds are not vegetarians by

tion with forestry officials

which provide virtua B ly free education

istrators, dietary habits have not changed ap reciably over the past three decades.

$his study describes and compares 13 so- matometric traits of the two ethnic oups of

ing height, bod weight, and the skelic index of Baiga and 6 ond males at five ages are compared with other samples from rural areas of India.

Each subject was measured once by one anthro ometrist and remeasured by an- other. a h e n the two records for a particular dimension were in close agreement, the average value was considered to estimate the true datum satisfactorily. The “close agreement” criteria required no greater difference between the two records than 0.4 cm for standing hei ht and sittin height; 0.3 cm for

len h, and calf girth; 0.5 cm for chest and ab c? omen girths; and 0.2 kg for body weight. When the initial determinations did not sat- isfy the applicable criterion, two additional determinations were made, with the value taken to represent the dimension being either the average of the four records or, in instances of an obvious misreading of the metric scale, the average of the homogenous three (Meredith, 1936). The 11 dimensions included standing height, sitting height, lower limb height, upper limb length, shoulder width, hip width, chest girth (circumfer- ence of the thorax at nipple level, under conditions of normal respiration), abdominal

rth, arm girth, calf girth, and body weight. $ wo dimensions were used to derive the Shelic Index, lower limb hei ht x 100/sitting

geon et al., 1978). The body mass index was

male students. In addition, means F or stand-

shoulder wi Lf th, hip widt a , arm girth, arm

height (Knott, 1941; Mere P ith, 1960; Spur-

284 S. NATH ET AL.

used as a proxy for fatness (Cronk and Roche, 1982).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Descriptive statistics for the total Sam les of Baiga and Gond males are presente ! in Tables 1 and 2. A two group by 12 a es

ences. The main effect for age was significant (P < .05) for all variables and indicated an increase in values across age. The main effect for group was also significant, with the Gonds having lar er dimensions than the Baigas for all varia % les except hip width and arm irth. The a e X group interaction was

width and lower limb height. Given the lim- ited sample sizes, discussion of age group comparisons must be interpreted with cau- tion.

Several trends are a parent in the com-

eral, Gond males are larger than Baiga males. Means for standing height, sitting height, shoulder width, and body weight are larger across all a e groups; while means for

girth, and calf girth are greater at all ages except ages 7 and 8 years.

Mean lower limb height is consistently greater for Gond males across all ages until age 18 years. Lower limb height expressed relative to sitting height (skelic index) is similar in both ethnic groups through late childhood. Thereafter, means for Baiga males are higher than those for Gond males

Across all ages, the BMI is greater in Gond than in Baiga males, which suggests greater fatness. This trend is consistent with greater body weight in Gonds across all age groups.

Little evidence exists that there are envi- ronmental differences between the Gond and Baiga students that would cause the “quality of life” to differ for either grou Therefore, the most likely reason for growtt differences is ethnic.

Means for standing height, body weight, and the skelic index for samples of tribes living in rural regions of India are summa- rized in Table 3. Meredith (1979) suggests that the greater convenience of conducting research at urban centers rather than in rural districts has resulted in pre onderance of urban studies and a paucity o P rural studies. These data provided the opportunity for

ANOVA was used to test for group dif f er-

significant for a1 B variables except shoulder

parisons of Gond and 8 aiga males. In gen-

upper limb lengt a , chest girth, abdomen

by 1.7-7.8%.

rural comparisons in India. Several trends areap arent.

At a P 1 ages from middle childhood to early adolescence (15 years), mean statures of Gond males exceed those for other rural samples. The smallest difference (1.1 cm) occurs at 11 years and the lar est difference

exceed those for the Indian national survey by 7.7-13.6 cm. At ages 11 and 15 years Jat and Gond males are similar (1.1-2.0 cm) in standing hei ht, but at age 18 years Jat

(P < .05) and exceed the nationa survey mean by 12.8 cm.

Jat and Baiga males are similar in body

and Gond males are

weights are similar for Jat and Gond males at age 18 years, and weight means for all groups exceed the mean for the All-India sample.

The skelic index, on average, increases continuously from early childhood to midad- olescence and then decreases slowly in the late adolescent years (Sterling, 1928; Hersk- ovits, 1930; Meredith and Knott, 1938; Verghese et al., 1969; Krogman, 1970; Hamill et al., 1973; Malina et al., 1974; Meredith and Spurgeon, 1976; Spurgeon et al., 1978). Mean skelic indices for the Gaddis Rajput and All-India samples consistently follow this pattern. The trend for means across age for the Gaddis Rajput sample increases from approximately 81 at age 7 years, to 88 at age 11 years, to 92 at age 15 years, then declines to 90 at age 18 years.

The skelic index is general1 greater for Baiga males than of other rura i“ Indian samples. On a worldwide basis, the values ap-

ear to be high compared to other samples. hautvast (1971) reported values of 106 at 15 years of age for youths of the N akyusa tribe in the Rungwe highland area o P Tanzania. At adult a es, high mean skelic indices are

(Lestran e, 1950); for Aborigines in Austra-

Zaire, 115 (Gusinde, 1948). Among the rural Indian groups cited above, it is impossible to control for nutrition, sanitation and disease prevention, medical care, etc., in making comparisons. However, it seems clear these rural children and youths do not belong to the “privileged groups’’ of India and lack many of the “amenities of life.” India is aptly

at 15 years (16 cm). Means f or Gond boys

males are tal P er than Gond males b 7.9 cm i“ but at other ages com-

samples. Mean body

reporte C f for the Coniagui in Guinea, 106

lia, 111 ( !i bbie, 1967); and for Ituni-Neger in

TAB

LE 1

. St

atis

tics

pert

aini

ng to

bod

y si

ze o

f Bai

ga a

nd G

ond

mal

es a

t 12

age

s m

easu

red

duri

ng 1

987

Stan

ding

hei

ght

Sitt

ing

heig

ht

Low

er li

mb

heig

ht

Upp

er li

mb

leng

th

Shou

lder

wid

th

Hip

wid

th

Che

st g

irth

Gon

d B

aiga

G

ond

Bai

ga

Gon

d B

aiga

G

ond

Bai

ga

Gon

d B

aiga

G

ond

Bai

ga

Gon

d B

aiga

(c

m)

(cm

) (c

m)

(cm

) (c

m)

(cm

) (c

m)

Aee

G

ond

Bai

ea

~ ~

~ _

__

_

__

~

__

_ _

__

~

~ ~

~ ~

~

g&p

(N)

(NT

M

SD'

M

SD'

7 8 9 10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18 -

10

6 12

6

11

6 11

6

11

7 11

6

11

6 13

8

11

8 12

6

10

6 23

13

118.

0 4.

4 11

5.7

6.0

123.

2 3.

1 12

2.9

4.5

131.

6 4.

9 12

9.7

4.1

137.

1 5.

3 13

3.5

3.2

143.

9 6.

7 13

7.6

3.6

146.

7 6.

3 13

9.7

7.0

153.

1 6.

1 14

2.1

5.5

162.

0 6.

0 15

0.5

8.9

163.

8 7.

1 15

1.5

7.9

165.

1 1.

8 15

4.1

8.5

165.

7 4.

5 15

8.1

7.6

166.

6 4.

6 16

1.0

3.4

M

SD'

60.1

2.

2 62

.9

1.5

65.7

1.

4 68

.1

1.6

71.3

2.

5 73

.1

4.0

76.5

3.

2 80

.9

1.8

81.4

2.

6 82

.2

3.6

82.8

1.

7 83

.7

2.3

M

SD'

M

SD'

M

SD'

58.2

2.

8 57

.9

2.6

57.5

3.

7 62

.8

2.3

60.4

1.

8 60

.1

2.8

65.0

1.

5 65

.9

3.7

64.7

2.

9 66

.8

1.0

69.0

4.

1 66

.8

2.2

67.6

0.

7 72

.6

4.7

70.0

3.

5 68

.1

3.1

73.6

2.

9 71

.5

4.2

69.3

1.

8 76

.6

3.2

72.8

3.

9 72

.4

3.8

81.1

4.

5 78

.1

5.3

73.4

3.

6 82

.3

3.0

78.1

5.

0 74

.4

3.0

82.8

8.

6 79

.7

5.6

77.4

3.

1 82

.9

3.7

80.7

5.

0 77

.9

1.6

82.9

2.

9 83

.2

2.4

M

SD'

M

SD'

M

SD'

M

SD'

50.2

2.

6 50

.9

3.2

25.0

1.

3 23

.9

1.1

53.6

1.

2 52

.3

1.8

27.0

0.

9 24

.7

1.1

58.3

3.

0 56

.4

2.8

27.6

1.

0 26

.6

0.8

61.1

1.

8 58

.0

1.1

29.8

1.

0 28

.0

0.8

63.7

2.

6 59

.7

1.0

31.2

1.

6 28

.8

0.8

66.3

3.

6 60

.7

2.4

32.3

1.

5 29

.4

1.6

68.1

3.

2 61

.4

2.6

33.2

1.

9 30

.0

1.6

73.7

2.

7 63

.9

3.8

35.7

1.

4 31

.8

2.2

74.7

2.

9 65

.1

3.1

36.0

1.

7 33

.0

2.1

75.7

3.

6 68

.3

3.1

36.5

1.

8 33

.4

1.9

76.1

1.

8 69

.5

3.5

37.3

1.

3 34

.6

1.4

76.6

1.

7 71

.3

2.2

37.6

1.

1 35

.3

0.6

M

SD'

M

SD'

M

SD'

M S

D'

17.8

0.

8 18

.9

0.8

20.0

0.

6 21

.0

0.7

22.6

1.

0 22

.9

0.9

23.4

0.

7 24

.9

0.8

25.1

1.

0 25

.5

1.3

26.1

1.

4 26

.8

1.0

17.2

1.

2 56

.2

2.2

58.2

2.7

19

.1

0.5

59.4

1.

4 59

.2 2

.0

19.9

0.

3 63

.7

2.2

60.6

1.7

22

.3

0.7

64.8

1.

5 62

.6 2

.2 23

.1

0.7

67.6

3.

5 64

.5 2

.2

23.4

1.

0 70

.4

4.6

64.2

2.7

24

.3

1.1

72.8

4.

2 65

.3 3

.0

24.4

1.

5 77

.2

3.5

71.7

5.0

24

.8

1.0

79.4

2.

7 72

.8 4

.9

24.7

1.

4 79

.6

2.6

72.4

4.4

25

.1

1.2

81.4

2.

9 74

.1 2

.5

25.1

0.

8 82

.8

3.1

76.6

1.

9

1 Es

timat

ion

of p

opul

atio

n st

anda

rd d

evia

tion.

TAB

LE 2

. St

atis

tics

pert

aini

ng to

bod

y si

ze, b

ody

form

, and

bod

y co

mpo

sitio

n of

Bai

ga a

nd G

ond

mal

es a

t 12

age

s m

easu

red

duri

ng 1

987

Abd

omen

gir

th

Arm

gir

th

Cal

f gir

th

Bod

y w

eigh

t

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

Gon

d (N)

10

12

11

11

11

11

11

13

11

12

10

23

Bai

ga

IN)

~-

I

__

6 6 6 6 7 6 6 8 8 6 6 13

(cm

) G

ond

Bai

ga

M

SD

' M

S

D'

__

_~

52.4

2.

7 53

.7

2.7

54.2

1.

1 54

.8

1.8

58.8

1.

2 55

.8

1.7

61.3

2.

1 58

.0

2.1

62.6

2.

9 58

.8

0.9

64.5

3.

4 59

.7

1.8

65.9

3.

8 60

.5

2.0

70.5

2.

9 65

.0

3.7

71.3

3.

3 67

.7

3.6

72.2

2.

5 67

.9

3.3

73.7

3.

3 69

.1

2.3

7.5.

1 2.

3 70

.5

2.3

(cm

) G

ond

Bai

ga

M

SD

' M

SD

' ~~

M

SD'

M

SD'

14.6

1.

5 16

.3

0.7

15.6

0.

8 17

.1

0.3

16.8

0.

3 17

.4

0.3

17.7

0.

5 18

.1

0.7

18.4

1.

3 18

.6

0.6

20.2

1.

4 19

.0

0.8

21.1

1.

8 20

.0

1.6

22.0

1.

3 21

.4

1.7

22.5

1.

3 22

.4

2.5

22.8

1.

1 22

.9

1.7

23.1

1.

3 23

.3

1.1

24.3

1.

0 24

.1

0.6

20.7

1.

2 21

.1

1.4

22.5

1.

0 22

.1

0.9

23.5

0.

8 22

.9

0.8

25.0

0.

9 23

.4

0.6

27.7

1.

5 23

.8

0.5

28.3

2.

2 24

.2

1.0

28.0

2.

0 24

.3

1.0

31.1

1.

2 26

.1

1.9

31.8

1.

6 26

.5

2.3

33.2

1.

8 27

.2

1.5

33.2

1.

4 28

.3

1.0

33.6

1.

4 30

.0

1.1

(kg)

G

ond

Bai

ga

M

SD'

M

SD'

22.1

2.

2 20

.9

3.2

25.0

1.

7 21

.8

1.8

28.7

2.

1 26

.6

2.1

31.5

2.

4 28

.3

2.3

35.0

4.

4 30

.4

2.3

40.7

7.

1 34

.1

5.4

43.2

6.

4 37

.6

2.7

53.0

4.

0 45

.3

5.0

54.1

4.

8 46

.4

3.9

56.4

6.

9 46

.8

4.6

57.5

2.

9 48

.3

2.6

58.6

4.

3 50

.3

3.5

~~

Skel

ic in

dex

(%)

Gon

d B

aiga

~~

M

SD'

M

SD'

BM

I G

ond

Bai

ga

~_

__

M

S

D'

M

SD

'

96.3

3.

1 98

.8

4.5

96.0

1.

8 95

.7

3.6

100.

3 4.

0 99

.6

3.1

101.

2 5.

0 10

0.0

1.8

101.

9 4.

7 10

3.6

5.2

100.

9 4.

2 10

5.0

3.2

100.

1 2.

2 10

5.1

3.7

100.

1 4.

0 10

7.7

2.7

101.

0 3.

0 10

6.6

5.1

100.

5 7.

0 10

7.1

4.2

100.

1 4.

3 10

4.3

4.2

99.0

2.

9 10

6.8

3.1

15.8

0.

9 15

.5

1.2

16.4

1.

0 14

.4

0.8

16.6

0.

8 15

.8

0.8

16.7

0.

9 15

.8

0.6

16.9

1.

2 16

.0

0.7

18.8

2.

1 17

.4

2.1

18.4

1.

5 18

.6

0.8

20.2

1.

6 20

.0

1.4

20.2

1.

2 20

.2

0.8

20.7

1.

2 19

.7

1.1

20.9

1.

1 19

.4

1.2

21.1

1.

3 19

.4

1.1

'Est

imat

ion

of p

opul

atio

n st

anda

rd d

evia

tion

286 S. NATH ET AL.

TABLE 3. Means for three somatic dimensions at five ages of rural males from five tribes in India

Trihes Caddis Rajputs’ J a b 2 Bhils Baigas Gonds All India‘

Age 7 Standing height (cm) 110.9 - 116.1 115.7 118.0 110.3 Body weight (kg) 17.6 - - 20.9 22.1 16.8 Skelic index (%) 80.6 - 98.8 98.8 96.3 83.8

Standing height (cm) 120.5 - 125.2 129.7 131.6 120.2

Skelic index (w) 83.7 - 94.4 99.6 100.3 87.2

Standing height (cm) 129.0 142.8 136.6 137.6 143.9 130.3 Body weight (kg) 24.3 30.7 - 30.4 35.0 24.1 Skelic index (%) 88.3 94.6 96.8 103.6 101.9 91.8

Standing height (cm) 147.8 161.8 156.6 151.5 163.8 150.7

Skelic index (%) 91.5 101.2 102.8 106.6 101.0 96.1

161.0 166.6 161.7

Skelic index (%) 90.4 95.0 - 106.8 99.0 95.6

Age 9

Body weight (kg) 21.3 - ~ 26.6 28.7 20.2

Age 11

Age 15

Body weight (kg) 35.1 42.8 - 46.4 54.1 35.4

Age 18 Standing height (cm) 162.8 174.5 - Body weight (kg) 49.2 59.6 - 50.3 58.6 45.5

1Singh (1980). zNath (1972). 3Kumari and Nath (1984). ‘Indian Council of Medical Research (1972).

called an “ethnological museum” with great diversity among her population in different regions (Char et al., 1989); this appears to be correct.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Appreciation is tendered to Nivedita

Kulshrestha who assisted with data collec- tion and to Allison 0. Jarrett, Danton L. Johnson, and Mary Werner who assisted with manuscript preparation, data analysis, and figure preparation.

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Documents

Somatic comparisons: Baiga and Gond males of Madhya Pradesh, India