SUGGESTED ANSWERS FOR ORAL EXAMS (TERM 5)

1.Question1: The effect of population growth on everyday life:

(Điểm qua một số lĩnh vực trong cuộc sống bị tác động rõ rệt bởi sụ tăng dân số nhanh. Sau đó phân tích một số lĩnh vực cụ thể. Ví dụ: “population growth and food supply”. Tham khảo trang 17, 30

List some of the problems that might result from this explosion and discuss them with your group.

Population growth affects almost every aspect of everyday life. It cause a lot of problems. For example population growth and land use, food supply, poverty, pollution, etc.

- Population growth and land use: an expanding population needs more land for housing, shops and industry. We also need to grow more food, to build more hospitals, schools and roads. But the area of land available for human use is fixed. So our long-term is to stabilize the Earth’s population.

- Population growth and food supply: the lack of land use cause the shortage of food. We use land for building, so the agriculture land becomes smaller. We have to feed a huge amount of people. This leads to five problems. The first problem is quantity of food. Human being needs to get enough calories to provide him with the energy and progress. The second problem is quality: he is getting enough proteins, vitamins and necessary minerals. Next there is the matter of contribution: we have to find satisfactory ways of transporting, storing and issuing food.

- The problem of poverty: many people in developing countries do not have money to buy food in sufficient quantity and of sufficient quality. And last, we must find ways of avoiding ecological side-effects. In other words, we must be able to grow enogh food without further degrading our land, water and air.

- The problem of unemployment: there is shortage of jobs for people- The problem of social crime: a lot of crime, evils have been created due to over

population. - Lack of housing, school and hospitals

How to deal with the problem of over population? Do you think it is necessary to control population growth?

2. Question2: possible solutions to the problem of population growth

(tham khao trang 10)

Since man has discovered ways of treating illness and disease and thus reduced death-rate, the only way to control population increase by lowering the birth-rate. But reducing birth-rate is not easy.

- In developing countries: they found that a smaller family was easier to support. And they are possible to decide how many children to have

- In less developed countries, they have many religious, social and economic reasons why some parents do not want to control the number of children they have. Because if they have many children, the children will help them work on land or earn wages that supplement the family income. So, to halt population growth in such areas, it will first be necessary to raise the standard of living, so that parents do not need a large family

- The birth rate must be controlled- Family planning must be done

3.Question3: renewable and non-renewable resources:

(trang 18, 20. Yeu cau neu dinhj nghia va vi’ du)

- Renewable resources are materials which will be available for man’s use indefinitely. For example cotton, trees, rubber, animals and cellulose.

- Non-renewable resources are materials, which occur on this planet in fixed quantities. When they are used up they will be no more. Example, mines such as gold, copper, lead and zinc, iron ore…

4.Question4: the advantages and disadvantages of present methods of domestic disposal. ( tham khao trang 22, phan1 cua bai nghe)

There are three present methods of domestic waste disposal. They are open dump, landfill and incineration.

- Open dump:+ the advantages are easy to operate and this is the cheapest method.+ the disadvantages are unsightly, smell, material wastes and causing air pollution, contaminating ground water.

- Landfill:+ the advantages are quite cheap, not objection of smell and pests and it can be used land for building park or sport field.+ the disadvantages are material waste, using large of land, inconvenience because of far from the city

- Incineration:

- + the advantages are handling about 80% rubbish, reducing 90% volume of waste so it required only little land and reusing metal and glass.

- + the disadvantages are expensive to build incineration plans and it may cause air pollution if they donot install sophisticated control.

5.Question5: what the food problem is the world facing at present?

(tham khao trang 30- co 5 van de)

There are five food problems in the world facing at present:

-the first problem is quantity of food: human being getting enough calories to provide him with the energy and progress

Rich country have 34% of population, earn 90% of the world income and they process about 90% of thw world financial resources.

The second problem is quality of food: he is getting enough proteins, vitamins and necessary minerals.

Thanks to impressive (great) succession of agriculture revoulution, man’s food growing capacity is now hundreds of times larger than it was in the past. However the number of hungry and malnourished people is also lager.

Total food production has increased since 1961 ( the Green Revolution) in most parts of the world. Yet per capita food production is little changed because of population growth.

The third is matter of distribution: we have to find satisfactory ways of transporting, storing, issuing (supplying) food.

The fourth is poverty: many people in developing country do not have money to buy food in sufficient quantity and of sufficient quality.

And last, we must find ways of avoiding ecological side-effects.

We must be able to growth enough food without further degrading our land, water and air.

We must find ways to protect crops from natural catastrophere, drought, flood, ….

6.Question6: how can food quality and quantity be improved?

(tham khao trang 32- 5 giai phap)

A number of proposals have been made to improve food quantity and quality.

- An obvious and very necessary one is to limit population growth- Another is to increase the amount of land under cultivation by clearing the forests, by

irrigating arid land (dry, unproductive land)- Furthermore, the ocean is protential source of more food.- Using non-conventional proteins and synthetics food (artificial, not produced naturally)- And last, increasing yield by developing or selecting new genetic hybrids of plants, using

more agricultural and techniquies in poorer countries (fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides)

7. Question: how can intermediate technology help solve the problem of the unemployment in smalal towns or villages?

(tham khao trang 42)

In many places in the world today, the poor are getting poorer while the rich are getting richer. Nearly all developing countries have a modern sector where the pattern of living and working are similar to those in developed countries. They also have a no-modern sector where patterns of living and working are not only unsatisfactory but in many cases are even getting worse.

The population in small towns and villages comprises 80-90% of the total population. They need millions workplaces. No one would suggest that output per worker is unimporatant but the aim is to maximize the work opportunities for unemployed or under-employed. Intermediate technology help the poor man to have the chance to work even poorly paid and relatively unproductive work, which is better than no work at all. It is more important that everybody should produce something than that a few people should procedure a great deal.

8.Question8: the advantages and disadvantages of simple, intermediate and advance technology?

- Simple technology:

+ the advantages: using simplest tools which are little to buy and easy to operate

+ the disadvantages: the work is hard and slow and procedures are least of any technology.

- Intermediate technology: + the advantages: using the tools (e.g wooden-shared and plough) makes the work easier, cost little can be made totally.

+ the disadvantages: the ploughs drown by animals is not productive as machine equipment.

- Advanced technology- + the advantages: operating the machine (the tractor) is quickly and efficiently- + the disadvantages: is expensive to buy and maintain, may deprive people of work and

be ecological harmful

9.Question9: possible solution to the problem of pollution in urban areas

(tham khao trang 54-56)

Population in urban areas causes by a lot of reason: air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, etc

Solution to this are:

- We can collect particulate (smoke, dust or soot) from factory chimneys by means of filters.

- We can collect rubbish and solid wastes from sewage.- We can use electric cars instead of petrol or diesel-propeled cars.- We can shift to nuclear power, which is not dependent on fossil fuel. Because when we

burn fossil fuels they cause air pollution. ( the smoke consists of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxide…). It is impossible to eliminate that pollution. In facet we use technology to keep it below the danger level. However, pollution controlling alone is not enogh. It must be accompanied by pollution control and control over population, production and consumption.

10. Question10: what are major sources of air water and soil pollution?

(tham khao trang 54 va 64)

- Air pollution causes by smoke from factory chimneys (smoke, dust, soot), from burning fossil fuels, especially in cars (the smoke includes sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxide…)

- Water pollution is rubbish, solid wastes, chemical production. When they dumped into rivers, lakes and oceans, they cause water pollution.

- Soil pollution is landfill method to dump the rubbish. On the other hand, we pollute soil from mining and industry wastes coming from chemical factory.

11. Question11: the world consumption of fossil fuels and energy crisis.

(tham khao trang 66)The world will face a major crisis by the end of this century if present trend continue:Insufficient cheap, convenient energy. At present most of our energy comes form fossil fuels (oil, coal, natural gas, …). The earth reserves of fossil fuels are finite. Because power demand is increasing very rapidly, fossil fuels will be exhausted within a relatively short ime. If the present trend continues, gas and oil reserves will be exhausted by the middle of 21st century. Similar estimates for coal suggest a project supply of 250-300 years.Most of energy for coal consumed by the industrial countries of the world. In fact with ony 30% of the world’s population they consume 80% the world energy and this gap is expected to widen. The world faces three immediate tasks. To extend the life of fossile fuels, all countries must reduce energy waste. Industrial countries must reduce energy consumption to share out more equitable. And to prepare for the time when fossile fuels run out, alternative sources of infinite cheap, convenient energy must be developed.

12.Question12: give some example of energy sources currently being developed as alternative to fossile fuel and nuclear fission (at least 2 examples)( Tham khao trang 70, 73, 76, 77-chon 2 giai phap, mo ta tung giai phap).Alternative sources of energy are solar energy, wind evergy, wave energy, geothermal energy, etc

- The wind energy: we would build a number of windmills and would be concentrated on areas of constant and high wind. To prevent visual pollution, we would locate them in the sea. Each windmill would be floated and avoided drifting by a system of float and anchor. The wind would make the turbine spin and this generate electricity.

- Geothermal energy: energy is produced when the rock lying thousands meters below the earth surface are heated to high temperature. We would drill a well and install a borehole from surface to reservoir layer nearby the heat source. The heat makes hot ground water and dry steam and blows them into a tube of power plant. They are used to spin turbine and the electricity is generated.

13. problems resulted from urbanization

(tham khao trang 78, 80. Lien he them chu de population growth)

There are many problems resulted from rapid urbanization

-housing: a number of original housings deteriorate and the manageria, skilled labor classes have new houses out side the old city. The availability of vacated housing in the now deteriorating inner city allows an inslux of unskilled workers, mostly from rural areas and other countries. This occupancy by newcomers prevents the demolition of old housing and further hinders industrial and business expansion within the city.

- Population growth: population increase dramatically causes pollution, unemployment, traffic jams, crime…

- pollution: when the density and the intensity of people is too high, there are a lot of industrial waste, rubbish, factory smoke, noise… this polluate the air

- unemployment: there is a little chance for people to find a workplace with poor salary because of population growth.

- traffic jam: when the city develops rapidly, the transit system increase unequally. It makes full of people and vehicle in streets and traffic jam can’s help occurring (e.g Bangkok, Vietnam)

14. what can be done to solve the problem of urbanization?

(tham khao trang 78, 80. Lien he them giai phap cho van de o nhiem, tang dan so)

Solution to urbanization problem are difficult task for every country

- Housing: converting old housing for low-rent housing. Building more living quarters outer city for hiring with low prices.

- Population growth: managing immigrant population and educating, spreading out, carrying out family planning

- Pollution: reducing population many decrease pollution. Building factories which use high and new technology of treating industrial waste and rubbish

- Unemployment: developing rules for preventing high intensity of means of transport. Increasing taxes for petrol.

15. possible reasons for global climate change (tham khao trang 92)

Human being is a factor that makes global climate change. There are several ways in which man could be altering climate:

- The carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere is increasing as a result of burning fossil fuels.

- The atmospheric transparency is decreaing because of particulate matter (dust, sulfates, liquid droplets….)

- Deforestation, irrigation, urbanization and agriculture are changing of the earth’s surface (the albedo is the percentage of incoming solar radiation that is directly reflected outward)

- The atmosphere is being directly heated by burning fossil fuels and nuclear fuels.- Oil films from spills and blowouts are altering the rate of thermal energy transfer

between the oceans and the atmosphere.

16. what is “the green-house effect”? what are of consequence of this effect? (tham khao trang 94)

Green house is a house which’s walls are made of glass for cultivating in some cold countries.the sunrays may go through inside and can go out. The result is temperature inside greenhouse is higher than outside.

- “the green-house effect” is warmer phenomenon of the earth when quantity of CO in atmosphere is increasing. CO in atmosphere likes glass walls; it can make the earth warmer.

- The consequence of this effect: it changes the global temperature. This means the Antarctic and Arctic ice cap might melt. When they melt the ocean level wil increase and the sea current will alter. This makes flood, drought, storm…. In all over the world. The high ocean level can float many big cities.

-