Specialist Study Supplemetary Guidance on the Selection of Suitable Topics

EnglishAdvancedHigher 1

SCOTTISHQUALIFICATIONSAUTHORITY

EnglishAdvancedHigher

SelectionofsuitabletopicsfortheSpecialistStudydissertation:supplementaryguidance

Thisdocumentshouldbereadinconjunctionwiththefollowing:

SpecialistStudyNationalUnitSpecification(pp2633)intheEnglishAdvancedHigherArrangementsDocument(Secondedition,publishedMay2007)

EnglishAHguidanceonSpecialistStudytopics(issuedinOctober2003andavailableintheDownloadssectionofthelistofCandidateGuidanceDocumentsontheEnglishpageoftheSQAwebsite).

1 TheattentionofteachersandlecturersisdrawntothefollowingextractsfromtheArrangementsdocument.

Thecandidatemustdemonstratetheabilityto:

selectasuitabletopic adoptapersonalstancetowardsthetopic devise,structureandsustainanargument selectevidencefromprimaryandsecondarysourcestosupportanargument employtheliterary,linguisticormediaconceptsandterminologyappropriatetothe

expositionofthetopic.

The firststageintheprocessistheselectionbythecandidateoftextsortopicsforstudyandtheformulationofabriefdescriptivestatementofwhatthecandidateproposestostudy.Thisproposalmustbesubmittedtotheteacher/lecturerforapprovalin ordertoensurethattheproposedmaterialsareappropriatetoanEnglishcourseandworthyofstudyatthislevel,andthatthestudyitselfismanageable.

Thestudyshouldexplorealimitedareaandexamineitindetailwithappropriatesupportingevidence.

(Page31)

Teachers/lecturersshould:

briefcandidatesonthenatureofthetaskattheoutset illustratethewiderangeoftextsandtopicsavailable discusswithcandidatestheirindividualandpersonalinterests guidecandidatestowardsconsultationwithlibrariansorotherteachers/lecturersand

towardsuseofdatabanks givepracticalhelpwithfinalchoiceandlocationoftextsandwiththewordingof

topicsandtitles provideregularopportunitiesforconsultationandsupport.

(Page32)


2 Someimplicationsoftheserequirements

(a) Theteacher/lecturershouldassistcandidatestoidentifyauthorsandtexts,languageormediatopicsthatare:

appropriatetoanEnglishcourse worthyofstudyatthislevel.

(b) Thepurposeofprovidingacarefullywordedtopicistwofold:

tofocus,atanearlystageintheprocess,thecandidatesattentionontheaimsofthestudybeingundertaken

toprovideexaminerswiththemeansofassessingtheextenttowhichthecandidatehasachievedtheaimsassetout.

(c) Thewordingofthedissertationtopicshould:

identifyauthorsandtexts,languageormediatopicstobestudied indicatethescopeofthestudytobeundertaken provideaconciseexpositionoftheliterary,languageormediaaimsofthe

studytobeundertaken.

3 Toassistcandidates,teachersandlecturersinmakingachoiceofauthors,textsandtopics,thereareappendedthefollowing(asaguide,notaprescription):

alistofauthorswhosework,eitheronitsownorinappropriate combinationwiththeworkofanotherauthororauthors,cansustainextendedstudyatthislevelandonwhoseworksuccessfuldissertationshavebeensubmitted (Appendix1)

alistoftopicswhichreflecttheprinciplesoutlinedaboveandwhichexemplifygoodpractice (Appendix2).

Notes

(i) Teachersandlecturersmustusetheirjudgementinassistingcandidatestodeterminewhatconstitutesanappropriaterangeofpoemsorshortstoriestobestudied.

(ii) Studiesinvolvingthecomparativestudyoftextsofdifferentgenre novelswithfilms,filmswithplays,playswithpoems,fictionwithnonfiction,etcareintrinsicallydifficultandareseldomsuccessful.

(iii) Ifacandidatewishestostudyanauthororauthorsnotincludedin Appendix1ormentionedin Appendix2,itisstronglyrecommendedthattheadviceofSQAissoughtontheproposedtopic.


Appendix1

ListofAuthors

Pre19th Century

Drama Poetry ProseJonson,BenLindsay,SirDavidMarlowe,ChristopherShakespeare,WilliamSheridan,RBWebster,John

Burns,RobertChaucer,GeoffreyDonne,JohnDunbar,WilliamFergusson,RobertHenryson,RobertHerbert,GeorgeHerrick,RobertMarvell,AndrewMilton,JohnVaughan,HenryTheScottishBallads

Defoe,DanielFielding,HenryRichardson,SamuelSterne,LaurenceSwift,Jonathan

19th Century

Drama Poetry ProseChekhov,AntonIbsen,HenrikShaw,BernardWilde,Oscar

Blake,WilliamBrowning,ElizabethBarrettBrowning,RobertByron,Lord(GeorgeG)Clare,JohnColeridge,Samuel TDickinson,EmilyHopkins,GerardManleyKeats,JohnKipling,RudyardRossetti,ChristinaShelley,PercyByssheTennyson,Lord(Alfred)Wordsworth,William

Austen,JaneBront,AnneBront,CharlotteBront,EmilyChopin,KateCarroll,LewisCollins,WilkieCooper,JamesFenimoreDickens,CharlesEliot,GeorgeGalt,JohnGaskell,ElizabethHardy,ThomasHawthorne,NathanielHogg,JamesJames,HenryMelville,HermanPoe,EdgarAllanScott,SirWalterShelley,MaryStevenson,RLStoker,BramThackeray,WilliamMTrollope,AnthonyTwain,MarkWells,HG


20th Centuryand21stCentury

Drama Poetry Prose Prose(cont.)Albee,EdwardAyckbourn,AlanBeckett,SamuelBennett,AlanBrecht,BertoltBridie,JamesByrne,JohnChurchill,CarylFriel,BrianKane,SarahLochhead,LizMcGrath,JohnMamet,DavidMiller,ArthurOCasey,SeanONeill,EugeneOsborne,JohnPinter,HaroldStoppard,TomSynge,JMWesker,ArnoldWilliams,Tennessee

Auden,WHBrown,GMackayCrawford,Robertcummings,eeDuffy,CarolAnnDunn,DouglasEliot,TSFinlay,IanHamiltonFrost,RobertHarrison,TonyHeaney,SeamusHughes,TedJamie,KathleenLarkin,PhilipMacCaig,NormanMacDiarmid,HughMacNeice,LouisMorgan,EdwinMuir,EdwinOwen,WilfredPlath,SylviaRosenberg,IsaacSassoon,SiegfriedSmith,IainCrichtonThomas,DylanThomas,RSWalcott,DerekYeats,WB

Achebe,ChinuaAllende,IsabelAmis,MartinAngelou,MayaAtwood,MargaretAuster,PaulBaldwin,JamesBarnes,JulianBellow,SaulBerger,JohnBrink,AndreBukowski,CharlesBurgess,AnthonyBurroughs,WilliamByatt,ASCamus,AlbertCapote,TrumanCarey,PeterCarver,RaymondCather,WillaChandler,RaymondCheever,JohnCoetzee,JMConrad,JosephDick,PhilipKDoctorow,ELDoyle,ArthurConanFaulkner,WilliamFitzgerald,FScottFord,RichardForster,EMFrayn,MichaelGalloway,JaniceGibbon,LGrassicGolding,WilliamGordimer,NadineGray,AlasdairGreene,GrahamGreig,AndrewGunn,NeilHemingway,ErnestHuxley,AldousIshiguro,Kazuo

Jenkins,RobinJoyce,JamesKelman,JamesKenneally,ThomasKennedy,ALKerouac,JackKesson,JessieKincaid,JamaicaLawrence,DHLessing,DorisLewis,CSLewis,SinclairLinklater,EricMcCarthy,CormacMcEwan,IanMcIlvanney,WMcLaverty,BMailer,NormanMalamud,BernardMorrison,ToniMunro,AliceNabokov,VladimirNaipaul,VSOConnor,FlanneryOndaatje,MichaelOrwell,GeorgePynchon,ThomasRhys,JeanRoy,ArundhatiRushdie,SalmanSalinger,JDSmith,AliSpark,MurielSteinbeck,JohnTan,AmyUpdike,JohnVonnegut,KurtWalker,AliceWaugh,EvelynWharton,EdithWolfe,TomWoolf,Virginia


Appendix2

ListofTopics

Drama

1 Acomparativestudyofthecontributionofsetting,incidentanddialoguetocharacterisationandthedevelopmentofthemeinJohnOsbornesLookBackinAngerandEdwardAlbeesWhosAfraidofVirginiaWoolf?.

2 AdetailedstudyoftheusesBeckettmakesofhumourinWaitingforGodot,EndgameandKrappsLastTape.

3 Adetailedcomparativestudyofthedramaticmeansbywhichfeministworldsareeffectivelyrealisedandexploredin TopGirlsbyCarylChurchillandMyMotherSaidINeverShouldbyCharlotteKeatley.

4 AnexaminationofthedramaticmeansbywhichBrianFrielexploresissuesofidentity individual,social andnational in Translations,MakingHistoryandDancingatLughnasa.

5 DavidGreigsOneWayStreetandLizLochheadsQuelquesFleurs:adetailedcomparativestudyofthewaysinwhichthesetwoplaysmakeeffectiveuseofdramaticmonologue.

6 AcomparativestudyofthecharacterisationandroleofwomeninHenrikIbsensADollsHouse, HeddaGablerandTheMasterBuilder.

7 Acomparativestudyofthedramaticmeansusedin TheCheviot,theStagandtheBlack,BlackOil byJohnMcGrath,inWormwoodbyCatherineCzerkawskaandin BrothersofThunderbyAnneMarieDiMambrotoaddressissuesofcontemporaryrelevancetoScotland(andbeyond).

8 Redefiningthetragichero:adetailedcomparativestudyofthecharacterisationandroleofthemaleprotagonistintwoofMillersplays:DeathofaSalesmanandTheCrucible.

9 AcomparativestudyoftheeffectivenessofSeanOCaseysJunoandthePaycockandThePloughandtheStarsasdramaticportrayalsoftheresilienceandheroismofordinarypeopleinthecontextofpoliticalandsocialupheaval.

10 Pintersplaysaretypicallycharacterizedbyimplicationsofthreatandstrongfeelingproducedthroughcolloquiallanguage,apparenttriviality,andlongpauses. (TheOnlineOED,2006)

Drawingevidencefromdetailedanalysesof TheBirthdayParty,TheCaretakerandTheHomecoming,IintendtoconsiderthevalidityofthisstatementandtocometomyownconclusionsabouttheprincipaldramaticfeaturesandeffectivenessofPintersplays.


11 IintendtoanalyseandevaluatetheprincipaldramatictechniquesPeterShafferusestoexploresuchthemesasidolatry,conflictsbetweenpassionateandrationalimpulses,andthequestforimmortalityinTheRoyalHuntoftheSun,Equus,andAmadeus.

12 AstudyofthecharacterisationofBeatriceandHeroinMuchAdoAboutNothing,KatherinaandBiancain TheTamingoftheShrew andPortiaandJessicain TheMerchantofVeniceinorder toconsidertheextenttowhichtheoutcomesofShakespeariancomedymaybeinfluencedjustasmuchbythesoftersensitivitiesoffemalecharactersasbytheirobviousstrengths.

13 AcomparativestudyofthecharacterisationandroleofthecentralfemalecharactersinShawsMajorBarbara,PygmalionandSaintJoan.

14 Whileconstantlyentertaininganddelightfulandfullofwit,Wildesplaysarecarefullycraftedtoexposedarkeranddeeperthemesandtoleaveaudienceswithanuncomfortableawarenessofmoreseriousissues.

IintendtotestthevalidityofthisstatementthroughacomparativeanalysisofLadyWindermeresFan,AnIdealHusbandandTheImportanceofBeingEarnest.

15 AcriticalanalysisofthetechniquesusedtodramatisetheforcesandpassionswhichdestroythecentralcharactersintwoofTennesseeWilliamssplays:AStreetcarNamedDesireandCatonaHotTinRoof.


Poetry

16 AcriticalstudyofarangeofWHAudenspoemsinordertoexaminesimilaritiesanddifferencesofthemeandoftechniquebetweenhislovepoemsandthosewithapoliticalmessage.

17 Withdetailedreferencetoarangeofhispoems,IintendtoexaminethepoeticmeansusedbyJohnBetjemantoexploreaspectsoflifein 20th centuryEngland.

18 AcomparativestudyoftherepresentationofwomeninChaucersGeneralProloguetotheCanterburyTalesandintwoorthreeselectedTales.

19 AnassessmentofthecontributionofstructuralfeaturestothemeaningandimpactofarangeofpoemsbyEdwinMorgan.

20 WordsworthIlove,hisbooksarelikethefieldsNotfilledwithflowers,butworksofhumankind

(JohnClare)

AcomparativestudyofthethemesandtechniquesofarangeofpoemsbyWilliamWordsworthandJohnClare.

21 ScarsUponMyHeart(editedandintroducedbyCatherineW.Reilly)

AdetailedcomparativeanalysisofthepoeticexpressionofwomensvoicesduringtheFirstWorldWar,drawingevidencefromasubstantialrangeofpoemsfromtheaboveanthology.

22 DoIdareDisturbtheuniverse?

AdetailedcomparativestudyofTSEliotspoetictreatmentofactionandinactionin TheWasteland,TheLoveSongofJAlfredPrufrockandRhapsodyonaWindyNight.

23 VoicesfromthingsgrowinginaChurchyard

Acriticalstudyoftheprincipalmeansbywhich,inarangeofpoems,Hardyexploresissuesofdeathandremembrance.


24 Hispoemscombinepassionandenergywithimpressivetechnicalskill.Heisincontrolthereisnofumbling.

(RuthFainlight)

Acritical analysisofthetechnicalskillofarangeofpoemsfromTedHughessCrow (1970).

25 AdetailedanalysisofarangeofNormanMacCaigspoemsinordertodemonstratetheeffectivenessofsomeoftheprincipalpoeticmeanstone,form,structure,word choice,imagery,symbolism bywhichheexplorestherelationshipbetweenmanandthenaturalworld.

26 AnexaminationofGeorgeMackayBrownstreatmentofthetensionbetweenlandandseainarangeofhispoems(orinarangeofhisshortstories).

27 AstudyoftheliterarytechniquesusedtoshowtheeffectoftimeontheindividualinarangeofShakespearessonnets.Evidencewillbedrawnfromdetailedanalysisofatleasteightsonnets.

28 IintendtomakeadetailedexaminationoftheinterplayofmetaphorandnarrativeandtoconsidertheeffectivenessofthatinterplayinarangeofpoemsfromDouglasDunnsElegies(1985).

29 Noonecouldbethatforsaken andcertainlynotWyatt.Heisactingapart.

Bycloselyexaminingarangeof SirThomasWyattspoems,concentratingonthetechniquesheemploystocreateadistinctivepoeticvoice,IintendtoarguethatthereismorerealityandvitalitytoWyattsrejectionpoemsthanonewouldexpectfromsomeonewhoissimplyactingapartoftherejectedlover.

30 TheManwhodreamedofFaeryland

Throughclosereferencetoarangeofhisearlypoems,IwillattempttoshowhowYeatsmakeseffectiveuseofCelticMythologyasameansofexploringpersonalexperiencesandbeliefs.


ProseFiction

31 OneofthemainconcernsofGeorgeEliotsnovels,inmyopinion,istohighlighttherestrictionsimposedbysocialconventionsandmoralattitudesonvariousaspectsofpersonalfreedom.MySpecialistStudywillfocusonEliotspresentationoftheeffectsofsuchrestrictionsonhercentralcharactersinMiddlemarchandDanielDeronda.

32 Marriage,Money,LoveandtheSingleWoman:acomparativeassessmentoftwoJaneAustenheroines:ElizabethBennetin PrideandPrejudiceandEmmaWoodhousein Emma.

33 Adetailedcomparativestudyoftheimportanceofsettingphysical,culturalandhistorical inNeilGunnsMorningTide,HighlandRiverandTheSilverDarlings.

34 AcriticalanalysisoftheusesEvelynWaughmakesofsatirein DeclineandFall,BlackMischiefandScoop.

35 Acomparativestudyofthenarrativetechniquesemployedintheportrayalofcentralfemalecharactersin JaneEyre,TheTenantofWildfellHall andWutheringHeights.

36 AdetailedexplorationofconflictanddualityintermsofbothindividualsandwidersocietyasconveyedthroughcharacterisationandsettinginWilliamMcIlvanneysLaidlaw,ThePapersofTonyVeitch andStrangeLoyalties.

37 TheUseoftheDoppelgangerin 19th CenturyScottishLiterature:acomparativeanalysisofcharacterisation,structureandthemein ThePrivateMemoirsofaJustifiedSinnerbyJamesHoggand TheStrangeCaseofDrJekellandMrHydebyRLStevenson.

38 AcriticalanalysisofJohnGaltsportrayalof19th CenturyScottishrurallifeinTheAnnalsoftheParishandTheProvost.

39 Acomparativestudyoftheprincipalliterarymeansemployedin TheJewelintheCrownbyPaulScott,HeatandDustbyRuthPrawerJhabvalaandAPassagetoIndiabyEMForsterinordertoexploretheinfluenceofBritishRuleinIndia.

40 AcomparativeanalysisofJosephConradsnarrativestyleandcharacterisationin HeartofDarknessandTheSecretAgent.

41 AcomparativeanalysisoftheliterarytechniquesemployedbyEdgarAllanPoeinarangeofhisshortstoriestoexplorethepowersoftheconscience.


42 Focusingparticularlyondialogueandnarrativevoice,IintendtomakeacomparativestudyoftheliterarytechniquesemployedbyRaymondChandlerin TheBigSleep,WilliamMcIlvanneyinLaidlaw andIanRankininResurrectionMentocreateprotagonistswhoarecynicalandalienatedfromthesocietiesinwhichtheyoperateasdetectives.

43 AdetailedcomparativestudyofFrdricBeigbedersWindowsontheWorldandIanMcEwansSaturdayasexplorationsofmoralambiguityandthesearchformeaninginrandomnessandcoincidence.

44 AcriticalappraisalofAngelaCartersuseoftraditionalmythsandfairytalestoexplorefemalesexualityinhernovel TheMagicToyshopandinfourofhershortstoriesTheBloodyChamber,TheSnowChild,TheLadyoftheHouseofLoveandTheCompanyofWolves.

45 AstudyofMargaretAtwoodsrepresentationofthechallengestowomenssenseofselfandwomensresponsestothesechallengesin TheEdibleWoman,LadyOracleandTheHandmaidsTale.

46 AcomparativecriticalanalysisofVirginiaWoolfsuseofthepresenceoftheseaandwaterintheexplorationofkeyideasinhernovelsTotheLighthouseandTheWaves.

47 AnanalyticalandevaluativestudyoftheliterarytechniquesDHLawrenceemploysin LadyChatterleysLoverandWomeninLove tocreatepowerfulfemalecharacterswhochallengethesocialconventionsoftheirtimes.

48 AcomparativestudyoftheliterarytechniquesusedtoconveytheexperienceofthecentralblackfemalecharactersastheyencounteroppressionintheAmericanSouthin TheirEyesWereWatchingGodbyZoraNealeHurston,BelovedbyToniMorrisonandTheColorPurplebyAliceWalker.

49 AnexaminationoftherelationshipbetweenauthorandreaderasexploredthroughtheusesofstructureandsymbolisminItaloCalvinosIfonawintersnightatravelerandJorgeLuisBorgessFicciones.

50 Layingbaretheanxietiesofthe19th Century:adetailedcomparativestudyofthewaysinwhichBramStokersDraculaandMaryShelleysFrankensteinexploresocietalattitudestowardssex,religionandscience.

51 AdetailedcomparativeanalysisofthesatiricaltreatmentofhypocrisyinThackeraysVanityFairandDickenssHardTimes.

52 Morethanstereotypes?AdetailedexaminationoftheprincipalliterarymeansusedbyJamesKelmantoportraycentralmalecharactersin AChancer,ADisaffectionandHowLateItWas,HowLate.


53 AcriticalanalysisofthetechniquesusedbyEMForstertopresentthethemeofforbiddenexperienceinhisnovelsWhereAngelsFeartoTread,ARoomwithaView andMaurice.

54 AdetailedcomparativeanalysisoftherepresentationsofhomeandfamilyinBrickLanebyMonicaAliandWhiteTeethbyZadieSmith.

55 AcomparativestudyofGrahamGreenesportrayalofreligionandtheconceptofsinin BrightonRock,ThePowerandtheGlory andABurntOutCase.

ProseNonfiction

56 AdetailedcomparativestudyoftwowarmemoirsShoottoKillbyMichaelAsherandJarheadbyAnthonySwoffordexamininginparticularthewaysinwhichfirstpersonnarrativeandimageryaredeployedandatmosphereandsettingarecreatedtoexploreissuessuchasisolation,lonelinessandtheindividualsstatusandsenseofidentityintimeofwar.

57 AdetailedanalysisofthetechniquesusedbyWilliamDalrympletoexploreplaces,peoplesandculturesin InXanaduAQuestandin CityofDjinnsAYearinDelhi.

58 AstudyoftheprincipaltechniquesusedbyGeorgeOrwellinhisportrayalofthedeprivationsofthelifeofthelowerclassesofsocietyin DownandOutinParisandLondonandin TheRoadtoWiganPier.

59 AcomparativeanalysisofPaulTherouxsTheKingdombytheSeaandJonathanRabansCoastingasexamplesoftheartoftravelwriting.

60 AcriticalappraisaloftheeffectivenessofLaurieLeesevocationoftimeandplacebasedonevidencefromhisautobiographicalvolumesCiderwithRosie(1959), AsIWalkedOutOneMidsummerMorning(1969), ICantStayLong(1979)andAMomentofWar(1991).

61 AcomparativestudyoftwoOrkneyWriters:EdwinMuirandGeorgeMackayBrown.Mystudywillfocusoncomparingandcontrastingtheliterarymeansbywhicheachofthesewriterseffectivelycreatesasenseofplaceandtimeintheirrespectivetexts:ScottishJourneyandAnOrkneyTapestry.


Language

62 OngoingchangesinScots:astudyoftenlexicalvariablesacrossthreegenerationsinaScottishcommunity.

63 Thelinguisticcharacteristicsoffootballcommentary:adetailedanalyticalcasestudyofsixScottishPremierLeaguematches.

64 Acomparativestudyoftheuseoffigurativelanguageinsixpoliticalspeeches:threebyTonyBlairandthreebyGordonBrown.

65 Thesociolinguisticsoftextmessaging:Iintendtogatherdatafromawiderangeofsourcesandtosubjectthatdatatodetailedanalysisinordertoclassifyitfromasociolinguisticperspective.

66 MySpecialistStudywilltaketheformofadetailedanalysisoftheformsandfunctionsoftagquestionsinacorpusofScottishspeechorwriting.

67 AstudyofsomechangesinthegrammarofnegationinthehistoryofEnglish.

68 MypurposeistorecordevidenceandtousethatevidencetoproduceadetailedsociolinguisticaccountofcodeswitchinginaPolishEnglishbilingualfamily.


Media

69 FilmTheNakedandtheDead (RaoulWalsh)Catch22(MikeNichols)Acomparativestudyofthedirectorsusesofcinematictechniquescamera,lighting,miseenscne,montage toconveythehorrorsofwar.

70 FilmAdetailedcriticalcomparisonofthefilmictechniquesemployedbyFrancisCoppolatodepicttherisetopowerofMichaelCorleonein TheGodfatherandhisdeclinein TheGodfatherPartTwo. InadditiontoanalysingthechangingrepresentationofMichaelCorleoneintermsoffilmlanguage(miseenscne,editing,sound)Iintendtoanalysethenarrativestructureofeachofthesefilmstoshowhowitcontributestothecentralthemeofthecorruptinginfluenceofpower.

71 TelevisionAdetailedcriticalcomparisonofWhoWantsToBeAMillionaire?andDealorNoDealintermsoftelevisuallanguage(setdesign,lighting,miseenscne,sound),narrativestructure,roleandrepresentationofthehost,contestantandaudience,andtheattitudetowinningandlosingandtotheacquisitionofwealthexpressedorimplied.

72 PrintjournalismAcomparativestudyofthecoverageandrepresentationoftheissueofclimatechangein TheIndependentandTheDailyMail. Iintendtomakeaqualitativeandquantitativeanalysisbytakingasinglemonthscoverageofthistopicineachnewspaperandanalysingitintermsofprioritising,frequencyofcoverageandcontent,bothimageandtext.

73 AdvertisingAdetailedcriticalevaluationoftherepresentationofScotlandinprintandtelevisionadvertising. IintendtostudyarangeofadvertisementsforproductsseenastypicallyScottish(beef,whisky,ScottishWidowsinsurance),analysetheimagesandtextsusedinthemtoconveyaformofnationalidentityandassessthepossibleeffectofsuchstereotyping.