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Sponge Reefs M. Krautter, U. Stuttgart Sponge Reef Project, 1999 http://www.porifera.org/a/cif1.htm

Sponge Reefs M. Krautter, U. Stuttgart Sponge Reef Project, 1999

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Page 1: Sponge Reefs M. Krautter, U. Stuttgart Sponge Reef Project, 1999

Sponge Reefs

M. Krautter, U. Stuttgart Sponge Reef Project, 1999 http://www.porifera.org/a/cif1.htm

Page 2: Sponge Reefs M. Krautter, U. Stuttgart Sponge Reef Project, 1999

Fig 4-8

Sponge reefs occur on the continental shelfof the North Pacific

Page 3: Sponge Reefs M. Krautter, U. Stuttgart Sponge Reef Project, 1999

bioherms

70 m high

http://www.brookes.ac.uk/geology

Reefs:• Carbonate bodies• Contain fossil organisms• Biologically ‘influenced’• Rigid framework

• Some are buried by sediment• Others have positive relief

Bioherms – mounds (lens shaped)Biostromes – flat (laterally extensive)

Page 4: Sponge Reefs M. Krautter, U. Stuttgart Sponge Reef Project, 1999

Ancient sponge reefs

Page 5: Sponge Reefs M. Krautter, U. Stuttgart Sponge Reef Project, 1999

J. Ghiold, New Scientist 1991

Sponge reefs during the JurassicLocation of Jurassic reefs relative to modern Europe

Page 6: Sponge Reefs M. Krautter, U. Stuttgart Sponge Reef Project, 1999

Distribution of the main reef forming glass sponges

Page 7: Sponge Reefs M. Krautter, U. Stuttgart Sponge Reef Project, 1999
Page 8: Sponge Reefs M. Krautter, U. Stuttgart Sponge Reef Project, 1999

Glass sponges:

Deep water animals (> 500 m usually)

Skeleton of glass – SiO2

Soft tissue is largely multinucleate (syncytial)

Can send electrical signals (like nerves)These signals shut down the feeding current

Respond to mechanical stimuli – including sediment

Two principal types: fused skeleton; loose skeleton

Page 9: Sponge Reefs M. Krautter, U. Stuttgart Sponge Reef Project, 1999

Glass sponges have a skeleton of silica dioxide (SiO2) = nearly pure glass

In reef-forming glass sponges this is fused into a rigid scaffold as shown at right

Page 10: Sponge Reefs M. Krautter, U. Stuttgart Sponge Reef Project, 1999

The tissue of glass sponges is largely a multinucleate giant cell.

The top image shows tissue growing in a petri dish

The bottom image shows masses of nuclei (blue) scattered around massive microtubules (red) – the length and straightness of the microtubules confirms that the sponge is syncytial.

Page 11: Sponge Reefs M. Krautter, U. Stuttgart Sponge Reef Project, 1999

The sponges live in a very turbid environment and can filter lots of sediment

Page 12: Sponge Reefs M. Krautter, U. Stuttgart Sponge Reef Project, 1999

Thermistor flow meter – recording pumping (flow)

Sponge osculum

Water current

Normal ‘arrests’ of feeding

Sediment added

Pumping

Not Pumping

Not Pumping

Glass Sponges respond to sediment in their incurrent water by shutting down their feeding current

Page 13: Sponge Reefs M. Krautter, U. Stuttgart Sponge Reef Project, 1999

What have we learned about the reefs?

Page 14: Sponge Reefs M. Krautter, U. Stuttgart Sponge Reef Project, 1999

Core• Formed on boulders at the edge of ice berg scours 8-10,000 years ago

• Northern reefs are 5-21 m thick

• Individual sponges are 50-220 years old

• The reefs are up to 6000 years old!

What have we learned about the reefs?

Page 15: Sponge Reefs M. Krautter, U. Stuttgart Sponge Reef Project, 1999

Glass sponges are affected by their environment. It is thought that the following conditions are required for growth of a sponge reef:

• Low temperature (7-12 oC)• Low light• High dissolved silica (>50 uM)• Low sediment – juveniles need

firm substrates to attach to.

Page 16: Sponge Reefs M. Krautter, U. Stuttgart Sponge Reef Project, 1999

Trawl marks have been found through one reefConservation

Page 17: Sponge Reefs M. Krautter, U. Stuttgart Sponge Reef Project, 1999

Summary:

1. Glass sponges are abundant in deep water world wide but can be found in shallow water in 4 locations

2. One type of glass sponge has a fused skeleton. These sponges form reefs by juveniles settling on the skeletons of adults. Reefs = bioherms.

3. Sponge reefs were common during the Jurassic, when they formed a vast band across an area that is now much of Europe. These leave a fossil trace that can be found in rocky outcrops in Spain, France and Germany.

4. Today living sponge reefs are only found in Canadian Pacific continental shelf waters (<500m deep).

5. Canadian sponge reefs are up to 6000 years old. The first sponges probably colonized ice berg scours after the glacial retreat on the Pacific Coast.

6. The reefs are now approximately 6 m high – consisting of sponge skeletons cemented together with sediment.

7. The reefs likely need low light, cold water, high silica levels, and low sedimentation to survive; (juveniles settle on the skeletons of adults).

8. Some of the reefs have been endangered by trawl fisheries which drag large nets held open by heavy doors through the reefs.