Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD © Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD, 6th Grade 6th Grade Science

Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD© Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD, 6th Grade

6th Grade Science

Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD

Unit 7Beyond Our Planet

Chapter 20: Our Solar SystemSection 1: A Solar FamilySection 2: The Nine PlanetsSection 3: Moons and Other Bodies

Chapter 21: Exploring SpaceSection 1: Rocket ScienceSection 4: Living and Working in Space

Chapter 20 Section 1 Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD

A Solar Family


How does the sun differ from planets?

What Do You Think?

A Solar Family


An astronomical unit is the average distance between the sun and Earth.

A Solar Family


Rotation is the spin of an object in space.

Revolution is the motion of a body as it travels around another body in space.

A Solar Family


Rotation/Revolution

A Solar Family

Cite: http://www.devastate.com/gif_list/gif_ani/e/earthrot.gifCite: http://www.mcwdn.org/MAPS&GLOBES/Revolution.GIF


The earth travels around the sun in a path called an orbit.

A Solar Family

Cite:http://www.cs.duke.edu/courses/cps124/fall02/projects/solar/ss.jpg


The corona forms the outer atmosphere.

The chromosphere is the thin region below the corona.

The photosphere is what we know as the visible surface of the sun.

A Solar Family


The convective zone is where gas circulates.

The radiative zone is a dense region where atoms are packed tightly.

The core is where energy is produced.

A Solar Family

http://observe.arc.nasa.gov/nasa/exhibits/sun/graphics/sun8.jpg


There are many ideas about the source of the sun’s energy. One idea is people thought the sun was burning fuel to generate its energy.

A Solar Family

Citehttp://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/stories/SORCE_20040219/images/elmagt.jpg:


Another idea about the sun’s source of energy is the sun was thought to have been shrinking because of the release of energy from the sun’s gravitational force (If this were true, it would only burn for 45 million years).

A Solar Family


The sun gets it’s energy from nuclear fusion. This is a process by which 2 or more low mass nuclei join together or fuse to form a massive nucleus.

A Solar Family


Solar activity is when thermal energy moves from the sun’s interior by the circulation of gases in the convection zone causing gas in the photosphere to boil and churn.

A Solar Family

Cite :http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/images/solaranim092501b.gif:


Sun spots are formed when magnetic fields slow down in the convective zone causing areas on the sun to becomecooler.

A Solar Family

Cite: http://www.celestialimage.com/steve%20lee%20sun.jpg


Solar Sun Spots in action.

A Solar Family

http://www.exploratorium.edu/sunspots/xrayvsvisible.html


Solar flares are giant storms on the sun’s

surface that send huge streams of electrically

charged particles into the solar system.

Solar flares cause light shows in the sky called auroras.

A Solar Family

Click to see a picture of auroras.


Cite: http://www.spacescience.com/headlines/images/perseids2000a/hershman1.jpg

A Solar Family


Color affects the absorption of radiant energy. Radiant energy is energy due to radiation. Any object that has a temperature is emitting radiant energy. You can use the results of the following lab to better dress for the seasons.

Pre-AP Extension

See speaker notes for lab.


1. What is the difference between revolution and orbit?

Let’s Review


Revolution is the motion of one body around another, while an orbit is the path of an object as

the object revolves around another object.

A Solar Family


2. Identify the characteristics of the sun.

Let’s Review


Answer vary: The sun is a star that gets it energy from nuclear fusion.

It is the center of the solar system.

A Solar Family


The Nine Planets


Name the nine planets.

What Do You Think?

The Nine Planets


In 1610, Galileo

Galilei realized that

planets are not just

points of light – they

are spherical bodies

like the Earth.

The Nine Planets

Cite: http://www.star.ucl.ac.uk/~idh/apod/image/0110/galileo_sustermans.jpg


The solar system is divided into two main parts:

Inner planets and the outer planets.

Cite: http://www.astro.uiuc.edu/projects/data/KeplersLaws/images/planets.jpg:

The Nine Planets


The inner planets are called terrestrial planets because they are small, dense, and rocky like the Earth .

The inner planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.

The Nine Planets

Cite: http://www.manatee.k12.fl.us/sites/elementary/palmasola/inner2.jpg


The Nine Planets

The outer planets, except Pluto, are much larger and are made mostly of gasses thus are called Gas Giants.

The gas giants are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.

Cite: http://www.motivate.maths.org/conferences/conf42/Talk_images/outer_planets_small_2.jpg


Some planets rotate clockwise (retrograde rotation) while others rotate counterclockwise (prograde rotation).

The planets that have a retrograde rotation are Venus, Uranus, and Pluto.

The Nine Planets


Can you think of a way to remember the order of the

planets? (mnemonic)

The Nine Planets


My very educated mother just served us nine pizzas.

The Nine Planets


Mercury is the closest planet

to the sun.

A day = 59 Earth days

(because of slow rotation)

A year = 88 Earth days

Mercury has the biggest range in surface

temperatures.

The Nine Planets


Venus is more like Earth

than any other planet.

One way it differs,

however, is that Venus

has a retrograde

rotation.

The Nine Planets


The only planet that is known to support life is Earth.

Earth is warm enough to keep water from freezing and cool enough to keep it from boiling.

Liquid water is a vital resource for life on Earth.

The Nine Planets


Cite: http://www.lunaroutpost.com/gallery/earth/images/earth_full_hires%20copy.jpg


Mars, the red planet, is the fourth planet from the sun. There is strong evidence that water once existed here.

The Nine Planets


Mars has the

largest mountain in the solar system. The name of the mountain is Olympus Mons and it is an extinct shield volcano.

The Nine Planets

Citehttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/planetary/mars/olympus_mons.jpg:


Mar's surfacePicture taken by the Viking lander

Cite: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/planetary/mars/vikinglander2-2.jpg


The Nine Planets

Jupiter is the largest gas giant.Jupiter radiates much more energy into space than it receives from the sun.


Saturn is the second largest planet.

Saturn is made mostly of hydrogen and helium.

Saturn has the largest rings, which are made of icy particles.

The Nine Planets


The Nine Planets

Uranus is a small giant. It may have been tipped over on its side when it was hit by a massive object.It has a blue-green color due to methane.


Neptune has a great dark spot. It’s atmosphere contains belts of visible clouds.

The Nine Planets


Pluto is the farthest planet from the sun.

It is covered by frozen nitrogen and

it’s moon is more than half its size.

The Nine Planets

Cite: http://www.xtec.es/centres/b7001413/imatges/pluto.jpg


Determine your weight on each planet. Remember your weight is determined by the planet’s gravitational pull.

What is my weight on another planet?

The Nine Planets

http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/shadow/solar_system_level2/activity/planet_hop.html


Select a planet of your choice and create a power point about your planet.

The Nine Planets

Activity


Examine the planetary distance of each planet from the sun and create a scale model of each planet’s distance from the sun.

Pre-AP Extension



1. How are the gas giants different from the terrestrial planets?

Let’s Review


Gas Giants are much larger and more massive, they occupy the outer solar system, and they are much more widely spaced than

the terrestrial planets.

The Nine Planets


2. Explain what is so unusual about Uranus’s axis of rotation.

Let’s Review


Uranus’s axis of rotation is tilted so that each pole points toward the sun for part of Uranus’s year.

The Nine Planets


3. What conclusion can you draw about a planet’s properties just by

knowing how far it is from the sun?

Let’s Review


Planets farther from the sun tend to have lower surface temperatures; they are space farther apart; their

period of revolution is much longer; they are most likely larger

and have more moons.

The Nine Planets


Moons and Other Bodies


What are some other objects out in space besides planets?

What Do You Think?




Our moon’s name is Luna. It is about4.6 billion years old and has numerous impact craters.The dark areas or lava plains on the moon are called marias.

Cite:http://www.astrosurf.com/cidadao/moon_99_03_01.jpg


Satellites are natural or artificial bodies that revolve around a larger body.

Moons are natural bodies that revolve around a larger body.




Asteroids are small, rocky bodies that revolve around the sun = stony or metallicMany are found in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.

Cite: http://www.astronomynotes.com/solarsys/asteroids-label.jpg


Ceres is the largest known asteroid.


Cites: http://www.maiaw.com/dimetra/Dabout/Ceres.jpg


Meteoroids are like asteroids but smaller.

Meteorites are meteoroids that hit the ground.

Meteors are the bright streaks of light in the sky.


Cite: http://www.lvaas.org/gallery/2001/bus-trip/willamette-meteorite.jpg


Stony made of rock material.

Metallic made of iron and nickel.

Stony-iron made of rocky material

iron and nickel.

Open you textbook to page 561 to look

some pictures of these types of meteorites.




Comets are small body of ice, rock and cosmic dust.

They are also known as “snowy dirtball”.

Cite:http://www.mpe.mpg.de/Pictures/x-comets.jpg


– Nucleus is the solid center.

– Ion tail is made of electrically charged particles.

– Dust tail is dust debris due to the sun’s radiation.




Comets orbit is elongated.

The tail always blows away from the sun due to solar winds.

Cite: http://www.lerc.nasa.gov/WWW/ion/past/90s/thumbs/t-borrelly.jpg


Animation of a CometMoons and Other Bodies

Cite: http://spaceplace.jpl.nasa.gov/en/kids/comet_diagram.gif


Let’s look at some photos of comets : icy bodies that orbit the sun.


http://www.jupiterscientific.org/virtualastronomer/solarsystem/comets.html


What makes a story science fiction? List the characteristics of a science fiction story.

Read the story The Mad Moon from Holt Anthology. Does this story have any of the characteristic that you listed before you read the story that makes it science fiction? If so, what are they?

Pre-AP Extension


1. When a comet approaches the sun, why does its tail move away

from the sun?

Let’s Review


The solar winds blow the tail away from the sun.



2. Identify and describe how the solar system is combination of

two or more systems.

Let’s Review


The solar system is a large system that is made up of smaller systems, such as Jupiter’s

system.



Rocket Science


Why can’t a commercial airplane be used for space exploration?

What Do You Think?

Rocket Science


Rocket Science

A rocket is a vehicle or device that contains all the substances needed to burn fuel, and uses escaping gas from the burning of fuel to move.

Cite: http://www.colman-egan.k12.sd.us/school/clipart/animation%20by%20students%202000/rocket.gif


Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (kahn stan teen tsee uhl hahv skee) believed that rockets were the key to space exploration. He is known as the “Father of Rocket Theory”

Rocket Science

Cite:http://www.allstar.fiu.edu/aero/images/Tsiolkovsky.jpg

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.spacefame.org/tsiolkovsky.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.spacefame.org/tsiolkovsky.html&h=433&w=377&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dkonstantin%2Btsiolkovsky%26svnum%3D30%26hl%3Den%26lr%3Dlang_en%7Clang_sk%26ie%3DUTF-8


Robert Goddard is considered the “Father of modern rocketry”.

He tested numerous rockets between 1915 and 1930.

Rocket Science

Cite: http://cyberquebec.ca/spoutnik/goddard.jpg


History: During WWII Germany made V-2 rocket to use as a bomb. Wernher von Braun developed the V-2 rocket but he wasn’t happy that it was used as bomb.

At the end of WWII, Wernher von Braun and his team surrendered to the USA.

Rocket Science


V-2 Rocket

Rocket Science

Cite: http://www.daviddarling.info/images/V-2.jpg


At the end of WWII, the cold war (arms race) began with the Soviet Union.

NASA or the National Aeronautics and Space Administration formed as a result to the alarm Americans felt over Soviet advances in space.

Rocket Science

Cite: http://cgi.cnn.com/TECH/space/9901/04/space.trio/story.nasa.jpg


Saturn V

Rocket Science

Cite: http://www.wilhelm-aerospace.org/Photos/spring-break-03/saturn-v-composite.jpg

Click for information on the Saturn V.


The Saturn V, developed at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center under the direction of Wernher von Braun, was the largest in a family of liquid-propellant rockets that solved the problem of getting to the Moon. In all, 32 Saturns were launched; not one failed.The Saturn V was flight-tested twice without a crew. The first manned Saturn V sent the Apollo 8 astronauts into orbit around the Moon in December 1968. After two more missions to test the lunar landing vehicle, in July 1969 a Saturn V launched the crew of Apollo 11 to the first manned landing on the Moon.

Rocket Science


How does a rocket work? Rockets use Newton’s Third Law of Motion: every action there is an equal reaction in the opposite direction. Turn to page 574 in your textbook to read about how rockets work.

Cite: http://www.astro.psu.edu/xray/rockets/launch_animation.gif

Rocket Science


Rockets must reach orbital velocity in order to orbit the Earth. The lowest speed is 8km/s. Speeds less then this are suborbital.

Rocket Science


Escape velocity is the speed and direction a rocket must move in order to completely break away from the planet’s gravitational pull. This speed is 11km/s.

Rocket Science


Suborbital less than 8km/s.

Orbital Velocityabout 8km/s.

Escape Velocity is about 11km.s.


Rockets need more than just fuel to propel them into space. They also need oxygen.

Rockets that go into space must carry oxygen with them to burn their fuel.

Rocket Science


Click on the following website to see how the space shuttle engines work or the solid booster rockets work.

http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/missions/index-how-it-works.html

Rocket Science




Make your own rocket using effervescent tablets, Fiji film canisters, water, constructions paper and tape.

Your teacher will place the tablet and water in the Fiji canister for you.

Rocket Science

Activity



1. How does a rocket engine work?

Let’s Review


Rocket engines use the pressure of expanding gas to generate thrust.

Newton’s third law of motion explains why rockets move in a

direction opposite to the direction of the escaping gas.

Rocket Science


2. What force must be overcome to reach outer space?

Let’s Review


Gravity

Rocket Science


Living and Working in Space

Cite: http://www.harcourtschool.com/explorations/activity/space_station/images/iss_living_in_space.jpg


How can we live in space?

What Do You Think?



Yuri Gagarin first Soviet cosmonaut to orbit the Earth on April 12,1961.

Allan Shepard first American in space on May 5, 1961.



John F. Kennedy’s Speech to send Americans into space.


Because the Soviets were first in space, they appeared to be winning the Cold War. President John F. Kennedy made a speech on May 25, 1961 that challenged Americans to go to the moon.

http://www1.nasa.gov/vision/space/features/jfk_speech.html

Click on the following website to read part of Kennedy’s speech:

http://www1.nasa.gov/vision/space/features/jfk_speech.html



The Apollo missions were set into motion to get America to the moon.Neil Armstrong became the first person to set foot on the moon.

Cite: http://www.neatherd.org/astronomy/Apollo%2011%20Moon%20Orbit.jpg


Kennedy’s challenge was met on July 20, 1969. The Apollo 11 landing module landed on the moon. “The Eagle has landed”.


Cite: http://edition.cnn.com/2001/TECH/space/05/25/kennedy.moon/story.kennedy.moon.jpg



The space shuttle is a reusable vehicle that takes off like a rocket and lands like an airplane.First launched in April 12, 1981.Tragedy struck twice- January 28, 1986 and February 1, 2003.

Cite: http://content.honeywell.com/dses/assets/product_images/space_shuttle_launch.jpg


On April 19, 1971 Soviets became the first to place a manned space station in space.

A space station is a long-term orbiting platform from which other vehicles can be launched or research carried out.



Skylab was America’s first space station. Skylab began to decay in 1979 and fell to the Earth.

In 1986, Soviets began building the Mir which many countries visited.




March 20, 2001 end of Mir.1979 end of Skylab.

Cite: http://www.cosmoworld.ru/mirstation/photos/Mir-v-81.jpgCite: http://www.nationmaster.com/images/enc/S/Skylab.jpg


In 1993, Russia , the U.S. and many other countries began building the ISS or the International Space Station.

The purpose of the ISS is to conduct experiments, test new technology and promote cooperation.



Cite:http://www.lunaroutpost.com/gallery/iss/images/iss-gal08.jpg


ISS


Click on the following website to get updated information on the International Space Station.


http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/main/index.html


How can you build a piece of equipment that models how astronauts work in space?

Pre-AP Extension

See speak notes for lab.


1. How was the race to explore our solar system influenced by the

Cold War?

Let’s Review


The Cold War tensions greatly accelerated the space programs

of the United States and the Soviet Union.



2. How did the missions to the moon benefit space science?

Let’s Review


The missions to the moon helped us understand the geology of the

moon and measure the solar wind.



3. How will space stations help in the exploration of space?

Let’s Review


Space stations will serve as refueling, construction, and

research stations.


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Spring 2006, PflugervilleISD © Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD, 6th Grade 6th Grade Science