Sri Lanka , Archiology

wNsf,aLk ;siaiuydrdu l=regq ,smsfha c¾udkq lsheùu Ydia;%sh fkdu`. heùula o@ ……..….2

ldKavh 1 2010 fkdjeïn¾ - foieïn¾ l,dmh IV

ixjdo uydpd¾h .dñKs wÈldß ………..6

kQ;k udkj me;sÍu kQ;k udkjhd wm%sldfjka kslau hdfï kHdh yd Y%S ,xldj

12

udkj hg.shdfõ wlauq,a fidhd hk oaúudisl úoHq;a i`.rdj

iliq igyk

Èks;s - Y%S ,dxflah mqrdúoHdj oaúudisl úoHq;a i`.rdj iqmqreÿ mßÈ kej;;a Tn iómhg meñK ;sfí' Y%S ,dxflah mqrdúoHdfõ úúO me;slv ksfhdackh lrñka tys úúO wx. fj; wjOdkh fhduql< m%lg úoaj;=kaf.a ,sms fujr Èks;s i`.rdjg we;=¿ lsÍug yelsùu Tn ieu fjkqfjkau Èks;s ,o ch.%ykhls' jir .Kkdjla ;siafia mej;s W!K;djla u`.yrjñka Y%S ,xld m%d.a ft;sydisl mqrdúoHd m¾fhaIKhkaf.a m%;sM, leálr.;a kj;u .%ka:hla miq.sh od m%ldYhg m;a úh' ta wdpd¾h ksu,a fmf¾rd úiska ix.%y lrk ,o Prehistoric Sri Lanka .%ka:hhs' 1992 § wdpd¾h isrdka Wfmakaø oerKsh.,hkaf.a Prehistory of Sri Lanka .%ka:h m%ldYhg m;a ùfuka miqj ,xldfõ m%d.a ft;sydisl mqrdúoHdj wrUhd m%ldYhg m;a jQ m%Yia;u lD;sh jYfhka fuh wújdofhka ms<s.ekSug mq¿jk' miq.sh jir oYl lSmhla ;siafia l=reúg ngfodUf,k yd weô,smsáh fn,a,kaneÈme,eiai m%d.a ft;sydisl ia:dkhkaf.a isÿlrk ,o m¾fhaIKhka fj; jeä wjOdkhla fhduqlrñka fuu .%ka:h rpkd lr we;' wdpd¾h isrdka oerKsh.,f.a uQ,sl;ajfhka 1969 § Y%S ,xld mqrdúoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska ie,iqï fldg Èh;a lrk ,o m%d.a ft;sydisl wOHhk jevigykg wkql+,j tys ;j;a w;sf¾lhla jYfhka fuu .%ka:h t<s oelaùu fuu m%ldYkfha jákdlu ;j;a by< hdu iòyd fya;= ù we;' kHdhd;aul oelaulska fyda iqiudo¾YSh ia:dk.;ùulska f;drj lghq;= lrk m¾fhaIlhka iòyd wdo¾Yhla iemhSug o fuu ksnkaOh iu;a ù we;' Y%S ,dxflah udkjhdf.a mßKdufha ;SrKd;aul me;slvla ksrEmKh lrk m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.h w<,d rÑ; fuu ksnkaOh ixjdod;aul lÒldjla Tiafia iudc.;jkq oelSu wmf.a wfmaCIdjhs' tneúka fuu ksnkaOh ,xld m%d.a ft;sydih ms<snò ixjdod;aul lÒldjla weröu iòyd ljq¿jla njg m;alr.ekSu mqrdúoHd fCIa;%h yd iïnkaO ,dxflah úoaj;=kf.a hq;=luls' ixialdrl ixialrKh

pkaÈu wUkaj,

ixialdrl uKav,h wkqrdO mshodi ikaOHd kjr;ak-ueKsfla

l¾;D uKav,h uyskao lreKdr;ak

fodrg jevquls

^fkdñf,a fnodyefrkakls&

fuys m<jk ,smsj,ska oelafjkafka ta

tla tla f,aLlhdf.a woyia nj ie,l=j ukdh'

osks;s

wxls; is;=jïlrKh wkqrdO mshodi

wCIr ixfhdackh pkaÈu wUkaj, uyskao lreKdr;ak

úúO iydh relaIs,d fj;a;uqKs ,laIaó úchr;ak

úoHq;a ,smskh [email protected]

,smskh ixialdrl" Èks;s - Y%s ,xld mqrdúoHdj" wxl 47" Y%S iqux., udj;-ol=K" l¿;r W;=r

ISSN 2012 - 7189

w,j, fmd;a.=,a f,fkka yuq jQ fudar u;iH o;lska ilia l, wdNrKhla

http:/www.archaeology.lk

iuld,Sk ixrpl flfrys ixfõ§ fjñka ix.; oekqula ks¾udKh lsÍu udkj හff;IsNdjfhka hq;a úoaj;=kf.a ld¾hhs' im%udK idol úlD;s lsÍu hkq úfgl ñksia Ôú;j,ska jkaÈ f.úh hq;= jrola nj wjYH m%udKhg;a jvd jeä WodryK u`.ska fmkajd Èh yels fõ' miq.sh ;siajir ;=< ,dxflah Ôkj rgdj wvmK l< jHikfha W;amdkh ùu o mqrdúoHd yd b;sydi úlD;s lsÍï hïmuKlg j.lsjhq;= nj meyeÈ<s i;Hhls' fujka miqìula ;=< uydpd¾h rdÊ fidaufoaj uy;d úiska wNsf,aLk fCIa;%fha isÿjk lreKq úlD;s lsÍïys mj;akd wúh;a nj fmkajd §u iòyd keje; jrla bÈßm;a ù we;af;a úoajf;l= ;=< mej;sh hq;= iudc ixfõ§ nj ;yjqre lrñks' óg mQ¾jfha wNsf,aLk fCIa;%h wrUhd isÿl< fujeksu lreKq úlD;slsÍï ms<snòj uydpd¾h fidaufoajhka ;u m%.,aN {dkh WmldÍ fldg.ksñka h:d;;= fmkajd §ug iu;a jQfha m%uqL >Kfha úoaj;=ka hehs ms<s.efkñka mj;akd iuyr Y%dia;%Orhkaf.a wYdia;%Sh fukau mCI.%dys nj fmkajd foñks' Èjhsk bßod ix.%yfha m<lrk ,o fuu ,smsh wm úiska l;=jrhdf.a mQ¾K wjirh iys;j keje; M, lrkqfha j;auka ikao¾Nh ;=< tys jákdlu w;sYh by< ;,hl mj;akd neúks'

lghq;a;la jqj o fï wjia:dfõ § furg foaYSh úoaj;=ka w;r tjeks ixjdohla f.dv fkdke.Su tla w;lska uú;hg fya;=jls' m<uqjrg tu mdGh lshjd m%ldYhg m;a l< wdpd¾h f*d,ala meyeÈ,s lf<a th fou< n%dyaó wlaIrfhka iy fou< NdIdfjka ,shk ,oaola f,ස h' Tyq tu mdGh lshjk ,oafoa z;sr,s uqßZ hkqfjks' ;ukaf.a lsheùu w¾: olajk wdpd¾h f*d,ala tu.ska ziNdfõ ,sÅ; tl`.;djZ hk woyi okjk nj lshhs' Tyq tu mdGh lsheùfï § olajd we;s mlaImd;S;ajh iy ÿ¾ksÍlaIKh ms<snò h:diajrEmh fuu ,smsfha È¾>j idlÉPd lsßug kshñ; h' wdpd¾h f*d,alaf.a lsheùu iy w¾: ksrEmkh u; mokï jk uydfoajka 2010 cQks ui 24 jk Èk bkaÈhdfõ m, jk yskaÿ mqj;am;g zfou< cd;sfha fm!rdKsl;ajh ms<snò wNsf,aLkd;aul m¾hdjf,dalkhlaZ (An

epigraphic perspective on the

antiquity of Tamil) hk ysiska ,smshla ,sfõ h' fuu ,smsfha § YS¾Ifhka m%ia;+; lreK m%dudKsl lrkq iòyd uydfoajka úiska fhdod .kakd m%Odk idOlh ;siaiuydrdufhka fidhd .kakd ,o fmr lS j<xlgqfõ iòyka l=regq ,smsh ms<snò wdpd¾h f*d,alaf.a lsheùu iy w¾: oelaùuhs' tu ,smsfha uydfoajka fufia lshhs' '''b;d È. - ld,hl isg fou< ck;dj fuu ¥mf;a kef.kysr iy W;=re

;siaiuydrdu l=regq ,smsfha c¾udkq lsheùu

Ydia;%sh fkdu`. heùula o@

;siaiuydrdufha merKs ud.u kd.ßl f.dve,a, mqrdúoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j iu. leKSï l< c¾udkq cd;sl mqrdúoHd{hska lKavdhula tys ;sî wl=re flgQ mqrdK j<x lene,a,la fidhd f.k ;sfí' th uekúka Tm .kajk ,o ld, rla;j¾K uDoawx. kñka ye`Èkafjk ueá NdKav j¾.hg wh;a .eÜg rys; n`ÿkl fldgils' tu j<xlgqfõ l=regq .d ;sfnk mdGhg ixfla; y;la ^7& wka;¾.; h' bka myla merKs;u n%dyaó wlaIr f,i;a b;sß tajd ixfla; rEm f,i;a neÆ ne,aug y`ÿkd.; yels h' fuu fidhd .ekSfuka wk;=rej tu wl=re iys; j<xlgq lene,a, th leKSï l< c¾udkq lKavdhfï wNsf,aLk{ f,i lghq;= lrk wdpd¾h yeÍ f*d,alaf.a mÍlaIdjg ,la ù ;sfí' tu mßlaIdfjka wk;=rej tu j<x lene,a, jeäÿr m¾fhaIK isÿlrk ;=re mqrdúoHd fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ;siaiuydrdu .nvdfõ ;ekam;a flßKs' fidhd .ekSfuka ál l,lg miq tu j<xlgqfõ l=regq .d ;snQ mdGh lshjd l< ixialrKhla wdpd¾h f*d,ala úiska fou< wNsf,aLk úoHdj ms<snò yi, úoajf;l= jQ ;ñ,akdvqfõ csj;ajk uydpd¾h ftr;jka uydfoajkaf.a Wmydr l,dmfha m%ldYhg m;a lf<a h' fï ish,a, isÿ ù ;sfnkafka fuu úfYaI j<xlgq lene,a, ms<snòj lsisÿ foaYSh wNsf,aLk{hl=f.a wjOdkh fhduq ùug fmr h' idudkHfhka lsishï rglg wh;a mqrdjia;=jla tu rfÜ wod, n,OdÍkaf.a wjirfhka f;drj fjk;a rgl m%ldYhg m;a lsßu wdpdrO¾uj,g mgyeks

m%foaYj, Ôj;a fjñka isà fou< n%dyaó wlaIr u;=msg l=regq .dk ,o l=vd j<xlgq len,s lsysmhla hdmkh m%foaYfhka fidhdf.k ;sfí' flfia fj;;a fï iïnkaOfhka b;d ixfõ§ fidhd.ekSula jkafka Y%S ,xldfõ .sksfldKÈ. fjr< ;Srfha jQ ;siaiuydrdufhka fidhdf.k ;sfnk wl=re iys; j<xlgqjhs' tys merKs;u ia;rhl ;sî Wiia ksudjlska hq;a ld,rla; j¾K iu;, n`ÿkl fou< NdIdfjka iy fou< n%dyaó wl=rej,ska ,shq tu ,smsh yuq ú ;sfí' leKsï l< c¾udkq mqrdúoHd{hska Bg l%sia;= mQ¾j 200g wh;a ;djld,sl Èkhla ,nd § we;' tys we;=,;a mdGh lshefjkafka iNdfõ ,sÅ; tl`.;dj hk woyi fok ;sr,s uqß hkakhs' fuu ,smsh u.ska

uydpd¾h rdÊ fidaufoaj mqrdúoHd mYapd;a Wmdê wdh;kh

ls%ia;= mQ¾j f;jk ishjfia w.Nd.fha § rg wNHka;rfha fj<òdï lghq;=j, iy uqyqÿ fj<òdfï kshq;=j fjf<ò iNd f,i ixúOdkh jQ foaYsh fou< m%cdjla Y%S ,xldfõ ol=Kq m<df;a úiq njg idlaIs imhhs''' (…Tamils have been living in the

northern and eastern parts of the island time immemorial. Several

small fragments of pottery with a few

Tamil Brahmi letters scratched on them have been found from the

Jaffna region. However, a much

more sensational discovery is a pottery inscription from an

excavation conducted at

Tissamaharama on the southeastern coast of Sri Lanka. A fragment of

high quality Black and Red ware flat dish inscribed in Tamil in the Tamil

Brahmi script was found in the

earliest layer. It was provisionally

wNsf,aLk

újdohg n`ÿka ù we;s wCIr iys; ueán`ÿka lene,a,


Dinithi Vol.1 Issue 4/3

;sfnk fi,a,smshl l¾;D fou< fjf<kafols' ls%ia;= mQ¾j fojk ishjfia § Y%S ,xldfõ ol=Kq m<df;a fou< cd;sl fjf<`ÿkaf.a iNdjla mej;s nj uydpd¾h mrKú;dk úiska fmkajd fok ,oafoa 1970 jif¾ Tyq úiska m, l< ,xldfõ fi,a,sms hk ysiska hq;a idr.¾N Ydia;%Sh lD;sfha § h' tfyhska ;siaiuydrdufhka fidhd .;a hf:dla; j<x lene,a, jHdc wdldrhg lshjd w¾: olajd th mokï fldg f.k ol=fKa fou< ckdjdi mej;s nj yqjd oelaùug fou< W.;=ka orK jEhu Ydia;%sh njlska f;dr tfy;a foaYmd,k l=á,;djlska hq;a tlla nj fmfka' ;uka úiska th fkdfldg hqfrdamSh úoajf;l= ,jd th lrùfuka Bg wuq;= Ydia;%Sh j,x.=;djla ,efnkq we;ehs Tjqka l,amkd lrkakg we;' fuu ,smsfha § uf.a wjOdkh fhduq jkafka wdpd¾h yeÍ

dated to around 200 BCE by German

scholars who undertook the

excavation. The inscription reads „tiraLi muRi‟, which means „written

agreement of the assembly‟. The

inscription bears testimony to the presence in southern Sri Lanka of a

local Tamil mercantile community

organised in a guild to conduct inland and maritime trade as early

as at the close of the 3rd century

BCE....) uydfoajkaf.a fuu woyia uy;a wNsreÑhlska Wmqgd .kakd geñ,afkÜ fjí wvúh w;sYh lgql Ydia;%Sh ñ:Hdjla f.dvk.ñka m%dlD; NdIdj;a fou< NdIdj;a ol=Kq wdishdfõ mqrdK;u NdIdjka nj;a isxy, NdIdj my,jkafka l%sia;= j¾Ifhka y;ajk ishjfia È nj;a meyeÈ,s lrñka Tjqkaf.a kscìï ixl,amh fj; Ydia;%Sh m%fõYhla ,nd.eksug fjr orhs' Tjqkaf.a tu wNHqm.ukhg ;siaiuydrdufhka fidhd.;a l=regq ,smsh m%Odk idOlhla f,i Wmqgd olajhs' óg fmr wjia:djl§;a fou< W.;=ka fujeksu W;aidyhl fh§ug .;a W;aidyhl mej;s jHdc Ydia;%Sh;ajh uúiska fmkajd È ;sfí' ta hdmk w¾Ooaúmfha wdfkhsfldaâvdhs kï ia:dkfhka fidhd.;a f,dalv uqødjl oelafjk isxy, m%dlD; mdGhla ifodia f,i lshjd th fou< m%N+jrfhl=g wh;a jQjla f,i w¾: oela jQ wjia:dfõ§ h' fou< ck;dj iu`. furg jeishka iyfhda.s;dfjka Ôj;a ùfï b;sydih l%sia;= mQ¾j f;jk ishji olajd wE;g úysfohs' N+f.da,Sh ióm;dj ksid;a bkaÈh id.rfha tjl mej;s fjf<òdu ksid;a fou< m%cdj furgg meñKsu;a fuys jdih lsßu;a iajNdúl h' óg wjqreÿ fooyia foiShlg muK fmr wkqrdOmqr wnh.sß úydrfha jev úiQ nr; jxYsl fou< fn!oaO iajdókajykafia kula .ek fi,a,smsj, iòyka ù ;sfí' wd§ ld,fha furgg úiQ fou< cd;slhska fndfyda fofkl= úia;r lr ;sfnkafka fj<`ÿka f,i ùfuka ôfuv jKsc .m;s úYly ,sfk - fou< fjf<kafol= jQ úYdl kï .Dym;shdf.a f,khs' fmßhmq,shkal=,u .=yd ,smsh& Tjqka furgg meñKs m%Odk wNsm%dh meyeÈ,s fjhs' wïmdr Èia;%slalfha l=vqú,aj,ska fidhdf.k

f*d,ala úiska wod, l=regq ,smsh lshjk ,o wdldrfha Ydia;%Sh ksrjoH;dj m%udK.; lsßughs' m<uqj uu jEhï lrkafka fuu l=regq mdGfha ;sfnk wlaIr y`ÿkd .eksughs ^,smsh wdrïNfha olajd we;s PdhdrEmh n,kak&' tys jïmi oelafjkafka wlaIrhls' th n%dyaó zmqZ wlaIrhhs' tys háka we;s flá isria f¾Ldj zmZ wlaIrhg mdms,a, fhdok wdldrhhs' bka miqj tk wl=r n%dyaó zrZ wlaIrhhs' Bg lsisÿ úrdu ,laIKhla fhdod ke; ' tfyhska th zrZ jYfhkau lshúh yels h' f;jk wlaIrh z;sZ hkakhs' tys ol=Kqmi by,ska ;srig iy isrig fhdod ;sfnkafka ysiams,a,hs' tkï z;aZ hk Y=oaO jH[ackdlaIrhg zbZ hk iajrh iïnkaO lsßuhs' ud l,amkd lrk wdldrhg fuu wlaIr ;=k ixfhda. ùfuka fuys § zmqr;sZ hk iajdëk moh ilia fõ'

wdfkhsfldaâvdhs f,day uqødj

Prehistoric Sri Lanka Late Pleistocene rock shelters and an open-air site

By H. Nimal Perera

BAR International Series 2124

Y%S ,xldfõ mqrdúoHdj iïnkaOfhka m%ldYhg m;a jQ kj; u lD;sh jYfhka Prehistoric Sri Lanka: Late Pleistocene

rock shelters and an open-air site lD;sh miq.sh od BAR

(British ArchaeologiÊl Report) Interítioíl PubliÊtion jYfhka m%ldYhg m;a úh' m%d.a ft;sydisl mqrdúoHDj ms<snò j 1980 oYlfha wdrïNfha isg u kshe,S isák wdpd¾h ksu,a fmf¾rd úiska ;u wdpd¾h Wmdêh iòyd lekanrd íafg%a,shdkq cd;sl úYajúoHd,fha udkj úoHd yd mqrdúoHd mdi, iòyd bÈßm;a lrk ,o A Review of

the Prehistory of Sri Lanka m¾fhaIK ksnkaOh weiqßka fuu .%ka:h ilia lr we;' fuu .%ka:fha l;=jr wdpd¾h y,dj;f.a ksu,a fmf¾rd 1980 oYlfha isg m%d.a ft;sydisl mqrdúoHdj iïnkaOfhka m¾fhaIKhkaf.a kshe,S isák m¾fhaIlfhla jk w;r oekg Y%S ,xld mqrdúoHd fomd¾;fïka;=fõ w;sf¾l wOHCI ckrd,ajrhd f,i o fiajh lrhs' 1992 § m%ldYhg m;a jQ Prehistory of Sri Lanka: an

ecological perspective .%ka:fhka miq j Y%S ,xldfõ m%d.a ft;sydisl mqrdúoHdj ms<snò j ,shejqKq m%Yia; u ksnkaOh jYfhka fuu ksnkaOh ie,els,a,g md;% fõ' mßÉfþo 9lska iukaú; fuu .%ka:fha l=reúg wdikakfha ngfodUf,k yd weô,smsáh wdikakfha fn,a,kane`Ème,eiai mqrdúoHd fCIa;%fha miq.sh ld,h mqrdisÿlrk ,o mqrdúoHd m¾fhaIK yd tajdfha m%;sM, ms<snò §¾> wjOdkhla fuu .%ka:fha § fhduqlr we;' tfuka u ,xldfõ m%d.a ft;sydislwjëfha iudc mqrdúoHdj ms<snò úia;r /ila o fuu .%ka:hg we;=¿ ù we;' weñKqï 6lska iukaú; fuu .%ka:fha tu weñKqï u`.ska ngfodUf,k Ys,d fuj<ï j¾.SlrK" ngfodUf,k f;dard.;a fjk;a mqrdlD;s yd ld,kS¾K fn,a,kane`Ème,eiafia mqrdlD;s wdÈh ms<snò f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lr we;' jir 30 muK ld,hla ;siafia m%d.a ft;sydisl m¾fhaIK ms<snò woaoelSï ,nd we;s wdpd¾h ksu,a fmf¾rd úiska miq.sh ld,h ;=< isÿlrk ,o m%d.a ft;sydisl wOHhk u; mokï ù rpkd fldg we;s fuu .%ka:h uE; ld,Sk j m%d.a b;sydih iïnkaO j m%ldYhg m;a jQ jeo.;a lD;shla jYfhka idlÉPdjg n`ÿka lsÍu Y%S ,xldfõ m%d.a ft;sydisl mqrdúoHd fCIa;%fha wkd.;h iòyd fnfyúka jevodhl jkq we;'

fodrg jevqï



iòyd h' tjeks mqreoaola l%sia;= mQ¾j fojk ishjfia È furg mej;s nj ikd: lrk ;j;a idlaIs lsysmhla bÈßm;a l< yels h' ta w;r m%Odk ksoiqkla jkafka ÿgq.euqKq rcq ish ,sms lsysmhl z.dñKs wNhZ hk moh iu. ixfla;hla fhdod ;sìuhs' iajia;slh iy ysÈgeïjeg hkqfjka l,db;sydi{hska úiska y`ÿkajk tu ifla;h u.ska z.dñKs ;siaiZ hk moh y.jk nj ms<s.efka' fï ms<snòj ie,lsh hq;= ;rfï §¾> úia;rhla uydpd¾h mrKú;dk úiska wka ;ekl bÈßm;a lr ;sfí' iajia;sl ixfla;h z;siaiZ hk moh fjkqjg fhdok Yío ixfla;hla (phonograph) fyda woyia ixfla;hls (ideograph). bkaoshdfõ f.da;%sl ldis ms<snò wOHkhl fhÿkq fcdaka we,ka l=kSojrekaf.a md,lhl= jQ wfuda>N+;s úiska l%sia;= j¾Ifhka m<uqjk ishjfia § ksl=;a lrk ,o ldishl oelafjk fujeks Yío ixfla;hla fmkakqï lr ;sfí' tys § tla ldishl ''' rd[ l=ksoi wfuda>N+;si'''' hkqfjka ,shd ;sfí' Bg wu;rj Tyqf.a ;j;a ldishl zwfuda>;siZ hk mofha z;siZ hk jpkh fjkqjg ,shd ;sfnkafka iajia;sl ,dxPkhhs' fï iïnkaOfhka ;j;a ksoiqka lsysmhla wjYH wjia:dj, § Wmqgd oelaúh yels h' fuu ;¾lfha § uu W;aidy lrkafka ;siaiuydrdu l=regq ,smsfha oelafjk isõjk rEmh Yío ixfla;hla úh yels nj fhdackd lsÍughs' bÈka th j,x.= ;¾lhla kï uq,af,a.u fi,a,smsfha olajd we;s wkaoug bka woyia lrkafka zW;a;rZ hk moh úh yels h' fuys § wm úiska fmkajd Èh hq;= ;j;a jeo.;a lreKla jkafka zW;a;rZ hk ix{d kduh

jHdlrKdkql+,j zmqr;sZ hk moh zmqrZ hk jpkh;a Bg iïnkaOjk zb;sZ hk m%;Hh;a wkqidrfhka f.dv kef.kakls' zmqrZ hk mohg ixialD; NdIdfõ w¾: lsysmhla ;sfí' ta w;ßka wmg jvd iqmqreÿ w¾:hla jkafka zk.rhZ hkakhs' kuq;a ta w¾:h fuys § wmf.a l=regq mdGh wh;a ikao¾Nhg .e,mSula fkdfmkajhs' zmqrZ hk jpkh N.joa mqrdKfha zNdckhZ hk w¾:h §u msKsi fhdod ;sfí' zb;sZ hk m%;Hh ixialD; NdIdfõ tys flá iajrEmh jQ z;sZ hkqfjka fhfok wdldrh Y;m: n%dyauKfha oela fõ' md<sfha o th tfiau fhfoa ^kso( '''idOq Nkaf; liaim ,dN;x ta id ck;d oiaikdh ;s'''' ^§>ksldh&' zb;sZ m%;Hh u.ska wjOdrKd¾:hla y.`jhs ^''' b;s( moikaê moixi.af.d momßmQß wlaLriujdfhd'''' ^pq,a,ksoafoai&' úfYaIfhkau tu m%;Hhg mQ¾jfhka fhfok jpkh tu`.ska wjOdrKh lrhs' fuu ikao¾Nfha§ zmqr;sZ hk moh w¾: .ekaúh hq;af;a zfuu NdckhZ fyda zNdckhhsZ hk wjOdrKd;aul w¾:fhks' fuys oS wm úiska f;areï .; hq;af;a fuu l=regq ,smsfha wruqK j ;sfnkafka tu ,smsh fldgd ;sfnk Ndckh iïnkaOfhka hula m%ldY lsßug njhs' mdGfha isõjk ,l=K wlaIrhla fkdj ixfla;hls' Bg fndfyda iudklï ;sfnk ixfla;hla mq;a;,u Èia;%slalhg wh;a lsßueáh m;a;=fõ uq,af,a.u kï .fï msysá .,a.=ydjl fldgd we;s fi,a,smshl oela fõ' tu fi,a,smsh m%N+jrfhl= jQ W;a;r kue;af;l= úiska fldgjk ,oaols' zW;a;rZ ish ,smsfha fuu ixfla;h fldgjkakg we;af;a ;ukaf.a wkkH;dj olajkq

l=kso f.da;%sl wfud>N+;sf.a ,smshl ;sY hk moh ^by< rEmh& iajia;slhlska olajd we;s wkaou ^my< rEmh&

fkd,shd ta fjkqjg Yío ixfla;hla fh§ug fuys § W;aidy orkakg we;af;a l=ula fyhska o@ hkakhs' Bg fhdackdjla bÈßm;a l< yels h' tkï zW;a;rZ hk wlaIr y;r ,sùfuka ,smsh §¾> ùu;a tf,i l=regq wlaIr n`ÿfka msg; mDIaGh wrd me;sÍfuka n`ÿfka ndysr w,xlrKhg we;s jk ydksh wju lsßfï wruqKhs' th m%dfhda.sl;ajh mokï fldg f.k .kq ,enQ ;SrKhla úh yels h' fuys § ne?reï .eg¿jlg uqyqK §ug isÿjkafka l=regq ,smsfha miajk rEmh úia;r lsßfï § h' PdhdrEmfha olajd we;s mßÈ tys ;sfnkafka uòla ol=Kg we, jQ isria f¾Ldjlg fomiska my,g keUqrej úysfok f¾Ld y;rls' fuh ixfla;hla f,i fmfk;;a th y`ÿkd.ekSu w;sYh ÿIalr jkafka tjeks ixfla;hla ol=Kq wdishdfõ lsisÿ mqrdK iïm%odhl olakg fkdue;s ksid h' hï ;rulska óg iudk rEmhla jkafka n%dyaó wlaIr moaO;sfha olakg ;sfnk zYZ wlaIrhhs' kuq;a th isria f¾Ldjlg ol=Kq miska my,g keUqrej úysfok flá f¾Ldjlska iïmQ¾K;ajhg m;a lrk ,oaols' kuq;a ;siaiuydrdu l=regq ,smsfha olajd we;s wkaofï rEmhg fndfyda fihska iudk rEmhla fjiai.sßfha fi,a,smsfha zYZ wlaIrh iòyd ,shd ;sfí' tys isria f¾Ldfõ ol=Kq mi f¾Ld folg wu;rj jï miska my,g úysfok f¾Ldjla o fmkajd we;' iuyr úg fuh tjl mej;s iïm%odhlg jvd f,aLlhd w;ska isÿ jQ wl%ñl;djla úh yelsh' ;ud úiska msysgqjk ,o O¾u,smsj, olakg ;sfnk fujeks wl%ñl;d wfYdal rcq úiska y`ÿkajk ,oafoa z,smslr wmrdOZ hkqfjks' fuu y;rjk rEmh iïnkaOfhka fujeks úl,am fhdackdjla yefrkakg fuu ,smsh wh;a ikao¾Nh ;=< fjk;a lsisÿ woyila bÈßm;a l< fkdyelsh' wfkla w;g w¾:j;a wlaIr fm,la w;r tajd iu. lshefjk wdldrhg fhfok ixfla;hlg Yíouh w¾:hla yer fjk;a w.hla wdfoaY lsÍfuka ikaksfõokd;aul wruqKg lsisÿ odhl;ajhla isÿ

fkdjk nj o ie,ls,a,g .; hq;= lreKls' bÈka ;siaiuydrdu l=regq ,smsfha miajk rEmh fjiai.sßh ,smsfha oelafjk wdldrfha n%dyaó zYZ wlaIrfha wl%ñl iajrEmhla kï th zW;a;rZ kï ix{d kduh y`.jk Yío ixfla;hg mrj fh§u w;sYhskau ;¾ldkql+ h' Bg fya;=j tys § zYZ wlaIrh W;a;r kï jQ m%:ud úNla;s tal jpk mqreI ,sx. moh iïnkaO úNla;sfha jr k.k m%;Hh f,i fmkS isáu ksidh' túg iïmQ¾K moh lsheúh hq;af;a zW;rYZ hkqfjks' tys woyi zW;a;rf.aZ fyda zW;a;rZ kue;a;dg wh;aZ hkakhs' fuu mdGfha yhjk ixfla;h wlaIrhls' th n%dyaó wlaIr moaO;sfha zuZ wlaIrhhs' tys háka ;sfnk flá isria f¾Ldj u.ska zïZ hk jH[ackdlaIrhg zWZ hk iajrh wdfoaY l< wdldrh fmkajk úrdu ,laIKhhs' túg tu wlaIrh lshefjkafka zuqZ hkqfjks' ;siaiuydrdu l=regq ,smsfha b;du;au újdod;aul rEmh tys wjika

ixfla;hhs' wdpd¾h f*d,ala fuu wlaIrh lshjkafka zßZ hkqfjks' ug fmfkkafka fuu lsheùu is;du;d f;dardfírd f.k lrk ,o WmdhYS,S Ydia;%Sh jEhula f,ih' Tyq tu wlaIrh iïnkaOfhka ish ;¾lh f.dvk.kafka mqrdK ld,fha mej;s fou< n%dyaó wlaIr moaO;sh kï jQ iajdëk wlaIr ud,djla ms<snò ld,amksl woyi u; mokï fjñks' l%sia;= mQ¾j m<uqjk ishjig wh;a ol=Kq bka§h n%dyaó fi,aa,smsj, b;d úr,j fhfok zrZ wlaIrfha iajdëk rEmhla ;sfí' th W;=re bka§h

fjiai.sßfha ;sfnk ;j;a ,smshl —Y˜ wCIrh

wiïu;dldrj ,shd we;s wkaou



n%dyaó wlaIr moaO;sfha jïmig újD; zoZ wlaIrh ol=Kq mig yrjd ,shQjls' W;=re bka§h n%dyaó wlaIr moaO;sh bka§h Wmuydoaúmfha m%p,s; jQ fndfydauhla wlaIr moaO;sj, uQ,hhs' ol=Kq bka§h w¾Ooaùmfha tu wlaIr ud,dj Ndú; lsÍfï § øúv NdIdfõ fhfok tfy;a W;=re bka§h m%dlD; NdIdj, fkdue;s Yío oekùu iòyd W;=re bka§h n%dyaó wlaIr rEmu jeä ÈhqKq fldg rEm lsysmhla ilia lr f.k ;sfí' fulS iq¿ úfYaI;dj mokï fldg f.k fou< n%dyaó kï jQ iajdëk wlaIr moaO;shla .ek fou< úoaj;a;= iy Tjqkaf.a u;jdoj, t,an isák we;eï hqfrdamSh úoaj;ayq o idlÉPd lr;s' fou< úoaj;=ka úiska fou< n%dyaó fyda øúv wlaIr moaO;sh hkqfjka y`ÿkajk ixl,amh f.dvkef.kafka 19jk ishjfia § h' ol=Kq bka§h fi,a,smsj, olakg ;sfnk tu m%foaYhg wkkH jQ rEm y;rla mokï lr f.k fuu ixl,amh f.dv ke.S ;sfí' 1870 § Y%Su;a fjda,ag¾ ú,shï" frdn¾Ü iafj,a" fndiafj,a iy wef,laiekav¾ ßhd hk wh lsiaÜkd Èia;%slalfha NÜáfm%da kï ia:dkfha msysá fn!oaO ia;+mhla leKSï lf<dah' wef,laiekav¾ ßhd 1892 § tys ;sî Od;= lr`vqjla fidhd .;af;ah' fuu Od;= lr`vqfõ fldgd ;snQ n%dyaó ,smshl m<uqjrg fuu úfYaI wlaIr lsysmh ksßlaIKh lk ,oafoa fcda¾Ê ìhq,¾ úisks' Tyq tu úfYaI;dj fou< n%dyaó kñka ye`Èkafjk j¾Okhl iajrEmhla f,i meyeÈ,s lf<ah' kuq;a ìhq,¾ ish m¾fhaIK lghq;= mj;ajd f.k .sh oykjjk ishjfia fojk Nd.h jk úg ol=Kq bkaoshdfõ merKs n%dyaó f,aLk ms<snò mq¿,a woyila fkd;sìKs' ol=Kq bka§h m%foaYfha merKs n%dyaó fi,a,sms ms<snò m%:u m%Yia; jd¾;dj bÈßm;a lrk ,oafoa iïudkkSh úoajf;l= jQ iqn%ukahï whsh¾ úiska 1924 jif¾ § h' fuu fidhd .eksï mq¿,a fj;au meyeÈ,s jQ ldrKh kï ol=Kq bka§h m%foaYfha rÑ; n%dyaó ,smsj, l,d;=rlska wjia:djl yereKq úg olakg ;sfnkafka W;=re bkaÈh fu!¾h iïm%odhg wh;a wlaIr njhs' 2003 jif¾ § ftr;jka uydfoajka úiska

m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,o uq,ald,Sk fou< wNsf,aLk úoHdj ( wd§ hq.fha isg l%sia;= j¾Ifhka yhjk ishji olajd (Early Tamil

Epigraphy: from early perod to

the sixth century CE) hk lD;sfha l¾;D úiska Wmqgd olajk fou< fi,a,sms u.skau th ;yjqre fldg fmkajhs' úfYaIfhkau fuys § wod, jkafka fou< n%dyaó zrZ wlaIrh ms<snòj wdpd¾h f*d,alaf.a ;¾lhhs' fou< NdIdfjka rÑ; fndfydauhla uq,ald,Sk n%dyaó fi,a,smsj, fh§ ;sfnkafka W;=re bka§h fu!¾h wlaIr moaO;sfha oelafjk zrZ wlaIrh nj ;srejvjQ¾" u.=,ï" w,.d¾uf,hs" l=reka.dl=ä" fu;a;=m;a;s" úlalsrux.,ï hk ;ekaj, msysá fi,a,smsj, zrZ wlaIrh ,shd ;sfnk wdldrfhka meyeÈ,s fjhs' kuq;a we;eï ;efkl ksoiqkla jYfhka w,.¾uf,hs iy uq.=,äl=,ï hk ia:dkj,ska fidhd f.k ;sfnk n%dyaó ,smsj, zrZ wlaIrh ,súug ;siaiuydrdu l=regq ,smsfha oelafjk wjidk wlaIrhg iudklï ;sfnk rEmhla Ndú; lr ;sfí' tfy;a uq.=,äl=,ï fi,a,smsfha tk '''fjïmsre¾ fmardhï fp;jd¾ '''' hk jelsh ,shd ;sfnk ;ek wjia:d foll § W;=re bka§h zrZ wlaIrh;a Bkshd ol=Kq bka§h n%dyaó zrZ wlaIrh;a ,shd ;sfí' fuu rEmh zrZ wlaIrh fkdj W;=re bka§h n%dyaó wlaIr moaO;sfha tk zoZ wlaIrh nj uf.a woyihs' fuys È th zbZ iajrh iu. ixfhdackh fldg zßZ hkqfjka ,shd ;sfí' wdpd¾h f*d,ala ;siaiuydrdu l=regq ,smsfha wjika wlaIrh zßZ hkqfjka lsheùug tfrysj wNsfhda. lsÍug furg wNsf,aLk úoHd{hska miqng jQfha tjeks rEmhla furg ,smsj, fh§ fkd;sfíh hk mQ¾j Wml,amkh ksid h' kuq;a W;=re bka§h iïm%odfha n%dyaó zoZ wlaIrh tys ÈYdj fjkia fldg ,shd we;s kso¾Yk folla Y%S ,xldfõ merKs fi,a,smsj,ska Wmqgd oelaúh yelsh' bka

m<uqjekak ñyska;f,a wdfkhsl=Üálkafoa ;sfnk n%dyaó fi,a,smshl zmo.äksZ hk mofha zoZ wlaIrh ÈYdj udre fldg ,shd ;sfnk wdldrhhs' fojekak fjiai.srsfha ;sfnk ,smshl zm,sloZ hk jpkfha zoZ wlaIrh ,shd we;s wdldrhhs' fuu wjia:d fol wmg meyeÈ,s lr fokafka n%dyaó zoZ wlaIrh tys kshñ; ÈYdj jQ jïmig uqyqK ,d ,Sùu fjkqjg Bg m%;súreoaO ÈYdjg ,sùu l,d;=rlska isÿ jqj o th ifodia iy.; f,i i,ld ke;s njhs' fï wdldrhg ;siaiuydrdu l=regq ,smsfha w. wlaIrh È f,i ie,l+ úg wjika moh zuqÈZ hkqfjka lshúh yelsh' zuqÈZ hk m%dlD; moh ;;aNj úh yelafla ixialD; NdIdfõ zuqøZ hk mofhka fyda zuqødZ hk mofhks' fojeks mofha w¾:h yia ,l=K fyda ,dxPkh hkakg iudkh' tjeks w¾:hla fuys § fhdackd lsÍu hqla;s iy.; fkdjkafka fuu l=regq ,smsh fhdod ;sfnkafka tjeks ,dxPkhlg fyda yia i,l=Klg fkdùu ksidh' kuq;a fuys iòyka l< ixialD; zuqøZ hkafkka zuqÈZ hk jpkh ;;aNj jq f,i ie,lSu jvd ikao¾Nf.daprh' ixialD; zuqøZ hk mohg fndfyda f;areï we;;a bka tla úfYaI f;areula fj; wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu l=regq ,smsfha iuia; w¾:h mQrKhg bjy,a fjhs' fudksh¾ ú,shïia Wmqgd olajk wdldrhg Ydla; iy ;dka;%sl mqomQcd mj;ajk wjia:dj, Ndú; lrk nÈk ,o OdkH ye`Èkaùu iòyd o zuqøZ hkak fhfoa' iuia; l=regq ,smsfha wka;¾.; moj,g fï wdldrhg w¾:ksrela;s fhdackd l< úg bka lshefjkafka ''' mqr;s W;rY uqÈ '''' hkqfjks' wm idlÉPd l< mßÈ Bg Èh yels f;areu jkafka znÈk ,o OdkH msr jQ W;a;rf.a NdckhhsZ hkakhs' nÈk ,o OdkH mQcdjg iqÿiq nj

y`.jk ksid fuys § Bg zmQcd¾y OdkH msr jQ W;a;rf.a NdckhhsZ hk f;areu jqj o fhdackd l< yelsh' wod, l=regq ,smsh fldgd ;sfnkafka .eÜgla fkdue;s fikaáógr 10lg wdikak .eUqrlska hq;a ;eáhl wdldr Ndckhl (carinated bowl) jk ksid fuu f;areu Bg idl,Hfhkau .e,fmk nj fmfka' fn!oaO wdrdu fj; tjeks mdG ,shQ Ndck mQcdlsÍu wo jqj o fn!oaOhka w;r olakg ;sfnk mqreoaols' kuq;a wdpd¾h f*d,ala fhdackd lrk ziNdfõ ,sÅ; tl`.;djhsZ hk jelsh fujeks n`ÿkl flàu m%dfhda.sl f;areula we;s fohla f,i fkdfmfka' ud ñ;% wdpd¾h yeÍ f*d,ala fuu l=regq ,smsh iïnkaOfhka l%shd lrk wdldrh ;=< mj;sk fodaI folla uu olsñ' bka m%Odk jkafka Tyq fuu ,smsh lshjk wdldrfha ;sfnk ifodiaNdjhhs' l=regq ,smsfha we;eï wlaIr ol=Kq bka§h wlaIr iu`. .,mkakg m%:u fuu j<xlgq lene,a, yuq jQ Y%S ,xldfõ merKs n%dyaó ,smsj, ;sfnk úfYaI;d iu. ikaikaokh lsÍug Tyqg wjldY ;sìKs' úoajf;l= jYfhka Tyq tu újD;Ndjhg msgq md ;sfí' ud l,amkd lrk wdldrhg fojekak m<uq jEhfï Wmßuhhs' tkï Tyqg lshkakg wjYH jqfha Y%S ,xldfõ ol=Kq m<df;a óg wjqreÿ fooyilg fmr fou< cd;sl fjf<`ÿka isá njhs' kuq;a Y%S ,xldfõ mqrdK;u n%dyaó fi,a,sms ms<snòj m%dudKsl oekqula Tyqg ;snqfka kï tjekakla lshkakg fuu j<xlgqfõ l=regq rEmh Ndú; lsÍfï wjYH;djla fkdue;s nj jegfykq we;' iuyr úg wdpd¾h f*d,alaf.a jqjukdj oeka hqfrdamfha fndfyda fofkl=g fmdfydr oud me, lrkakg wjYH ù ;sfnk nj fmfkk Y%S ,xldfõ zwkshï fou< WreuhlaZ ms<snò foaYmd,k u;jdofhau Ydia;S%h iajrEmhla kï úoajf;l= jYfhka wdpd¾h f*d,ala ;ukaf.a Ydia;%Sh iajdëk;dj iy m%.,aN;dj .ek óg jvd ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= nj uf.a woyihs'

fjiai.sßfha ;sfnk n%dyaó ,smshl —o˜ wCIrh iïm%odfhka neyerj ol=Kg uqyqK ,d ,shd we;s wkaou



ixjdo

m%Yakh ( mqrdúoHd fCIa;%fha Tn meñKs ud¾.h t;rï myiq fyda ir, tlla fkdfjhs' Tng ;sfhk woaoelSï nyq,hs' m<uqfjka fï ms<snò woyia oelajqfjd;a ms<s;=r ( uu mqrdúoHd fCIa;%hg m%úIag fjkafka úYajúoHd, YsIHfhla jYfhka 1983-1984 ldf<a' uf.a úIh m:fha o¾Ykh" isxy, yd mqrdúoHdj hk úIhka ;snqKd' fïjd yodrKfldg ug by< idud¾:hla ,enqKd' t;fldg ug f;dard.kak isÿjqKd úIhla úfYAIfõos Wmdêh iòyd' uu o¾Ykh lshk úIhg;a f.dvla wdihs' o¾Ykh ms<snò uydpd¾h ohd tÈßisxy uy;dg;a ´fklula ;snqKd uu t;k rojd .kak'

kuq;a uydpd¾h fiakl nKavdrKdhl uy;dg;a úYd, ´fkalula ;snqKd mqrdúoHd l%shdldÍka jYfhka wmsj t;kg .kak' kuq;a uf.a úYd, kuH;djla ;snqKd mqrdúoHdj me;a;g' ta ksid uu mqrdúoHdj foig .shd' ug mqrdúoHdj ms<snò wdorhla we;s jqfka w;S;fha ;snqK ye`.Sul=;a tlal' uu mdGYd,d lSmhlu bf.k .;a;d' thska tlla jk ksljej uyd úoHd,fha 6 mka;sfha bf.k .kak ldf,a wms fCIa;% lghq;=j,g tlalka .shd' fï .ufka § Ydl yd i;aj foaj,a ms<snòj bf.k .;a;d' wfma biafldf,a biairy ;sfhkjd .,a.sßhdlkao lsh, l`ÿm¾j; moaO;shla' fï lkafoa .,a.=yd we;=f<a weúÈk fldg wms úYd, wdiajdohla ,enqjd' l=iqudj;s

lshk wfma .=re;=ñh ;uhs wmsg fïjg uQ,sl;ajh ÿkafka' t;=ñh wmsg mD;=úfha Wm;" Ôúkaf.a Wm;" udkj mßKduh wdÈh ms<Snòj fndfydu ,iaikg iudc wOHhkh úIh hgf;a lsh, ÿkakd' tal uf.a T¿fõ ;snqKd' b;sx mqrdúoHdjg weú,a, udkj mßKduh .ek lshk fldg uu fndfydu wdidfjka ysáh ta me;a;g hkak mq¿jka fjhs lsh,' ta ksid mqrdúoHdj úIh úfYaIfõÈ Wmdëh iòyd f;dard.;a;g miafia uu .,a hq.fha" m%d.a ft;sydisl ñksiaiq ms<snòj jeä leue;a;la oelajqjd' fïl bf.k .kak .shyu f,dl= w¾nqOldß ;;a;ajhla we;s jqKd" m<uq wjia:dfõ bo, fïlg .=renj;=ka ysgfha keye' uydpd¾h wkqr uk;=x. uy;d ;uhs fï

úIh moaO;sh uQ,sl jYfhka b.ekakqfõ' fïfla wjidk Nd.fha § wdpd¾h pkaør;ak uy;auh;a hï jevfldgila l<d' fndfyda úg m%d.a b;sydih úIhg uu wj;S¾K jqfka ;kshu' ug .,a wdhqO .ek fmdä wdYdjla we;sfj,d ;snqKq ug msÿrx., .,a.=yd lekSï iòyd mqyqKqjkakka f,i .shmiq fï wdYdj j¾Okh jqKd' fu;k § yuqjqKq .,a wdhqO iu`. ;ud uf.a m%d.a ft;sydisl Ôú;h wdrïN jqfka' iS.sßh yd oUq,a, m%foaYfha m%d.a b;sydih lsh, uu úYajúoHd, wjidk jif¾ Wmdê ksnkaOh iïmQ¾K l<d' wjdikdjlg jf.a wms úYajúoHd,fha wjreÿ y;la ysáh' tal tl me;a;lska wjdikdjla jqkdg ;j;a

ud ,nd.;a oekqu fmd;am;a" mqj;am;a yd m%ldYk u`.ska bÈßm;a lsÍu yd fCIa;% lSmhla iòyd wdpd¾h Wmdê uÜgfï YsIHfhda 25 fofkla

ks¾udKh lsÍu uf.a m%Odk bÈß b,lal folhs'

uydpd¾h .dñKs wÈldß mqrdúoHd mYapd;a Wmdê wdh;kh" le,Ks úYajúoHd,h" fld<U 07'

ixjdo igyk yd PdhdrEm

pkaÈu wUkaj," uyskao lreKdr;ak

Y%S ,xldfõ úh<s l,dmSh m%d.a ft;sydisl ia:dk ms<snò wOHhkh lrñka mqrdúoHd fCIA;%h ;=< ;u uqødj igyka l< uydpd¾h .dñKs wÈldß uy;d miqld,Skj ,xldfõ mYapd;a fufida,s;sl ixl,amh ;Sj% wkaoñka f.kyer oelaùug o m%uqL jQ úoajf;ls' iS.sÍh yd ;odY%s; w,s.," fmd;dk" msÿrx., fukau f;;a l,dmhg wh;a jdrK yd w;a;k.,a, fmd;a.==,af,k .=ydj lekSu u`.ska ,xld m%d.a ft;sydisl mqrdúoHd fCIa;%hg o w.kd odhl;ajhla oelaùug iu;a ù we;' mqrdúoHd fCIa;%fha mj;akd mgq .=rel=, fn§ï yd f.da;%Sh u;jdo mfil ,d újD; ukilska hqla;j lKavdhï YsCIKh ms<snòj úYajdih ;nd we;s ta uy;d w;a;k.,a, fmd;a.=,af,k lekSfuka ta iïnkaOfhka w.kd wdo¾Yhla ,nd § we;' Y%S ,xldfõ m%d.a b;sydih ms<snò m%ùkfhla jk t;=ud oekg le,Ks iriúfha mqrdúoHd mYapd;a Wmdê wdh;kfha uydpd¾hjrfhla jYfhka fiajh lrk w;ru úúO Ydia;%sh yd iudc wdh;k /il o úúO ;k;=re fydUjhs' Y%s ,xld mqrdúoHd{hskaf.a iNdfõ j;auka .re f,alïjrhd o jk t;=ud wNskjfhka wdrïN jQ jhU p;=rY% mqrdúoHd jHdmD;sfha wOHCIjrhd fjhs' ,dxflah mqrdúoHd fCIa;%fha Ydia;%Sh yd Ydia;%Sh fkdjk úúO .eg¿ yuqfõ l%shdldÍ odhl;ajhla olajk ta uy;d iu`. Èks;s - Y%S ,dxflah mqrdúoHdj úoHq;a i`.rdj mj;aj, ,o idlÉPdj fuys m< fõ' ,dxflah mqrdúoHdfõ hym;a fygoji fjkqfjka t;=ud olajk woyia jeo.;a jkq we;ehs wmf.a woyihs'



me;a;lska jdikdjla' fudlo úYajúoHd,h jyk ojig wfma lKavdhfï ysáh 9 fokd leoj,d uydpd¾h fiakl nKavdrKdhl lshkjd zTh <uhs wij,a jHdmD;shg hkakZ lsh,' wms f.or hkafk;a ke;sj jHdmD;shg .syska jev lrkjd' wdfha mgka .kakfldg úYAjúoHd,hg tkj' ta ksid wfkl=;a úYajúoHd, YSIHhkag fkd,efnk woaoelSula jrm%odohla wmsg fï y;a wjqreoaol ld,h ;=< ,enqKd' wmsg igka lrkak wrjg fïjg hkak wjia:dj Wod jqfka fndfydu wvqfjka' ta;a wjYH ;ekaj, § .=áneg ld, igka l<d' wms m<uqj lekSï lf<a is.Sßfha ó yrla fmdl=K (Buffalo Pond) lshk tl' ta lshkafka ngysr msúiqfuka hkfldg jï me;af;ka ;sfhk l=vd È.á fmdl=K' uydpd¾h wkqr uk;=x. yd j¾;udk mqrdúoHd wOHCI ckrd,a fikr;a Èidkdhl uy;auhd ;ud wfma mqyqKq wëCIK ks,Odßka úÈyg jev lf<a' fndfydu ;o mqyqKq ùï jevigykla ;snqfka' oeä úKhla iys;j udi foll mqyqKqjla ÿkakd' uu ys;kafka uf.a Ôú;fha l¾lIu wjia:dj' fï ldf,a f,dlfha jeäu WIaK;ajhla we;s jQ wjia:djla' byg fmd,a w;a;laj;a ke;sj ;uhs fï lekSï N+ñfha jev lf<a' fï wiSre ;;a;ajh ;uhs wmsg u. fmkakqfõ" fldfyduo mqrdúoHdj lrkafka lsh,' wms Bg miafia .=yd lSmhla we;=¿j lekSï .Kkdjla l<d' iS.sßfha w,s., .=ydj" msÿrx., .=yd ;=kla" iS.sß WfmdaI:>rh wd§ jYfhka 75-80la ú;r lekSï fï olajd lr, ;sfhkjd' fï

lekSï m%udKh we;shs lshk úYajdih ;ud oeka ug ;sfhkafka' fï .uk toaÈ úúO ÿIalr;d wmsg ;snqKd' wd¾Ól ÿIalr;d .ek t;rï ie,elSula lf<a keye' i,a,s n,df.k .shdkï wo fï .uk fu;kg tkak neye lshk tl ug úYajdihs' mqrdúoHd YsIHfhla úÈyg Èklg re' 31'25l jegqmla ;ud wmsg ,enqfKa' ta mäfhka wms fndfydu m%shckl wdldrhg fldldflda,d mdkh lrñka ;uhs fï lekSï lf<a' fjk fndkak fohla ta ldf,a ;snqfka keye' fudlo iS.sßfha j;=r îjyu wms Tlafldgu uq;%d wndO yefokak mgka .;a;d' ta jf.au uef,aßhdj ;snqKd' ug uef,aßhdj 9 j;djla yeÈ, ;sfhkjd iS.sßfha jevlrk ldf,a' tla j;djla uef,aßhdj Wiaikak fj,d ojia 3lg miafia ;uhs ug oUq,a, frdayf,a È isysh wdfõ' ta wjia:dfõ ;uhs uu okafka frdayf,a bkak nj' ta jf.au wms;a tlal jevl< ifydaorfhla yd ifydaoßhla ñh.sh wjia:d ;snqKd' fï wjia:dj, wms fndfydu lïmkhg m;ajqKd jf.au wms foudmshkg W;a;r neomq wjia:d fÄocklhs jf.au Nhdklhs' ta jf.a m%Yak;a ;snqKd' kuq;a fïj tlal wms úIfha we,S.e,S ysáhd' wfma YsIH wjêfha mqrdúoHd mYapd;a Wmdê wdh;kh wdrïN jqkd' fï wdrïNh wka;¾ úYajúoHd, moaO;shg úYd, rel=,la jqkd' uydpd¾h fiakl nKavdrKdhl mqrdúoHd mYapd;a Wmdê wdh;kh ish¿ úYAjúoHd,j,g taldnoaOj jevlsÍug újD;

iS.sßh wdikakfha we;s fmd;dk .=ydj

w;a;k.,a, w,j, fmd;a.=,af,k

jir 165la blaujd we;s Èjhsfka merKsu Ydia;%Sh ixúOdkh jk Y%S ,xld rdclSh wdish;sl ix.uh jd¾Isl j ixúOdkh lrk m¾fhaIK iïuka;%Kfha bÈßm;a lsÍu iòyd m¾fhaIK m;%sld ixCIsma; leòjd we;' fï iòyd isxy, yd bx.%Sis hk ´kEu nilska m;%sld bÈßm;a lsÍi iòyd bvlv újD; lr we;' bÈßm;a lrk m¾fhaIK m;%sld ixCIsma; my; úIh mrdi hgf;a bÈßm;a lsÍug yels w;r wod< bÈßm;a lsÍu iòyd o Wla; ´kEu nilska isÿl< yels fõ' o¾Ykh(fn!oaO" yskaÿ" ngysr idys;H úpdrh" ft;sydisl ld,fha iudch" isxy, ixialD;sl ixiam¾Yh úfYaI wjOdkh fldg.;a ol=Kq yd .sKsfldKÈ. wdishdfõ b;sydih yd ixialD;sh" ngysr yd ,xld wOHhk" Y%S ,xldfõ idys;H yd iudch" kQ;k Y%S ,xld idys;Hh" 1500ka miq isxy, idys;H yd iudch" idys;H yd k¾;kh" l,d yd fm!rdKsl;ajh" ;=<Kd;aul jd.aúoHdj" kQ;k wjëfha ,xld iudch" fjf<òdu yd ndysr iïnkaO;dj" m¾j¾;k" wNsf,aLk úoHdj" kdklúoHdj" iaudrl" mqrdlD;s" m%d.a" fm%dfgda yd ft;sydisl ckdjdi" jdßud¾. moaO;s' jpk 350 fkdhslaujk wod< m¾fhIK ixCIsma; ,smskhg" 2699249 wxlhg *elaia lsÍfuka fyda f,aLï" rdclSh wdishd;sl ix.uh" uyje,s flakaøh" 96" wdkkao l=udriajdñ udj;" fld<U 7 ,smskhg ;eme,a lsÍu u`.ska bÈßm;a l< yels w;r wod< m;%sldfõ isxy, wOHhk" o¾Ykh yd fmdÿ hk wxYhkaf.ka wod< wxYh i,l=Kq lsÍu ms<snò j wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= fõ' wod< jeo.;a Èk my; mßÈ fõ' wOHhk ixCIsma; bÈßm;a lsÍfï wjidk Èkh( 2010 ckjdß 15 f;drd.;a$fkd.;a nj oekqï §u( 2011 ckjd¾ 20 iïmQ¾K m¾fhaIK m;%sld bÈßm;a lsÍu( 2011 fmnrjdß 15 fuu iuq¿j iòyd ´kEu wfhl=g iyNd.S ùfï wjia:dj újrj we;' fuu iïfï,kfha leojqïlrejka my; mßÈh' 4 jk m¾fhaIK iïuka;%Kh - wdpd¾h ud,sks vhia isxy, wOHhk iïuka;%Kh - uydpd¾h r;akisr wrx., o¾Yk iïuka;%Kh - uydpd¾h T,sj¾ wfíkdhl

Y%s ,xld rdclSh wdishd;sl ix.ufha yhjk jd¾Isl m¾fhaIK iïuka;%Kh

2011 ud¾;= 25 yd 26



l<d' kslka ysgmq wfma úYajúoHd, úoHd¾Òka mYapd;a Wmdê wdh;khg tl;= lr.;a;d' 50-60l ú;r msßila le,Ksh" chj¾Okmqr" fld<U yd fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd, hk tajf.ka tl;= jqKd' hdmkh úYajúoHd,fhkq;a hï iïnkaO;djla ;snqKd' wms lKavdhï ye`.Sulska yd nyqúO oDIaáhlska jev l<d' mqrdúoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j" uQ,sl wOHhk wdh;kh (IFS)" cd;sl fl!;=ld.drh wd§ wdh;k;a fï jevj,g iïnkaO jqKd' msgráka wmsg jHdmD;s; lSmhlau yuq jqKd' ta ksid wmsg hï uqo,a m%udKhla ,enqKd' n;a melÜ tlla yd ,hs*a fndahs inka Nd.hla .ekSug ;sh, wmsg re' 65l uqo,la ffokslj ,enqKd' úIh yd wOHhk fCIa;%h hk folu ksid tu uqo,ska wmsg ;Dma;shla ,enqkd' fï w;r uu mqrdúoHd fomd¾;fïka;=jg;a iïnkaO jqkd' wdpd¾h fikr;a Èidkdhl uy;auhd uOHu ixialD;sl wruqof,a isg mqrdúoHd fomd¾;fïka;=jg f.dia tys z.fõIK iyldr flduidßiaZ úÈyg jev Ndr .;a;d' fï w;r Tyq ug Ndr§, ;snqK" moúh m%foaYfha mqrdúoHd ia:dk .fõIKh lrkak lsh,' uu ta jHdmD;sfha udi 6l muK ld,hla fhÈ, ysáh mqrdúoHd fomd¾;fïka;=fõ m¾fhaIK iyldr ks,Odßfhla úÈyg' ug m;aùula lsh, m<uqfjka u yuq jqfka tal' fï l%shdj,sh;a tlal 1983 § úYajúoHd,hg we;=¿ jQ wms 1990 § thska msg fjkjd' thska miafia mqrdúoHd mYapd;a Wmdê wdh;kfhka ug mqrdúoHd o¾Ykm;s Wmdêh lsÍu iòyd wjia:djla Wodlr, ÿkakd' hï uqo,a m%udKhla wmsg ,enqKd' uq<ska l< lekSï ixj¾Okh lsÍug ug fuhska wjia:dj ,enqK' iSvd-ifrla lsh, iaúvka wruqo,la mqrdúoHd mYapd;a Wmdê

wdh;khg ,enqK' tys uqo,a rfÜ úúO fCIa;%j, úoaj;=ka ìyslsÍu ioyd jeh l<d' uf.a úIh jqfka m%d.a ft;sydisl mqrdúoHdj' ta ksid wms m%d.a ft;sydisl lekSï 2la l<d iS.sßfha kef.kysr m%fõIfha ;sfnk w,s., .=ydj yd iS.sßhg wdikak fmd;dk .=ydj' fï ldf,a wfma fCIa;% wOHCI f,i jevlf<a uydpd¾h rdÊ fidaufoaj uy;d' iu wOHCI f,i jev lf<a uydpd¾h fikú tmsgj;a; uy;d' jHdmD;sfha wOHCIjreka jQfha uydpd¾h fiakl nKavdrKdhl uy;d yd uydpd¾h ueÜia fud.%ka uy;d' uq<ska w,s., y`ÿkf.k ;snqfka hlv ksIamdokd.drhla úÈyg' jhs' fla' ;siai nKAvdr yd frdaia fida,x.wdrÉÑ uy;añh ;uhs fï .=ydfõ uq<skau m¾fhaIK lekSï j,la lf<a' tajdhska m%d.a ft;sydisl idOl wkdjrKh fj,d ;snqkd' miqj fï lekSu mq¿,a lr, uu mj;ajdf.k .shd' oekg weußldfõ mÈxÑ fj,d bkak wdpd¾h m%shka; lreKdr;a; yd uu fu

lekSfï uQ,sl;ajh .;a;d' kuq;a fï lekSug yeu úYajúoHd,hlskau úYd, msßila iïnkaO fj,d ysáhd' oeka mqrdúoHd fomd¾;fïka;=fõ wNsf,aLk yd kdklúoHd iyldr wOHCI kdu,a fldä;=jlal=" wNh.sß jHdmD;sfha jHdmD;s l<ukdldr chka; r;akdhl wd§ lKavdhula' fïl lrf.k hk w;r wdpd¾h isrdka oerKsh., uy;auh;a meñK hï hï Wmfoia ,nd ÿkak' tal wmsg Yla;shla jqkd' ta jf.au ueÜia fud.%ka we;=¿ úfoaYSh lKavdhï wmg Wojq l<d' ,xldfõ isá úúO mqoa.,fhda;a fï .ek wmsg úúO woyia ÿkakd' ta woyia tla lrf.k fï lekSu isÿlr, Further Studies of

Settlement Archaeology of

The Sigiriya-Dambulla

Region lshk fmdf;a m%ldYhg m;a l<d' wyUq f,i" úydria:dkhla f.dvke.Sug mdoula ydrkak .sys,a, ,enqK idOl wkqj wmsg fmd;dk .,a.=ydj yuq jqkd' fuu ia:dkfha l< lekSu fndfydu rij;a lekSula' úYajúoHd, /ilska ieÿKq 25l muK lKavdhula udi 6-9 ld,hla lekSï l<d' lïlrefjd 20la ú;r wmsg Wojq l<d' fïjf.a úfYaI;ajh ;ud oCI mqyqKqlïlrefjda lSmfofkla yereKq úg lekSï l< ish,a,u jdf.a mqrdúoHd{fhda' mqrd-WoaNso úoHd{fhla úÈyg wdpd¾h à' wd¾' fm%au;s,l uy;d yd mqrd-ridhk úoHd{fhla úÈyg wdpd¾h w¾cqk ;ka;s,f.a uy;d wdrïNfha isgu fï lekSug iïnkaO fj,d ysáh' fï iïnkaO;d wms úêu;a miqìulg .uka lsÍug fya;= jqKd' fï lekSu .ek fndfyda i;=gqùug fya;=j ;uhs ,xldfõ úh<s l,dmfhka m%d.a ft;sydisl udkjhska 2lg wh;a iels,s yd ;j;a udkjhska 2lg muK wh;a idOl yuq ùu' fï isÿùu wfma rfÜ m%p,s; jqKd' fï ksid wms meñKs ud¾.h álla ;Sj% yd m<,a úÈyg biairyg hdug yels jqKd' fïl ;uhs m%:u wÈhr' Bg miafia ;uhs ug iyldr lÓldpd¾h ;k;=rla mqrdúoHd mYapd;a Wmdê wdh;kfha ,enqfka' fï ;k;=re ,eîu ksid i;=gla jf.au hï ia:djr njla we;s jqKd' Bg miafia mYapd;a Wmdê wdh;kfha úfYaI jHdmD;sj, yd uf.a úfYaI{;dj oela jQ m%d.a ft;sydisl fCIa;%fha lekSï l<d' YsIHfhda mqyqKq lsÍfï jevj,g;a wms fm<Uqkd' m%Yakh ( wdrïNfha isg fï olajd Tn;=ud úiska isÿl< m¾fhaIK fm<.eiaùula isÿlf<d;a'

ms<s;=r ( iS.sßfha l,dmfha jevlrñka isg wms fld<Ug wdjg miafia uf.a újdyh isoaO jqkd .ïmy Èia;%slalfhka' ta tlalu mqrdúoHd mYapd;a Wmdê wdh;khg wOHCIjrfhla wdj .ïmy Èia;%slalfhka' ta ;uhs fÊHIag mqrdúoHd{ isß ksu,a ,laÿisxy uy;d' fï fya;= ksid ish¿ foa iS.sßhg iSud fkdfldg fï me;a;g fhduqfjkak lshk n,mEu wdj' ta jf.au foaYmd,ksl mqoa.,fhda lSm fofkl=f.kq;a b,a,Sula wdjd" fufy m¾fhaIK lrkafka ke;af;a wehs lsh,' fldfydu yß fï me;a; mßCIdjg ,lal<yu wmsg meyeÈ<s jqKd fï me;af;a hula ;sfhkjd lsh,' iS.sßfha m¾fhaIK lsÍug hktk tl yd kej;s, isàu úYd, úhoula' fï úhou wju lsÍu yd úoHdm;s Wmdê wfmaCIl YsIHhka mqyqKqlsÍu lshk fya;+ fuka u myiqj niakdysr m<d;g wms wka;¾.%ykh lsÍug jqkd' fïfla m%;sM,hla úÈyg wms uq,ska u lekSï lf<a ms<sl=;a;=fõ' tys § m%d.a ft;sydisl idOl ,enqfka keye' kuq;a ms<sl=;a;=fõ .fõIKfha § úúO m%;sM, ,enqkd' È.a., lshk m%foaYfha § m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.h ksfhdackh lrk m;=re Ys,dfuj,ï úYd, m%udKhla ,enqK' wog;a fï ;;a;ajh tfyuuhs' wms fïj idïm,a lf<a keye' kuq;a fï idOl fï m%foaYfha ;sfhk nj b;du meyeÈ<shs' wms f;dard.;a .=ydj m%d.a ft;sydisl m¾fhaIK iòyd t;rï idOdrK keye' wjq,a iajrEmhla fmkakqï l<d' Bg miafia wms iuKneoao rcuyd úydrfha lekSula l<d' fï lekSu u`.ska o úYd, f;dr;=re m%udKhla ,enqfka keye' wjq,a iajNdhla jf.au kshñ; ia:dkh lekSï lsÍug fkdyels iajNdjhla ;snqK' Bg miafia yxje,a,g ióm

fCIa;%fha § isiqka oekqj;a lrñka

wms oeka mqrdúoHd fCIa;%h ;=< W.kajkafka úfoaYSh m¾fhaIK yd kHdhO¾u wdÈhfka'

kuq;a wmsg wkqrdOmqrfha mqrdúoHdj yd ol=fka-reyqfka mqrdúoHdj lsh, W.kajkak ld,h

weú,a, ;sfhkjd' fïl wfma úIh moaO;shg we;=¿ l< hq;=hs'

jdrK úydrh



wiau`v, lekSï isÿl<d' fuh id¾:l lekSula úÈyg olskak mq¿jka' m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.fha fláld,Sk jdiia:dkhla f,i Ndú; jQ ia:dkhla' fuu lekSfuka m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.h ksfhdackh lrk Ys,dfuj<ï úYd, ixLHdjla fukau Tjqka wdydrhg .;a Ydl øjHh yuq jqKd' kuq;a i;aj øjH ,enqfka keye' Bg miafia wmsg lekSï lsÍug ,enqfka jdrK .=ydj' fï lekSug tkúg wmsg úúO ye`.Sï ;snqKd' úfYaIfhka u wfma rgg wjqreÿ 40"000 ú;r §¾>ld,Sk uOHYs,d hq.hla (Mesolithic Period) ;sfhkafka' fï uOHYs,d hq.fha wka;¾ hq. ke;akï w;rueo hq.fha úp,H;djka isoaO jqkd o hkak úu¾Ykh lsÍug isoaO jqKd' fï l=;=y,h 1988 § ug uq<ska u msÿrx., lekSfï § we;s jqfka' tys § .,a wdhqO yd j<x tlg yuq jqKd' w,s.,§;a ta úÈyuhs' fmd;dk .=ydfj;a fï ;;a;ajh fï úÈygu ;snqK' w,s., .=ydfõ ;;a;ajh b;du ixlS¾Khs' wmsg fydò ld,kS¾K wkqms<sfj<la ;sfhkjd' fï lekSu lf<a 1990' kuq;a jd¾;dj msg jqfka 1994 §' fï jd¾;dfjka uu;a m%shka; lreKdr;ak uy;d;a hï m%ldYhla l<d" .,a wdhqO yd j<x tlg yuq ùu ms<snòj' fïl wjq,a ùula o tfyu ke;akï tlg ;sfnk ;;a;ajhla o lsh, wjOdkh fhduql< hq;= nj' fndfydaúg woyi ;snqfka fïl ñY%ùfï l%shdj,shla lsh,' jdrKg tkúg fï ;;a;ajh ms<snò álla ia:djr fj,d ysáh" fïl fjku hq.hla fmkakqï lrkj lshk tl' uu ys;kjd jdrK ta ;;a;ajh

b;du meyeÈ<sj fmkakqï l<d' rfÜ ck;djg jf.au mqrdúoHd fCIa;%fha by<u msßilg wms wdrdOkd l<d" meñK fï ;;a;ajh mßCId lr, woyia m<lrkak lsh,' fï lekSfï isá YsIHhska 13 fokdf.ka 11 fofklau mqrdúoHd fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ks,OdÍka ùu úfYaI isoaêhla' miqj fï ;;a;ajh keje; mßCId lsÍu iòyd mqrdúoHd fomd¾;fïka;=fjka keje; lekSula l<d' tys m%;sM,;a tuuhs' kuq;a Èkjljdkqj, fjkiaùula ;sfhkjd' fïl ielhg Ndckh ùula f,ihs uu olskafka' fudlo w`.=re ksheÈhla my<g niskak mq¿jka' m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.hg háka fmdf<dkakre hq.h ksfhdackh lrk Èkjljdkqjla ,eì, ;sfhk nj mqrdúoHd fomd¾;fïka;=fjka jd¾;d fjkjd' fïl uu cd;Hka;r uÜgfï úoHd{hkaf.ka úuid isá úg w`.=re lE,a,la my<g hkak mq¿jka nj yd tf,i ÈkkS¾K úhyels nj okajd isáhd' fï ksrfmaCI ÈkkS¾Kh fjku l;djla' kuq;a l%udj,sh foi ne¨jyu fï ;;a;ajh ;yjqre lr.ekSug l%uhla ;sfhkjkï thg wms tl`. úhhq;= nj m%ldY l<d' uu N+ mqrdúoHd;aul jev fndfyda m%udKhla l<d' wfma úYaf,aIK jev ;du;a flfrkjd tx.,ka;fha úYajúoHd, lSmhlu' tjf.a m%;sM, wdjyu jdrK fydò flakaøia:dkhla fjhs fï iïnkaOfhka' wms B,`.g fhduq jqfka w,j, fmd;a.=,af,kghs' fïl b;du ixlS¾K m%d.a ft;sydisl .=ydjla' wjdikdjlg jf.a by< mia ia;r ñksiqka bj;a lr, ;snqK' kuq;a hï hï fldgia

b;sß fj,d ;snqKd' tajdfhkq;a j<x fldgia wmg yuqfj,d ;sfhkjd' wms jd¾;dj ilia lrñka mj;skjd' kuq;a wms ;du oka kE fïj fld;rï .e,fmkjo lsh,' uu yeuodu lsjqj jf.a lKavdhï jev ms<snò fydò kso¾Ykhla w,j,' fï iòyd úYajúoHd, ish,a, tl;= jqKd' le,Ksh" Y%S chj¾Okmqr" fmardfoKsh mqrdúoHd mYapd;a Wmdê wdh;kh" mqrdúoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j" cd;sl fl!;=ld.drh" úYajúoHd, lSmhl N+f.da, úoHd wxY" uOHu ixialD;sl wruqo, wdÈ wdh;kj,ska 200lg jeä iïm;a odhl msßila iïnkaO jqKd' fï ish,a,f.au kï m%d:ñl jd¾;dfõ iòyka lr, ;sfhkjd' 2010 foieïn¾ jk úg fï lekSfï uQ,sl jd¾;dj ksu lsÍu iòyd

iQodkï lr, ;sfhkjd' w,j, lekSï lf<a óg¾ 2 « 6 « 2'5l l=vd fldgila' i;aj wiaÓ fldgia ,CI 13la ú;r" ;srejdKd m;=re ,CIhlg jvd jeä m%udKhla" wiaÓ wdhqO 700lg wdikak m%udKhla" wdydr fyda fjk;a lghq;a;la iòyd mq¿iaik ,o lel=K weg len,s ñ,shk 3la ú;r wmg yuq fj,d ;sfhkjd' fïj úYaf,aYkh lsÍug §¾> ld,hla wmg .kak isoaO jqKd' ta ksid jd¾;dj ;rula m%udohs' rgg cd;shg kshu woyila fokakkï wms jd¾;djla bÈßm;a lrkak ´fka' kuq;a zue.S kQâ,aiaZ jf.a CIKsl jd¾;djla wmsg fokak nE' uf.a o¾Yk úYdro (PhD) Wmdêh iòyd uqo,a ,enqfka ol=Kq m<df;a wOHhk lsÍug' ta ksid ug ol=Kq m<d; ms<snò wjOdkh fhduq

lsÍug isÿ jqKd' uydpd¾h rdÊ fidaufoaj uy;auh;a wdpd¾h w¾cqk ;ka;s,f.a uy;auh;a l< wdrdOkdjla wkqj uu Tjqka iu`. ol=Kq m<d;g f.dia jev l<d' uydpd¾h rdÊ fidaufoaj uy;df.a uQ,sl;ajfhka lsßkao jrdh" lsßkao f.dvdk" fmd,aì`Èj, we,af,a., yd ;Urj wd§ ia:dkj, lekSï 6la l<d' ;Urj ia:dk 2la lekSï l<d' tlla Ys,d u[acqid (cist) iqidkhla' wfkl ñksiqkaf.a ckdjdi ia:dkhla' fï lekSïj, o;a; uf.a o¾YkúYdro Wmdêh iòyd mdúÉÑ l<d' niakdysßka bj;a fj,d jevlrmq ld,hla ;ud fï ol=Kq m<df;a jev l< ld,h' wkqrdOmqrh jf.au ,xldfõ mqrdúoHdj ms<snò fydò woyila .kak mq¿jka ia:dk jYfhka wm .fõIK yd lekSï isÿl< ol=Kq m<df;a lekSï ia:dk olajkak mq¿jka' wms oeka mqrdúoHd fCIa;%h ;=< W.kajkafka úfoaYSh m¾fhaIK yd kHdhO¾u wdÈh ms<snòjhs' kuq;a wmsg wkqrdOmqrfha mqrdúoHdj yd ol=fka-reyqfka mqrdúoHdj lsh, W.kajkak ld,h weú,a, ;sfhkjd' fïl wfma úIh moaO;shg we;=¿ l< hq;=hs' fï ms<snò tkï Y%S ,xldfõ mqrdúoHdj lsh, Ydia;%m;s Wmdêhla y`ÿkajd §u iòyd wjYH f,aLk le,Ksh úYajúoHd,fha ikd:k iNdjg bÈßm;a lrkak lsh, uf.a wOHCI;=udg §, ;sfhkjd' ixialD;sl ;%sfldaKh yryd" fm!oa.,sl wNs,dIhka iòyd" úfoaYSh jHdmD;s"

lekSï isÿlrk ,o jdrK .=ydj

fmd;a.=,a f,fkka wkdjrKh jQ wiaÓ

mn¿jla



fl!;=ld.dr fomd¾;fïka;=j yryd" mqrdúoHd mYapd;a Wmdê wdh;kh" úYajúoHd, moaO;sh tl;=fj,d Y%S ,xldfõ fuf;la lrmq lekSï m%udKh uu ys;kafka

w,j, fmd;a.=,af,k lekSfuka wkdjrKh jQ .=re.,a wdf,ams; udkj

ysia ln,a fldgila

1"000lg wdikak m%udKhla we;s' iuyr úg Bg jvd jeä fjkak;a mq¿jka' fïjd iïnkaOj ,xldfõ ñksiaiqkag W.kajkak wms oeka fm<fUkak ´fka' tfyu ke;s jqfkd;a ,xldj .ek woyila .kak neye' Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sl is;shï fmd; National Atlas tfla mqrdúoHd lekSï l< ia:dk oelafjk is;shula keye' uu fï ms<snòj f;dr;=re /ialr, is;shula ks¾udKh lrk tl wdrïN lr, ;sfhkjd' m%Yakh ( f,dlfha fjk;a fndfyda rgj,g idfmaCIlj n,k úg ,xldfõ mqrdúoHd fCIa;%h hï miq.dó njla we;s njg woyia ;sfhkjd' ms<s;=r ( fïfla me;s lSmhla ug fmakjd' tl me;a;la ;uhs wdpd¾h frda,kaâ is,ajd" uydpd¾h fiakl nKavdrkdhl" wdpd¾h isrdka oerKsh., yd uydpd¾h iqo¾Yka fifkúr;ak wd§ mqrdúoHdfõ ysgmq m;dlfhda lsisfjla mqrdúoHdfjka uqo,a bmhSug fyda thska hemSug W;aidy ormq msßila fkdfjhs' Tjqka cd;Hka;r uÜgfuka wfma mqrdúoHdjg uqo,a Wmhd wmsg fCIa;%h újr lr, ÿkak wh' fudjqka

mrïmrdfjkau Okj;a wh' fudjqka oelafla ta ksid by< uÜgul mqrdúoHdjla' kuq;a wms fndfyd fofkla uOHu mx;sl fyda ÿmam;a me<eka;sfha lÜáh' wmsg /lshdj" úfkdaodxYh" Wreuh wdÈ yeu fohu jqfka fï mqrdúoHdj' wmsg Ôj;a fjkak wjYH uqo,a fydhd.kak;a ´fka fïflkau ksid wdodhulska f;drj Ôú;hu fïlg lemlr, jev lrkak wudrehs' oeka fïlg jdksc mokula w;HjYHhs' jdksc wruqKla fïlg wdfrdamKh fkdjqfkd;a ug ysf;k úÈyg fïl mj;ajdf.k hkak nE' wfma tl ld,hl ;snqK keUqrej;a tlal ixialD;sl ;%sfldaKh jf.a tajg <uhs §¾> jYfhka we§ tkak mgka .;a;' fïflka mqrdúoHdj m%p,s; fjkak mgka .;a;' kuq;a oeka fïl keje; wjmd; ;;a;ajhlg jeá, ;sfhkafka' wr m;aùï .;a;= msßi jqj;a tl;ek m,afjk iajNdjhla ;uhs ;sfhkafka' talhs f,dal uÜgñka ne¿jyu ìojeàu;a ;sfhkj lsh, fmakafka' wfkla me;af;ka ne¿jyu wfma mqyqKq l< mqrdúoHd{fhda ál mqrdúoHd isrlrefjd álla úêyghs ug fmakafka' Tjqkaf.a m¾fhaIK ysrfj,d" Tjqkag Tíng hkak úêyla kE' hk ud¾.hla kE' talg kshuqfjla kE' fï ksid w¾nqO ldß ;;a;ajhla we;sfj,d' f.da,Sh uÜgñka ne¿jyu wms jeá, lsh, fmakafka talhs' f,dalfha lÜáh tkj wfma rgg mqrdúoHdj lrkak' Tjqka iqmsß úêyg bo, iïNdjH úêyg fï mqrdúoHdj lr, wfma o;a; ál;a wrf.k .sys,a, ,shkjd' Y%S ,xldfõ mqrdúoHdj f.da,sh uÜgñka jeá, keye' fudlo uu wr

w,j, fmd;a.=,a f,fkka yuq jQ fudar u;iH o;lska

ilia l, wdNrKhla

l,ska lsjqj mqrdúoHdfõ m;dlfhda l%ufhka bj;a fõf.k hkfldg wrjf.a msßila weú,a, wmsj biair lrf.k hkjd' wfma mqrdúoHdj m<,a fj,d ;sfhkjd' kuq;a wfma mqrdúoHd{fhda ldhslj yd udkislj weo jeàug ,la fj,d' fï ;;a;ajh u`.yerùug rfÜ ish¿u foaj,a iòyd uqo,a ,efnkfldg mqrdúoHdj iòyd th ,nd fkdf.k nE' ta ksid uqo,a wrf.k id¾:l wkaoñka l<ukdlrKh lsÍu ishhg ishhlau id¾:l wkaoñka lr.ekSug wmsg yels jqfka keye" wfma mj;sk jHqyd;aul yd ffk;sl .eg¿ yd fjk;a lreKq ksid' mqrdúoHdfõ Okdfrdams; w.hla ke;sj ukao.dój isák wh;a tlal igkla f.kshkak nE' tlaflfkla lrkak nE lshk fldg ;j oyfofkla tal lrkak bÈßm;a fjkjd' ta lshkafka fydò l%uhg tlaflfkla tl`. fjkfldg ;j oyfofkla fydò ke;s l%uhg tl`. fjkjd' ta ksid iodpdrd;aul jYfhka hï miq.dñ ;;a;ajhla we;s fj,d ;sfhkjd' fïl wmsg ke;s lr.kak neßlula keye' ta jf.au mqrdúoHd fCIa;%fha bkak whg kdhl;ajh ms<snò úYajdikSh;ajhla keye' tal ;uhs wmsg ;sfhk m%Odku m%Yakh' kuq;a lekSï ;dCIKh" uqøK lghq;= wdÈ foa ne¿fjd;a wfma jeàula keye' mqrdúoHd fomd¾;fïka;=fõ mqrdúoHd i;sh wrka n,kak' iuyr m;%sldj, .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajh ms<snò hu hï .eg¿ ;snqK;a m;%sld úYd, m%udKla tkjd' we;a;gu wms taj .ek fidhdn,ka

ke;s tlhs m%Yakh' wks;a tl rfÜ m,jk ,smsf,aLk' taj Èyd ne¨jyu wfma lÜáh ksfødam.; keye lsh, fmakjd' hï WodiSk njla ;ud ;sfhkafka' fïl f.dvk`.kak mq¿jka' uu ys;kafka f,dalfha by<u uÜgul wms hï ld,hl ysáhd' t;k bo, wms hï m%udKhlg my<g weú;a ;sfhkjd yer iïmQ¾Kfhkau my<g weú;a kE lsh,hs ug ysf;kafka' fï ksid wmsg ksy`v m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh lrkak neye' l<ska uu lsjqj m;dl mrïmrdj ÿ¾j, tfyu ke;akï wl%sh fjoaÈ uf.a mrïmrdj oeka fïl w;g .kak ´fka' t;a wfma whf.a úksúo Ndjhla keye' tl tl fm!oa.,sl kHdh m;% l%shd;aul lrkak hk ksid wmsg wjYH b,lalh imqr.kakd neß fj,d ;sfhkjd' wfma rfÜ oeka bkak w;rueo mrïmrdj fïlg hï m%udKhlg j.lshkak ´fka' fpdaokd lrkjd fkfjhs' Tjqkaf.a ld¾hh B,`. mrmqrj,a ;=kla tfyu ke;akï uÜgï ;=kla yo, ;sfhk tlhs' wfma mrmqrg ;j wjqreÿ 10-15l ld,hla ;sfhkjd' fï ld,h m%fhdackhg wrf.k tl tl úIh ms<snò WfoHda.hla

uu fhdackd lrkjd fï rgg w¨;a ;k;=rla úoyg Wreu flduidßia (Heritage Commisoner) flfkla' Tyq mqrdúoHd o;a;hkaf.a Ndrldrhd jYfhka l%shdlrkak ´fka' fï o;a; l%udKql+,j .nvd lr, úêu;aj fnod yßkak ´fka' fïfla idodpdrh .ek;a jevms<sj,la ilia lrkak;a ´fka'

w,j, fmd;a.=,af,k lekSï mßY%h



wdYdjla ;sfhk mqoa.,hska ;uka ,`.g wrf.k Èidmdfudla kHdfhka Tjqka f.dvke`.sh hq;=hs' ta jf.au Tjqka yqol,d lsÍu;a fkdl< hq;=hs' tfyu lf<d;a wmsg flá ld,hlska f.dv tkak mq¿jka' m%Yakh ( fï ms<snò mqrdúoHd{hkaf.a iNdjg mejÍ we;s ld¾hh l=ula o@ ms<s;=r ( fï i;=j úYd, ld¾hNdrhla ;sfhkjd' miq.sh ld,fha fïfla fjkila lrkak wms m%n, W;aidyhla oerejd' uu l<ska mqrdúoHd iNdfõ f,alï fj,d jir foll ld,hla lghq;= l<d' kuq;a ta fjkfldg uu ysáh ,dnd, ;;a;ajh ksid tal wid¾:l jqKd' oeka kej; uu fïfla f,alï ;k;=rg m;a fj,d bkakjd' oeka udihlg jrla md,l iNdj (Board Of Governers) /ia fj,d úúO ;Skaÿ;SrK .kakjd' oeka fndfydu WKqiqï' mqrdúoHd{hkaf.a iNdfõ uQ,sl fjkialï lrkak l%ufõo ilia lr, ;sfhkafka' tlla ;uhs fïfla fuf;la ;snqKq újD; Ndjh hï ;rulg wdjrKh l< hq;=hs lshk woyi' wêidudðl (Fellow-FSLCA)" idudðl (Member-MSLCA)" iydh iudðl (Asociate

Member)" ,shdmÈxÑ idudðl (Registerd Member) yd YsIH idudðl (Student Member) lsh, wmsg oeka idudðl;aj j¾. 5la ;sfhkjfka' kuq;a fï jHqyfha bÈßfha § iydh idudcsl lshk tflka by< idudðl;ajhla .kak kï Tyq" weh fyda tu iajdóka jykafia ;ukaf.a m<uq Wmdêh iòyd mqrdúoHd úfYaIfõ§ Wmdêhla lr, ;sfhka ´fka' tfyu ke;s wfhl=g ,shdmosxÑ idudðlfhla olajd hkak mq¿jka' kuq;a mqrdúoHdj iòyd úYsIag fiajdjla l< úfYaI mqoa.,fhla bkakjkï Tyqg .re idudðl;ajhla fyda fjk;a idudðl;alhla Èh yels wdldrhg fïl bÈßfha § ixfYdaOkh lsÍughs hkafka' oekg wfma mk; wkqj iydh idudðl;ajfha by< whg muKhs zmqrdúoHd{Z lshk tl Ndú; lrkak mq¿jka fjkafka' kuq;a wfma wh mqrdúoHd{ lshk tl Ndú; lrkak leu;s keye' fï rfÜ ck;djg"

wdKavqj,g ksYaÑ; .eUqre ye`.Sula ;yjqre fj,d keye lsh, ;uhs ug ysf;kafka' mqrdúoHd{hdf.a ld¾hNdrh ms<snòj' ta ksid Tjqka oekqj;a lsÍfï j.lSula wms i;=hs' mqrdúoHd{hska úÈyg wms ;uhs wdKavqjg" ck;djg taj .ek lsh, fokak ´fka' rgl mqrdúoHd /flkafka ke;akï tu rgg fmkajkak fohla ke;s fjkjd' wfma rgg tk úfoaYslfhl=g wms fmkajk w;S;h tfia wdrCId lf<a ke;akï wms b;sydihla ke;s ck;djla' hï hï ÿIalr;d mej;sh;a bÈßfha § wms ta ld¾hh mgka .kakjd' fï ms<snò úfYaI ,sms ud,djla yd rEmjdysks jevigyka ud,djla wdrïN lrkak ie,iqï lrf.k isákjd' wfma mqrdúoHd{hkaf.a iNdj iïnkaO lrf.k" mqrdúoHd{hkaf.a iNdj hkq l=ula o@ talg we;s n,h l=ula o wd§ ldrKd tys § biau;= lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjkjd' iuyr jev lsÍfï § mqrdúoHd wOHCI ckrd,a

;=ud;a wirK fjkjd' oeka ;sfhk mk; wkqj iuyr ;SrK iïnkaOfhka wjidk n,h wod< úIh Ndr weu;sjrhdg mejß, ;sfhkafka' fïl tÉpr fydò l%shdj,shla fkdfjhs' yenehs fome;a;la ;sfhkjd' weu;sjrhdf.a fydòkrl wkqjhs ;SrKh l%shd;aul fjkafka' tfyu lsh, iïmQ¾K n,;, wOHCI ckrd,ajrdhdg §u;a uu olsk úÈyg fydò fohla fkfjhs' fudlo Tyqg;a mq¿jka wjYHkï w;a;fkdau;sl fjkak' ta ksid w;rueÈ ;;a;ajhlg hd hq;=hs lshk woyfihs uu

bkafka' ta ksid fï n,h mqrdúoHd{hkaf.a iNdjg ;sìh hqq;=hs' úIh Ndr weu;s;=ud" mqrdúoHd wOCI ckrd,a;=ud yd mqrdúoHd iNdj tl;= fj,d ;SrK .ekSu jvd fydòhs lshk woyia wkqj wfma mk; ixfYdaOkh lsÍughs hkafka' fï iNdj mj;ajdf.k hdfï § uQ,Huh .eg¿;a mj;skjd' l<ska ysáh .re wud;Hjßh wmsg fmdfrdkaÿ jqkd remsh,a ñ,sshkh olajd uqo,la ,nd fokak' uu ys;kafka fï mdr tu uqo, wmsg ,eì, ;sfhkjd" mqrdúoHd{Hkaf.a iNdj mj;ajdf.k hdu iòyd' iNdfõ wld¾hCIu;dj ksidu mqrdúoHd{hkag;a iNdj .ek úYajdihla ke;s fj,d' ta ksid wms Tjqka Èkd .ekSu;a lrkak ´fka' tal wfma m<uq ld¾hh' fjí wvúhla yd

w,j, fmd;a.=,a f,fkka yuq jQ uqyqÿ fn,slgqjlska

ilia l< mn¿jla

fn!oaO wOHhkh ms<snò 6 jk cd;sl iïfï,kh

Y%S chj¾Ok úYAjúoHd,fha md<syd fn!oaO wOHhk wxYh yd nqäiaÜ ghsï Ndrh iy fndÿ iyk wruqo, taldnoaO j ixúOdkh lrk ,o fn!oaO wOHhkh ms<snò cd;sl iïfï,kh foieïn¾ ui 5 fikiqrdod yd 6 bßod hk foÈk ;=< § fld<U 7" fn!oaOdf,dl udjf;a wxl 400 ork ia:dkfha msysá iuia; ,xld ldka;d fn!oaO iïfï,k Yd,dfõ § id¾:l wkaouka meje;aúK' fuu iuq¿j fujr ixúOdkh lr ;snqfKa yhjk j;djgh' Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,fha l=,m;s uydpd¾h mQcH fn,a,kaú, úu,r;k iajdóka jykafiaf.a m%Odk wdrdê;;ajfhka meje;s fuu iïfï,kfha iudrïNl foaYkh uydpd¾h pkaød úl%u.uf.a uy;d úiska hk ud;Dldj hgf;a isÿlsßug kshñ; j ;sìK' ,xld Ydia;%Sh úIh fCIa;%fha m¾fhaIK ixialD;shla we;s lsÍfï wruqK yd kjl m¾fhaIlhka iòyd cd;sl uÜgfï Ydia;%Sh iïuka;%Khla iòyd iyNd.S ùfï wjia:dj ,nd§u fuu iïfï,kh ixúOdkh lsÍfï m%Odk wruqKq jYfhka iïfï,kfha leojqïlre wdpd¾h fyaud .=K;s,l uy;añh úiska olajk ,§' fuu foÈk iïuka;%Kh iòyd nqÿoyu" fn!oaO wOHhk" NdIdj" b;sydih" mqrdúoHdj" l,dYs,am" jdia;=úoHdj wd§ fCIa;% /ila wdjrKh lrñka m¾fhaIk m;%sld 40lg wdikak m%udKhla isxy, yd bx.%Sis hk foniska u bÈßm;a lr ;sìK' fuu m¾fhaIK m;%sld w;=ßka jeä m%udKhla kjl m¾fhaIlhka úiska bÈßm;a lr ;sîu fuu iïfï,kfha úfYaI;ajhla úh' iïudKs; uydpd¾h T,sj¾ wfíkdhl" wdpd¾h mQcH NslaLq jrfoda ysñ" mQcH wl=/áfha kkao ysñ" uydpd¾h {dkodi fmf¾rd" wdpd¾h mQcH kdhsU, OïuOiaiS ysñ" wdpd¾h ud,sks vhia yd uydpd¾h mQcH b;a;oeu,sfha bkaoidr ysñ wd§ úh;=ka úiska tla tla ieis iòyd iNdm;S;ajh orñka ;reK Ydia;%{hka iòyd yrj;a u`.fmkaùula lsÍug W;aidy ork ,§'

mqrdúoHd{hka ms<snò o;a; we;=¿ l< o;a; .nvdjla wms ks¾udKh lrf.k hkj' fïl we;a;gu ff;%NdIslj isÿl< hq;a;la' cd;sl yd cd;Hka;r jYfhka wfma mqrdúoHdj m%Yak lsÍug yd ta iu`. iïnkaO ùug fïl fydò l%ufõohla fõú' m%Yakh ( Tn;=ud ks;ru lshk fohla ;uhs cd;sl Wreuh yd mqrdúoHd o;a; iïnkaOfhka zcd;sl o;a; moaO;shl wjYH;djZ yd o;a; yqjudrej .ek' fudllao fïfla we;s jeo.;alu' ms<s;=r ( oeka wms lshkjd fï rfÜ ñksiqkag mqrdúoHdfõ jákdlu f;afrka kE lsh,' ta ;;a;ajhg j.lsjhq;af;da wms' fudlo wms ydr, f.dvg .kak fï jákd o;a; ck;dj w;g m;alr, kE' fïj yodrkak neß fj,d ;sfhkafka ta ksid' tl fjkafka wmsg o;a; nexl=jla



ke;s fya;=fjka' wfma iduQysl jevms<sfj<la kEfka' t;fldg ta jefâ ukao.dó fjkjd' WodyrKhla úÈyg uu lrmq fndfyda lekSï lf<a lKavdhï jevla tfyu ke;akï iduqysl jevla úÈyg' uu fmd;dk lekSï lroaÈ ug ,enqKq m%Odk o;a; j¾. fol ;ud .,a wdhqO yd i;a;=kaf.a wiaÓ' .,a wdhqO iïnkaOfhka uu uf.a o¾Ykm;s Wmdêh lr," tflka m;%sld lr, tal hï uÜgulg ÈhqKq l<d' kuq;a 1990 l< fï lekSfï ;sfhk i;aj wjfYAI uu fndfydu wudrefjka <ufhl=g §, taflka tl fldgila mdúÉÑ lr, o¾Ykm;s Wmdêhla l<d jir .dKlg miafia' ;j úYd, fldgila b;sß fj,d ;sfhkjd' jev lrf.k hkfldg jHd>%hdf.a weglgq" fldáfudard jeks i;=kaf.a weglgq yuq fjkjd' uu fïl oek.kafka 2010 §' t;fldg uf.a lekSï jd¾;dj wiïmQ¾Khsfka' fïlg fya;=j o;a; nexl=jla ke;s tl yd fnodyeÍula ke;s tlhs' kuq;a uu fï rfÜ isák yefudagu wdrdOkd l<d' kuq;a wjdikdjlg l%ufõohla ;snqfka ke;s ksid fïl isoaO jqfKa keye' wms lrk m¾fhaIKj, o;a; álla fmkajkak ´fka' t;fldg ;uhs flfkl=g m¾fhaIK lrkak mq¿jka fjkafka' mqrdjia;= lshkafka wfma nQo,hla fkfjhsfka' fïj uyckhdf.a foaj,a' we;a;gu uyckhdg jrm%idohla ;sfhkjd" fïj foka ke;af;a wehs lshk tl .ek mqrdúoHd wOHCI ckrd,af.ka m%Yak lrkak' ljqrej;a tfyu lf<a keye' oeka wms l;dlrKjd ol=Kq wdishdfõu merKs udkjhd .ek' kuq;a fldfyo fïl m%o¾Ykh lr, ;sfhkafka' fïl we;s wmg ixpdrl jHdmdrh ÈhqKq lrkak' wms fydò fl!;=ld.dr álla yòkak ´kE úIh uÜgñka' m¾fhaIK ms<snò uQ,sl jd¾;dj,ska miqj wfma o;a; iòyd o;a; YdLdjla ;sfhkak ´fka' uu fhdackd lrkjd fï rgg w¨;a ;k;=rla úoyg Wreu flduidßia (Heritage

Commisoner) flfkla' Tyq fï o;a;hkaf.a Ndrldrhd jYfhka l%shdlrkak ´fka' fï wkdÈu;a o;a;

l%udKql+,j .nvd lr, úêu;aj fnod yßkak ´fka' fïfla idodpdrh .ek;a jevms<sj,la ilia lrkak ´fka' m%Yakh ( ,xldfõ hg.shdj biau;= lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk fhdjqka mqrdúoHd{hka .;hq;= u`. l=ula o@ ms<s;=r ( fuÉpr mqrdúoHd{fhda bkak rgla uu ys;kafka fï iSudfõ ;j;a ke;sj we;s' wfma keUqrej yd úKh ;=< fhdjqka mqrdúoHd{fhda mqrdúoHdj m%Yak lrk ;;a;ajhg wo weú;a ;sfhkjd' kHdh" ;¾l" O¾u ish,a, mdúÉÑ lrñka tys jdkscuh jákd ;;a;ajh wjfndaO lrf.k" tys mqrdúoHd;aul ft;sydisl wd§ yEu ;;a;ajhlau ie,els,a,g f.k jev lrk ;;a;ajhg wfma ;reK mqrdúoHd{fhda m;a fjñka bkakjd' uf.a fhdackdj ;ud fï ld¾hh iòyd wms hïlsis W;afm%arlhla imhkak ´fka' Tyq iajhx úkhla iys; wdpdrO¾u moaO;shlg k;= lrkak ´fka' wOHhk iïnkaOfhka Tjqkf.a Yla;sh by< uÜgulg f.akak ´fka' mqrdúoHd{hkaf.a iNdfõ§;a wms fï .ek l;dl<d' jr<;a ;;a;ajh ,nd§fï § wms hï mdGud,d m%udKhla ilia lr< Tjqkg ta iïnkaOfhka WmÍu mqyqKqjla ,nd Èh hq;=hs' m%Yakh ( mßk; mqrdúoHd{fhl= jYfhka Tn;=udf.a bÈß m¾fhaIK n,dfmdfrd;a;=' ms<s;=r ( uf.a jhi oeka wjqreÿ 50hs' ug úYajúoHd, moaO;sfha jevlrkak ;sfhkafka ;j wjqreÿ 15hs' uu mqrdúoHd fCIa;%fha oekg jir 25lg jeä ld,hla kshe,s,d isákjd' ug hï oekqula ;sfhkjdkï uu fïl Wmhd.;af;a miq.sh wjqreÿ 25l ld,h ;=< lemlsÍfuka yd uykaisfhka' ug uf.a ;;a;ajfha fyda uu wNsNjd hdyels mqoa.,fhla ks¾udKh lrkak wjqreÿ 15l ld,hla wju jYfhka wjYHhs lshk u;fha bkafka' ta ksid uu oeka jir 50 iSudfõ ysáh;a fmdÿfõ ys;kjd wvqu jYfhka 25 fofklaj;a fï bÈß ld,fha ks¾udKh l< hq;=hs lsh,' wvqu jYfhka o¾YkY+Í

Wmdê uÜgfï 25 fokla bÈß ld,fha ks¾udKh lsÍu uf.a j.lSu úÈyghs uu ys;kafka' rcfha jegqma ,nk fiajlfhla úÈyg fïl lrkak uu neÈ, bkakjd' wksla ldrKh ;uhs fï úIh by<g Tijd ;eîula l< hq;=hs' jir 15la .ek uu ys;=j;a bÈß jir 10 ;=< uu fïl lrkak W;aidy lrkjd' fudlo wjreÿ 65 jkf;la ug bkak mq¿jka jqk;a wjidk ld,fha wfma YdÍßl udkisl uÜgu ÿ¾j, fjkak mq¿jka' fï ;;a;ajh uu woaoel, ;sfhkjd' uydpd¾h fiakl nKavdrKdhl fndfydu Yla;siïmkak mqoa.,fhla úoyg ysáh' Tyqf.a úYajdih jqfka úY%du wrf.k úYd, jevfldgila lsÍug ;sfhk njhs' uu .;a; oekqu ms<snò fmd;am;a ,shkak" m%ldYk lrkak wd§ jYfhka' kuq;a we;a;gu úY%du .;a;g miafia isÿjqfka Tyq wikSmNdjhg m;a ùu' ta ksid Tyqf.a n<dfmdfrd;a;= ish,a, bgqlr.kak neß jqKd' uu ys;k úÈyg fïl fydo mQ¾jdo¾Yhla' wms úY%du wrf.k ,shkak bo, yßhkafka keye' ta ksid bÈß 10 jir uf.a YsIHhkg by<u mqyqKqjla ,nd §, Tjqkg wdpd¾h Wmdêh ,nd§u yd ud W.;a foa yd ud lekSï u`.ska ,nd.;a foa uyck;djg ,nd §u iòyd lem lrkjd' fï oYlh ;=< uu lekSï lsÍug wfmaCId lrka kE' lekSï fldg oekg .nvdj, we;s oE ms<snò m¾fhaIK isÿlsÍu yd YsIHhka mqyqKq lsÍu yer lekSï lr, uf.a B,`. wd;auhg jev b;=re lrkak uf.a wfmaCIdjla keye' kuq;a uu ksIamdokh lsÍug ys;k 25 fokdg lekSï 25la lsÍu iïnkaOfhka uf.a rel=,la ;sfhkjd' Tjqka lekSï 2 ne.ska 50la l<;a lula keye' ta iòyd uf.a mQ¾K iyfhda.h ,nd§ug uu yeu fõf,au ne§ isgkjd' ta wkqj uf.a m%Odk b,lal fol ud ,nd.;a oekqu fmd;am;a" mqj;am;a yd m%ldYk u`.ska bÈßm;a lsÍu yd fCIa;% lSmhla iòyd wdpd¾h Wmdê uÜgfï YsIHfhda 25 fofkla ks¾udKh lsÍuhs' Tn;=udf.a Bfï,a ,smskh( [email protected]

NsCIQka yeg kulf.a brKu ;SrKh l< lKsrcdkq;siai rcq uydodál uydkd. rcqf.a nd, mq;%hd jQ lKsrdcdkq;siai l=ure ;u jeäuy¨ fidfydhqre wduKav .dñKs wNh rcq >d;kh fldg ,laÈj md,lhd njg m;a úh' f;jirla jQ lKsrdcdkq;siai rdcH iuh ms<snò j uydjxifha iòyka tlu ft;sydisl f;dr;=r jkafka iE.sßh ^ñyska;,h& úydrfhys fmdfydh f.hs rcq l< wêlrK úksYaphlska rcq uerùug l=uka;%Kh l< ÿYaYS, NsCIQka ieg kula w,a,d iE.sßfhys u jQ lKSr kï m¾j;fhka my<g fy<d >d;kh lsÍfï isoaêhhs' NsCIQka iegkula lKSr m¾j;fhka my<g fy¿E neúka ;siai kï jQ l=ureg lKSr kï úreoh ,enqKq fyhska lKsrcdkq;siai kñka m%lg jQfha h' jirl oeyeñ md,khla ( pQ,dNh rdcH iuh lKsrcdkq;siai rcqf.a f;jirl md,k iufhka miq ,laÈj md,k n,hg m;a jQfha wduKav.dñKs wNh rcqf.a mq;a pQ,dNh l=urehs' wkqrdOmqrhg ol=Kq foiska f.daKl fyj;a f;riq¿.,a ^f:rpq,a,.,a,& kñka úydrhla lrùh' pQ,dNh rdcH iuh ms<snò tlu jeo.;a Ydiksl fiajdj f,i uydjxih olajkafka f;riq¿.,a úydrh bÈlsÍu muKls' ,laÈh md,k n,h fyU jQ fojk ldka;dj( iSj,s ìij pQ,dNh rcqf.a jirl rdcH iufhka miq j wduKav .dñKs wNh rcqf.a ÈhKsh jQ iSj,S l=ußh ,laÈj md,sldj njg m;a jQjd h' pQ,dNh rcqf.a o ke`.Ksh jQ isj,S l=ußh isõuil ld,hla ,laÈj md,kh fyU jQjd h' f¾j;S hk kduh isxy, uQ,dY%j, iSj,S l=ußh ye`Èkaùu iòyd Ndú; fldg we;' Ô'mS' iór m%ix.

,xldfõ md,lfhda



ye`Èkaùu kQ;k udkjhd —wm%sldfjka kslauhdfï kHdh˜ (out-of

Africa theory) wo Èk fndfyda f,i l;dnyg;a jdoújdoj,g;a ,la j we;s ud;Dldjls' ir,j olajf;d;a fï kHdfhka lshfjkafka wm%sldfõ Wm; ,o Homo sapiens bka kslau f.dia f,dj jHdma; jQ wdldrhhs' mqrdúoHd{hska" Ys,d fuj,ï ms<snò úfYaI{hska fukau cdk ms<snò m¾fhaIKj, ksr; ù we;s úoaj;=ka o wo fï kHdh iu`. .efgñka isá;s' wjidk jir 20 we;=<; § Homo sapiens ms<snò l< m¾fhaIKj,g wkqj fmkShkafka uE; ma,hsiafgdiSkfha (late

Pleistocene) wÈka jir 150"000lg fmr ^fuh iuyr úg wÈk jir 200"000-260"000 w;r ld,jljdkqjlg jqj o wh;a úh yelsh'& kef.kysr wm%sldfõ § fï udkjhd mßudKh jQ njhs(Cameron

& Groves, 2004). fï l;dj f.dvke.Su iòyd Ys,d fuj,ï" udkj f*dis," uhsgfldkaä%h,a ã' tka' ta' (mitacondrial DNA) yd jhs-fl%dfudfidaï (Y-

Chromosome) ms<snò lreKq wdodr lr .eKsk' kQ;k DNA m¾fhaIK m%;sM,j,g wkqj Homo sapiens ^fu;eka isg kQ;k udkjhd hkqfjka fï ,smsfha iòyka fõ& mßKduh ù fyj;a Wm; ,nd iq¿ lf,lska úYd, fn§ula isÿ ù we;' fï wkqj wo wm%sldfõ Ôj;ajk fndfyda ckfldgia tla md¾Yjhlg;a" wm%sldfõu jdih lrk nqIaukajre (Bushmen) ^1 rEmh& wfkla

md¾Yajhg;a wh;a fõ' tfukau fï mÍlaIKj,ska fmkS hk ;j;a lreKla jkafka kQ;k udkjhdf.a b;sydifha hï ld,jljdkqjl mßirfhka jòùug wdikaku ;;ajhlg m;a jQ njh' fndfyda úg fuhg fya;= jkakg we;af;a kef.kysr wm%sldfõ isÿ jQ oreKq ksh`.hla nj fï wdlD;sh ;=< úia;r flf¾' flfia jqj o wjidkfha udkjhd f,dj mqrd me;sr .sfha rxpq 40lska jeks iq¿ msßilf.ka nj ikd: ù we;' by; DNA

m¾fhaIKj, m%;sM,j,g wkqj fï jòùug wdikak yd fï wiSre ld, mßÉfþoh chf.k Ôj;aj we;af;a 2"000 muK jQ iq¿ udkj msßils'

.sKsfldk È. wdishdjg" bkaÿkSishdjg" uef,aishdjg yd bka wk;=rej wkaouka ¥m;aj,go meñKsfha wvqu ;rñka wÈka jir 55"000g by; § jqj o th wÈka jir 60"000g fyda 65"000lg m%:u jkakg we;ehs o wkqudk l< yels njh ^2 rEmh&' íafÜ%,shdkq cd;sl úYajúoHd,fha mqrdúoHdj yd udkj úoHd wxYfha fâúâ nq,afnla (David Bulbec)

Current Anthropology, 2007 m%ldYkhg Ydia;%Sh ,smshla imhñka m%ldY lrkafka kq;k udkjhd wm%sldfõ isg bkaÈhka id.rfha W;=re ;Srh Tiafia kef.kysr foig ixl%uKh ùu wÈka jir 75"000 g fmr isÿ jQ njhs ^3 rEmh&' fu,ia yd nq,afnla fom<u mjik kQ;k udkjhdf.a wdishdkq me;sÍu yd iïnkaO l;dj m%Odk jYfhkau Yla;su;a ù we;af;a uhsgfldkaä%h,a ã'tka'ta' m%;sM, u;h' óg iu.dój kQ;k udkjhd

kQ;k udkjhdf.a úisÍu (Dispersal of modern

human) flaïì%Ê úYajúoHd,fha mqrdúoHd wxYfha fmda,a fu,ia (Paul Mellars) —wm%sldfjka kslau hdfï kHdfha˜ oejeka; yjq,alrefjls' jir 2006 § Science m%ldYhg m;alrk ,o fï kHdh yd iïnkaO Ydia;%Sh ,smsh fuu kHdh wdlD;sh ;=< úYd, ld¾hNdrhla bgq lrkq we; (Mellars, 2006)' fu,¾ia olajk wkaoug kQ;k udkjhd wm%sldfõ Bidk fmfofia jQ r;= uqyqÿ uqjfodrg by<ska wrdìhg iy ol=Kq wdishdjg ixl%uKh jQfha iuyrúg wÈka jir 50"000g by; § h' fï m¾fhaIKj,ska ,o m%;sM, wkqj fhdackd jkafka wm%sldfjka kslauqKq fï udkjhd b;d iS>%j fjr< ;Srh Tiafia ol=Kq wdishdjg"

kQ;k udkj me;sÍu

kQ;k udkjhd zwm%sldfjka kslau hdfï kHdhZ yd Y%S ,xldj

le¿ï k,skao ukfïkaø-wdrÉÑ

jkÔú Wreu Ndrh

1 rEmh' nqIaukajre (Bushmen)' kQ;k udkjhd fyj;a Homo sapiens mßKduh ù iq¿ lf,lska úYd, fn§ula isÿ ù wo wm%sldfõ Ôj;ajk fndfyda ckfldgia tla md¾Yjhlg;a" wm%sldfõu jdih lrk nqIaukajre wfkla md¾Yajhg;a fn§ fjka jQ nj cdkúoHd;aulj ;yjqre ù we;'

i;a;aj mqrdúoHd lafIa;%h ;=< jir 20l m,mqreoaola we;s le¨ï ukfïkaø-wdrÉÑ uy;d nq,;aisxy, *dyshka.," l=reúg ngfodTf,k" ls;=,a., fn,sf,k" iS.sßh wi, fmd;dk yd w,s.," lE.,a, w`Mf,k" w,j, fmd;a.=,af,k" udf;dg" wkqrdOmqr we;=,a k.rh wd§ m%d.aft;sydisl yd ft;sydisl leKSïj,ska ,o i;a;aj wjfYAI y`ÿkd.ekSu yd úYaf,aIKh i|yd idNd.s ù we;' Y%S ,xldfõ ÔjúoHd;aul wOHhk iòyd m%uqL odhl;ajhla olajk t;=ud úfYaIfhka Wr. yd WNh Ôù m¾fhaIKhkayS ksr;j isà' ma,hsiafgdiSk hq.fha YS% ,xldfõ jHd>%hd Ôj;ajQ njg l< wKdjrKh iòyd;a" Ôj úµd;aul wOHhk iòyd;a 2004 yd 2006 ckdêm;s iïudk ysñlr.;a fu;=ud le,Ksh úYajúoHd,fha ndysr l:dldpdrhjrfhl= f,iska o fiajhlrhs'



weußldjg jHdma; ùu o uE;ld,Sk ma,hsiafgdiSkfhaaa isÿ jQ nj ikd: ù we;' fglaidia úYajúoHd,fha udkjúoHd wxYfha fgâ f.dbfn,a we;=¿ msßi (Ted

Goebel et al., 2008) jir 2008 § Science m%ldYkhg Ydia;%Sh ,smshla imhñka fy<s lrkafka ;ks

ihsîßhdkq kQ;k udkj .ykhla (singal Siberian

population) fnßx f.dvìï ;Srefjka (Bering Land

Bridge) W;=re weußldkq l,dmhg we;=¿ jQ njh' fï meñKSu wÈka jir 30"000 lg fumsg isÿ jQ nj kQ;k cdk úoHd;aul idOl u`.ska Tmamq ù we;' f.dbfn,a

we;=¿ msßi ;jÿrg;a mjikafka fï W;=re weußldkq ixl%uKh fndfyda ÿrg wÈka jir 22"000lg miqj isÿjkakg we;s njh' flfia jqj o Tjqka olajk wkaoug wÈka jir 16"500lg wh;a ld,jljdkqjl isÿjkakg we;ehs wkqudk flf¾' W;=re yd ol=Kq weußldkq mqrdúoHd;aul

idOl u; ,eî we;s ld,jljdkq i<ld ne,Sfï § ikd: jkafka kQ;k udkjhdf.a weußldkq ixl%uKh wÈka jir 15"000lg fmr isÿ jQ njhs' ud fuys § f.dbn,a we;=¿ msßilf.a weußldkq ixl%uK ld,jljdkqj f.kyer oelajQfha wdishdkq ixl%uK yd ikaixokd;aul j is;dne,Sug fhduq lsÍula f,ih' fuu idlÉPdjg wm kej;;a fu,¾iaf.a m%;sM, wkqj wdishdj yd íafÜ%,shdj foig fhduq lruq' íafÜ%,shdjg;a tA wi, msysá ksõ.skshdj yd ta wdY%s; ¥m;aj,g;a kQ;k udkjhdf.a me;sÍu ms<snòj fkdfhla u; yd jdoújdo we;' wÈka jir 37"000la merKs ia;rKhla iys; l=reúg msysá ngfodUf,kg fndfyda f,i iudk;d olajk fnda¾ksfhda ¥mf;a irjlays msysá kshd (Niah) .=ydfjka oekg ,eî we;s ld,kS¾Khka w;sYhskau jeo.;a fõ' kshd .=ydfjka yuq ù we;s ldhúÉfþok úoHdkql+, idOlj,g wkqj kQ;k udkj ckdjdiùu wÈka jir 46"000lg muK fmr isÿ ù we;s nj ikd: ù we;' mqrdúoHd{hkaf.a yd udkjúoHd{hkaf.a u;h ù we;af;a kshd .=ydfõ udkj .ykfhka iuyrla wvqu ;rñka lsf,daóg¾ 90l uqyqÿ .ukl fh§ wjidkfha íafÜ%,shdjg meñK we;s njh' íafÜ%,shdfõ ksõ ijq;a fj,aiays (New South

Wales) f,ala ukaf.da 3 (Lake

Mungo 3) fmfofia yuqjk udkj iels,s fuhg lÈu mqrdúoHd;aul idOl imhhs (Mulvaney & Kamminga,

1999). we;a; jYfhkau ldhúÉfþok úoHdkql+,j fï iels,s o kQ;k udkjhdg fyj;a Homo sapiensg wh;a fõ' hï hï mqrdúoHd;aul idOl u; we;eï mqrdúoHd{hska fmkajd fokafka íafÜ%,shdfõ uQ,sl ckdjdi ùu wÈka jir 50"000 isg 60"000lg fmr isÿ jQ njhs' flfia jqj;a mtDNA yd mqrdúoHd;aul idOl yd Bg wod< íafÜ%,shdkq Èkjljdkq ;jÿrg;a úpdrhg yd jdoújdohkg ;=vq § we;' cdkúoHd;aul idOl yd mqrdúoHd;aul idOl tlafldg iuia;hla jYfhka .;a l< fmkS hkafka wm%sldfjka kslauqKq kQ;k

2 rEmh' zkQ;k udkjhd wm%sldfjka kslau hdfï kHdhZ ms<snòj wod< fmda,a fu,¾ia 2006 § bÈßm;a l< is;shu' kef.kysr wm%sldfõ Wm; ,enQ ldhúÉfþok úoHd;aulj yd cdk úoHd;aulj kQ;k udkjhd íafÜ%,shdj olajd úisreKq whqre is;shfï B;, j,ska fmkajd we;' kef.kysr wm%sldfõ isg khs,a ñáhdj; iy iskdhs w¾Ooaùmh yryd Èfjk W;=reÈ. úisÍï ud¾.h;a r;= uqyqÿ uqjfodr yryd wrdìh iy íafÜ%,shdj olajd Èfjk ol=Kq úisÍï ud¾.h;a fuys oela fõ' fuu kHdhg wod< fu,¾ia úiska bÈßm;a lrk ,o m%d.a ft;sydisl jdiia:dk fuys olajd we;' 1' ngysr flama ys msysá ämalaf,da*a" 2' íf,dïfndaia" 3' la,diSia .`." 4' gekaidkshdfõ uqïnd" 5' tkaldmQfka hd uqfgda" 6' flkahdys fkdßlshqYska" 7' ndí-t,a-ukafví iuqø ikaêh" 8' fndl¾ geÉáÉ" 9' laid,a wls,a" 10' mÜfka" 11' Êj,mqrï" 12' ngfodUf,k" 13' wkaouka ¥m;a" 14' u,hdkq w¾Ooaùmh" 15' kshd .=ydj" 16' f,ala uqkaf.da ^fuys nqkao, m;srdcfj, iòyka fkdlsÍu úfYaIfhka iòyka l< hq;= lreKls&'

3 rEmh' zwm%sldfjka kslau hdfï kHdfhaZ fhdað; úisÍï ud¾.h' fâúâ nq,afnla úiska jir 2007 § bÈßm;a l< fï is;shfuka tjlg ;snqKq f.dvìï u;ska kQ;k udkjhd úisreKq whqre oelafõ' Y%S ,xldj yd bkaÈhdj fukau kef.kysr wdishdkq ¥m;a fndfydauhla tjlg ;ks f.dvìula jYfhka tlaj ;sî we;' nq,afnla fuys§ wjOdrKh lrkqfha udkjhd ;u úisÍï u`. fjr< ;Srfha isÿ l< njhs'



udkjhd b;d iq¿ ld,mßÉfþohla ;=< ol=Kq wdishdj yd kef.kysr wdishdj yryd íafÜ%,shdjg msúis njh' ;ks fyda nyq úO úisÍï (Single or Multiple

Dispersals) ldhúÉfþok yd cdk úoHd;aulj kQ;k udkjhdf.a me;sÍu ms<snòj i<ld n,k l< fï ishjfia jvd;au újdohkag ;=vq § we;af;a Tjqka tla wdldrhlg fkdj fohdldrhlg fyda Bg;a jeä wdldrhlg ;ud ìys jQ wm%sldfõ isg hqf¾ishdjg úisreKq njh (Lahr & Foley,

1994). ,dya¾ yd f*d,Sf.a uq,au wdlD;sfha yeáhg yd Tjqkaf.a nqoaêhg wkqj BidkÈ. wm%sldfjka kQ;k udkjhd kslau f.dia we;af;a wvqu ;rñka fohdldrhlska fkdtfiakï ud¾. follsks' Tjqkaf.a fï u;hg ;=vq § we;af;a fï iu`. yuqjk Ys,d fuj,ïj, lemS fmfkk ;dlaIKsl rgdjka folla we;s ksidh' fï m%;sM,j,g wkqj W;=reÈ. me;sÍu fyj;a úisrhdu khs,a ñáhdj; yryd yd iskdhs w¾Ooaùmh (Sinai

Peninsula) u`.ska ksß;È. wdishdjg ^wjidkfha hqfrdamhg o& isÿ ù we;s nj ms<s.efka' fuu u;hg uQ,sl jYfhkau mdol ù we;af;a fï iu`. iïnkaO jQ kshudldr Ys,duh zz;, wdhqOZZ (Blades) yd zzm;=re wdhqOZZ (Flake tools) h' uE; mqrdK-Ys,d hq.h fyj;a uE; mqrdK-mE,sfhd,s;sl hq.hg (upper Paleolithic) wh;a ;, wdhqO fyj;a fï wdldrffha Ys,d fuj,ï ksfhdackhg b;d lÈu ksoiqka f,i ol=Kq BY%dh,fha Boker Tachtit yd f,nkkfha Ksar Akil kï m%d.a ft;sydisl ia:dk

iòyka l< yelsh' óg fjkia jQ ol=Kq È. úisÍu wm%sldfõ fyda¾ka (Horn) fmfoiska mgka f.k r;= uqyqfoa uqjfodr yryd isÿ úh' Tjqka ;dlaIKfhka b;d ir," uOH mqrdK-Ys,d hq.h fyj;a uOH mqrdK-me,sfhd,s;sl hq.hg (middle

Palaeolithic) wh;a ;dlaIKhg fyj;a m;=re wdhqO Ndú; l< msßils' fï idOl u; meyeÈ,s f,iu fjkia wdldrj,ska hq;a ;dlaIKfhka iïnkaO jQ fï úisÍï wdldr fol wkqj fmkS hkafka udkj .ykhka folla wm%sldfõ isg fjkaj úisreKq wdldrhl fiahdjls' ir, m;=re wdhqO iïm%odh fyj;a uOH mqrdK-Ys,d hq.fha ;dlaIKh;a iu`. me;sreKq udkj .ykh"

W;=re È.ska úisreKq uE; mqrdK Ys,d hq.hg wh;a ;, wdhqO iïm%odfha .ykhg fmr úisreKq nj fmkS hkafkah' by; u;hg wkqj kQ;k udkjhd wm%sldfjka kslaóu wdldr follska fyda Bg jeä wdldrj,ska isÿj we;s nj fmkakqï flf¾' tmuKla fkdj j¾;udkfha lrkq ,nk m¾fhaIKj,g wkqj uhsgfldkaä%h,a yd jhs-fl%dfudfidaï rgdj wkqj wm%sldkq yd wdishdkq udkj .ykhka w;r fud,elshq,¾ cdkhkaf.a (Molecular

geneticists) fjkialï ishqïj ksÍlaIKh lr we;' j¾;udk wOHhkhkag wkqj ishü kQ;k wdishdkq yd hqfrdamSh udkj .ykhka W;am;a;sh ,nd we;af;a wm%sldkq L 3 uhsgfldkaä%h,a (L 3 mitochondrial lineage) fldgilsks' wm%sldfjka kslau hdfï kHdh ;=< hï hï ixlS¾K;d mej;sh o cdk inò;d fmkajd foñka th Yla;su;a lsÍug W;aidy lsÍu cdk úoHd{hkaf.a wêIaGdkh fõ' fï kHdfha ;j;a w;=re fidhd.ekSula f,i kQ;k hqfrdamShhka yd

wdishdkq .ykhka b;d iSñ; cdk úúO;ajhla (Genetic

diversity) wm%sldkq .ykhkag idfmalaIj fmkajk nj ;yjqre fldg we;' mqrdúoHd;aul idOl (Archaeological evidence) wm%sldfjka kslau hdfï kHdh m%Odk jYfhkau uhsgfldkaä%h,a ã'tka'ta' yd jhs-fl%dfudfidaï u; Yla;su;a jQ kHdhla nj meyeÈ,sh' fï kHdh ;=< we;s ÿIalr;u wNsfhda.h jkqfha fuys Yla;su;a nj ;rjqre lsÍu iòyd mqrdúoHd;aul idOl u;=lr .ekSuh' wÈka jir 50"000 l isg 60"000 w;r ld,h ;=< wrdìfha yd bkaÈhdfõ zmqrdúoHd is;shfïZ úYd, jYfhka ysia njla fmfka (James & Petraglia, 2005;

Petraglia & Alsharekh,

2003)' we;a; jYfhkau thg fya;= ù we;af;a tl,ays ;snqKq fjr< ;Sr" wjidk jir 15"000 we;=<; b;d blaukska by< .sh îy oekg;a by< hñka mj;sk& uqyqÿ uÜgu ksid c,fhka hg ùuhs' fuu udkjhdf.a wdishdkq me;sÍu iïnkaOfhka fndfyda mqrdúoHd;aul idOl fjr< ;Srh Èf.a jHdma;j ;sfnkakg we;ehs tu me;sÍug iu.dój ;¾ldkql+,j is;sh yelsh' flfia jqj o fï kHdhg wod< l=;=y,h okjk iq¿ fidhd.ekSï ol=Kq wdishdkq l,dmh ;=< flfrk wkd.; m¾fhaIK u`.ska wkdjrKh flfrkq we;ehs fï kHdfha yjq,alrejkaf.a úYajdih ù ;sfí' ngysr bkaÈhdfõ mÜfka (Patne) (Sali, 1989), .sKsfldk bkaÈhdfõ Êj,mqrï (Jwalapuram) yd Y%S ,xldfõ l=reúg msysá ngfodUf,k (Deraniyagala,

1992; Kennedy et al.,1987) hk ia:dkhkays jQ mqrdúoHd ikao¾Nj,ska fmfkkafka fï ld,jljdkqj fndfyda ÿrg kQ;k udkjhd wm%sldfjka kslau .sh ld,jljdkqj,g w;sYhska iudk njh' tmuKla fkdj fnda¾ksfhda ¥mf;a kshd .=ydfõ m%d.a ft;sydisl ld,kS¾Khka o by; jdiia:dkj, ld,kS¾Khkag ukdj .e,fma' íafÜ%,shdfõ o ;;ajh tfia ùu fï me;sÍu yd l%udkql+, rgdfõ iudknj fudkjg lshdmdkq we;' by; lS m%d.a ft;sydisl

jdiia:dkj,ska úYd, jYfhka zwviòZ wdldr (Crescentic) CIqø Ys,d fuj,ï yuq fõ (Deraniyagala, 1992; Mellars,

2006) (fïjd lemSu iòyd fyda isÿre lsÍu iòyd fhdod .;a;d úh yelsh& ^4 rEmh n,kak&' by; lS m%d.a ft;sydisl jdiia:dkj, jQ ;dlaIKhg w;sYhskau iudk kuq;a ;j;a Bg fjkia ;dlaIKhla ksfhdackh lrk m%d.a ft;sydisl jdiia:dk lsysmhlau ol=Kq yd kef.kysr wm%sldkq l,dmj, yuq fõ' fydajhsikaia fmda¾Ü (Howiesons Port) ;dlaIKhg wh;a fï jdiia:dk wÈka jir 55"000 isg 65"000 olajd wE; w;S;hg wh;a fõ' fuu wm%sldkq jdiia:dkj, ld,jljdkq bkaÈhdkq yd Y%S ,xldkq m%d.a ft;sydisl ld,jljdkqj,g w;sYhskau iudk jk w;r tajd gekaidkshdfõ uqïnd (Mumba), flkahdfõ fkdßlshqYska (Norikiushin) yd óg iu.dój ol=Kq wm%sldkq ;j;a m%d.a ft;sydisl jdiia:dkj,g o fndfyda fihska iudk fõ' by; úia;r l< ;dlaIKhg mq¿,a f,i iudk kuq;a m%udKfhka úYd, zm;=re bj;a lrk ,o zLKavZ rEmdldrh orkZ („backed

“Segment form‟) Ys,d

fuj,ï yuqjk m%d.a ft;sydisl jdiia:dkhla flkahdfõ yuq fõ' tkaldmQfka hd uqfgda (Enkapune Ya Muto) kï fï jdiia:dkh wÈka jir 60"000 iy 40"000 w;rg ld,kS¾Kh fldg we;' bkaÈhdfjka yuqjk pkaødldr Ys,dfuj,ï wm%sldfõ yuqjk tu wdldrfhau fuj,ïj,g jvd

fmda,a fu,¾ia

fnd¾ksfhda ¥mf;a kshd .=ydj

4 rEmh' zwviòZ wdldr laIqø Ys,d fuj,ula' l=reúg ngfodU f,fkka yuq jQ fï fuj,u wÈka jir 37"000la merKs w;r ;srejdkdj,ska ks¾ñ;h' fuys me;s fmkqï lsysmhla olajd we; ^rEmh le' ukfïkaø-wdrÉÑ&'



m%udKfhka l=vdh' mÜfka yd Êj,mqrïys ia;r wkql%uh wkqj fï wdldr m%udKfhka úYd, pkaødldr fuj,ï tys my;a ia;rj,ska yuq jk w;r tajd wm%sldfjka yuqjk Ys,d fuj,ïj,g fndfydafihska iudk fõ' tfukau jvd;a is;a weo.kakdiq¿ whqßka ukyr f,i ishqïj isÿre úò yev.kajk ,o meianr ì;a;r lgq fldgilska ksu lrk ,o bkaÈhdfõ by; m%d.a ft;sydisl jdiia:dkhlska yuq jQ mn¿j wm%sldfjka yuq jQ meianr ì;a;r lgq fldgilska ksul< mn¿jg w;sYhska iudk fõ' fï meianr ì;a;rj,ska ksu jQ mn¿j, meyeÈ,s f,i È.g yd yryg iQrd wÈk ,o rgd b;d is;a.kakd iq¿h' fuu l,dlD;s wmg isys.kajkafka ol=Kq wm%sldfõ íf,dïfndaia .=ydfõ (Blombos cave) uOH Ys,d hq.fha ia;r w;ßka yuqjk r;= .=re.,a u; iQrd wÈk ,o rgdjkah' wÈka jir 75"000la iy 60"000la

muK jQ ld,jljdkqjlg wh;a wm%sldfõ ngysr flamays msysá ämalaf,da*a (Diepkloof) m%d.a ft;sydisl jdiia:dkfhka yuq jQ len,s ù f.dia ;snqKq meianr ì;a;r lgqj,ska ksujk ,o j;=r Ndckj, jQ rgdjka o by; rgdjkag fnfyúka iudkh' Y%S ,xldfõ" bkaÈhdfõ yd wm%sldfõ jQ m%d.a ft;sydisl jdiia:dkj, fï iudk;d we;a; jYfhkau by; úia;r lrk ,o ks¾udKhkaf.ka ikd: fõ' wÈka jir 37"000la ;rï .uka .kakd w;S;hla we;s l=reúg ngfodUf,fkka yuqjk uqyqÿ fn,slgq b;d ishqïj úo ilia lrk ,o mn¿ wÈka jir 37"000 isg 17"000 olajd ld,mßÉfþohlg wh;a fõ (Perera, 2010)' zøjHuh

ixialD;shZ (Material

Culture) w;ska is;a weo.kakd iq¿ iudk;ajhla olajk fï wdishdkq yd wm%sldkq jdiia:dkj,ska lshdmdkqfha ol=Kq wdishdfõ udkj jdiia:dk we;s ùu kef.kysr yd ol=Kq wm%sldkq mQ¾jchkaf.ka isÿ jQ nj fkdfõ o@ nqkao, m;srdcfj, (Bundala Pathirajawela) ol=Kq m<df;a msysá nqkao, m;srdcfjf,ys ^5 rEmh& mqrdúoHd fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ysgmq wOHlaI fckrd,ajrfhl= jQ wdpd¾h isrdka Wfmakaø oerKsh., úiska lrkq ,enQ lekSïj, m%;sM, wÈka jir 125"000 lg m%:u Y%S ,xldfõ m%d.a ft;sydisl jdiia:dk mej;s nj iaÓr jYfhkau ;yjqre fldg we; (Deraniyagala,

1992)' nqkao, cd;sl jfkdaoHdkfha fjr<g wdikakfha msysgd we;s m;srdcfj, ol=Kq wdishdfõ jQ w;sYhskau jeo.;a m%d.a ft;sydisl jdiia:dkhls' fuu jdiia:dkfha idOl yuqjkafka fjrf<a ;ekam;aj we;s brKuvq mia ieleiau (Iranamadu Formation) w;ßks' brKuvq mia ieleiau hkq huqiq ;srejdkd fndr¿ (Ferruginous Quartz

gravels) u;ska ;ekam;aj we;s je,suh f,daï (Sandy loam) ;ekam;a ùfuka we;s jQ ixl,kh fõ ^N+úoHd{ mS' Ô' l=f¾f.a woyig wkqj fuh Iranamadu Formation

fkdj Iranamadu Sequence hkqfjka Ndú; úh hq;= nj olajkafka N+ úoHd;aul kdulrKfha yd tys jQ w¾:l:k ms<snò ie,lSfuks [Cooray, 2003])' oerKsh., olajk wkaoug m;srdcfj, l=vd m;=re Ys,d fuj,ï (small-flake stone

tools) yuq jk w;r tu ia:rfha ld, kS¾Kh wÈka jir 125"000 isg 75"000 olajd fõ' nqkao, fj,a,kaf.dv tu wdldr Ys,d fuj,ï yuqjk ia;rfha ld,kS¾Kh wÈka jir 80"000la fõ' fuys jdiia:dk fldg.;a udkjhd ;srejdkdj,ska îq¿ jYfhka lyòj,ska o& ;u fuj,ï ;ekQ w;r tajd uOH mqrdK Ys,d hq.hg (middle

Palaeolithic) wh;a nj ikd: ù we;' flfia jqj o Ys,d fuj,ï yereKq fldg Tjqkaf.a ixialD;shg wh;a

fjk;a lsisjla fï úYd, ld,jljdkqj ksid o ksj¾;k foaY.=Kfha fya;=fjka o fï jk úg úkdY ù we;' w;sYhska merKs fï ckdjdi ms<snòj miq.sh oYl lsysmh ;siafiau lekSï we;=¿ wfkl=;a m¾fhaIKj, ksr; jQ oerKsh., ;u woyia fufia ixlaIsma; lrhs' zwms okafka keye fuys Ôj;a jQ udkjfhda fudk wdldrfha o lshd' flfia jqj;a Tjqka uq,au Homo sapiens lshd wkqudk l< yelshsZ' fuu udkjhd ldhúÉfþok úoHdkql+,j (anatomically) ol=Kq wdishdfõ úiQ uq,au Homo

sapiens nj mjihs (Deraniyagala, 1992;

Deraniyagala, 2004). kuq;a fuu udkjhdf.aa f*dis, jQ wiaÓ lene,a,la jQ wvqu ;rñka o;la mjd mqrdúoHd{hskag;a" udkj úoHd{hskag;a wOHhkh lsÍug fuys iqrlaIs; ù fkd;sîu lK.dgqjg lreKla nj iòyka l< hq;=h' l=f¾ olajkafka uOH ma,hsiafgdiSkfha tkï wÈka jir 700"000-150"000 w;r brKuvq mia ieleiafï yuqjk Ys,d fuj,ï ;kd

wdpd¾h isrdka oerKsh.,

we;af;a Homo erectus úh yels njh' kuq;a oerKsh., úiska fï u;h m%;sfCIam lrñka iaÓr jYfhkau mjikafka wÈka jir 125"000 merKs ia;rfha Ôj;aj we;af;a wdishdfõ uq,au Homo

sapiens úh hq;= njh' wdishdfõ jdiia:dk lsysmhlu Homo erectus Ôj;aj we;s nj ikd: ù we;' Ökfha fp!fldaähka .=ydfõ (Choukoudian Cave) wÈka jir 500"000 isg 400"000 w;r ld,fha;a" bkaÿkSishdfõ cdjd rfÜ á%ks,ays (Trinil) wÈka jir 500"000lg fmr;a iy bkaÿkSishdfõ cdjd rfgys ika.srkays (Sangiran) wÈka jir 800"000lg fmr;a Homo erectus jdih fldg we; (Johanson & Edgar,

1996)' bkaÈhdkq Wm uydoaùmfha ysud,h l`ÿ mduq,ska ,efnk idOl wkqj wÈka jir ñ,shk follg muK m%:u tys udkjhska jdih l< nj ;yjqre ù we;' tfukau bkaÈhdkq Wm w¾Ooaùmfha wÈka jir 600"000lg m%:u udkj jdiia:dk mej;s nj ;yjqre fldg we;' fï idOl u; is;sh yels jeo.;au lreK jkafka bkaÈhdj;a" Y%S ,xldj;a w;r mej;s f.dvìï inò;d u; by; bkaÈhdkq Èk jljdkq fyj;a uq,au udkj ckdjdi Bg iu.dój Y%S ,xldfõ;a mj;skakg we;s njh' Y%S ,xldfõ W;=f¾;a" .sKsfldk fmfofia;a" brKuvq mia ieleiau ld,kS¾Khg Ndckh l< w;r th wÈka jir 250"000la merKs nj ikd: ù we;' th wÈka jir 700"000 isg 500"000 olajd wE; w;S;hg o úysÈh

5 rEmh' nqkao, m;srdcfj,' fuys uOH mqrdK Ys,d hq.hg wh;a YS,d fuj,ï fukau uOH Ys,d hq.hg wh;a Ys,d fuj,ïo yuq fõ' wÈka jir 125000 la merKs ld,jljdkqjlg wh;a ol=Kq wdishdfõ w;sYh jeo.;a m%d.a ft;sydisl jdiia:dkhls ^PdhdrEmh le' ukfïkaø-wdrÉÑ&'

uydpd¾h fâúâ nq,afnla



yelsh (Deraniyagala, 1992;

Deraniyagala, 2004). flfia jqj;a fï fndfyda merKs Èk jljdkq ;=< Homo sapiens jdih fkdl< nj udkj mßKdufha ld,mrdihka wkqj iaÓr l< yels jqj o Homo erectus kï udkjhd Y%S ,xldfõ jdih l< nj wojk úg;a lsishï fyda mqrdúoHd{fhla fyda udkj úoHd{fhla ;yjqre fldg ke;' bkaÈhdkq w¾Ooaùmfha;a Y%S ,xldfõ brKuvq mia ieleiafï;a w;sYh w;S;hg Èfjk fï ld,jljdkq wkd.; m%d.a ft;sydisl mqrdúoHd{hkag Tjqkaf.a m¾fhaIK ;jÿrg;a mq¿,a lsÍu iòyd b`.shla ,nd foa' idlÉPdj zwm%sldfjka kslau hdfï kHdhZ ;=< Y%S ,xldfõ m;srdcfj, ld,kS¾K yd hïlsis mriamr úfrdaë;djla iaÓrju fmfkkakg we;' fu,¾iag wkqj kQ;k udkjhd kef.kysr wm%sldfjka kslau ol=Kq wdishdjg ixl%uKh jQfha wÈka jir 50"000lg fmrh' nq,afnlag wkqj th wÈka jir 75"000lg fmrd;=j isÿ ù we;' tfia kï nqkao, m;srdcfj, wÈka jir 125"000 lg m%:u Homo

sapiens jdih lf<a flfiao@ by; fom<f.a Wmßu ld, jljdkqj jQ wÈka jir 75"000lg by; kQ;k udkjhd wdishdjg iem;a jQjd kï thskq;a jir 50"000lg m%:u nqkao, m;srdcfj, Homo sapiens jdih fldg we;' íafÜ%,shdfõ lekanrdys íafÜ%,shdkq cd;sl úYaj úoHd,fha mqrdúoHd yd udkjúoHd wxYfha fld,Ska .arEõia (Colin Groves) f,dj m%p,s; fN!;sl udkj úoHd{fhls' ud .arEõia fj;ska zzwm%sldfjka kslau hdfï kHdhZZ ;=< nqkao, m;srdcfj, ld,kS¾Khka iïnkaOfhka ,sÅ;j lreKq úuik ,ÿj Tyq m%ldY lf<a nqkao, m;srdcfj, Èk jljdkq ms<snòj kej; fidhd ne,sh hq;= njh' tfukau fu,¾ia Tyqf.a 2006 jif¾ Ydia;%Sh ,smsfha fyda fjk;a lsisu Ydia;%Sh ,smshl nqkao, m;srdcfj, Èkjljdkq ms<snò lsishï fyda woyila m< fldg ke; (Mellars, 2006)' kuq;a nq,afnla muKla m;srdcfj, ld,kS¾Kfha jeo.;alu ms<snòj woyia m%ldYfldg we;' fï ms<snòj ud bka

wk;=rej idlÉPd lf<a wdpd¾h oerKsh., iu`.h' Tyq iDcqju mjikafka m;srdcfj, Ôj;a jQfha Homo sapiens nj;a" tu Èk jljdkq ksjerÈ nj;a" tfukau fu,¾iaf.a fuu kHdh yqfolau zzwdlD;shlaZZ muKla nj;a" tu lreKq ikd: lsÍu iòyd ;j ÿrg;a Ys,d fuj,ï we;=¿ udkj f*dis, ms<snòj .eUqßka .fõYkh l< hq;= nj;ah' kuq;a fu,¾ia bÈßm;a lrk lreKq iòyd mqrdúoHd;aul idOl;a" cdkúoHd;aul idOl;a Wmfhda.S lrf.k we;s nj wm wu;l fkdl< hq;=h' oerKsh., olajk whqßka Tyqf.a o;a; m;srdcfj, yd iïnkaOj iaÓr jYfhkau ksjerÈ kï jir 50"000l mr;rhla fï kHdh ;=< olakg we;af;a flfiao@ flfia jqj o fu,¾ia b;d újD;j yd wjxlj m%ldY lrkafka wkd.;fha § wdishdfõ lrkq ,nk

mqrdúoHd;aul yd udkj úoHd;aul m¾fhaIK u; fï kHdh jvd;a wx. iïmQ¾K jk njh' tfukau oerKsh., ol=Kq wdishdfõ m%d.a ft;sydisl mqrdúoHd úIh ;=< w;sYh lD;yia; úoajf;ls' Tyq Y%S ,xldfõ m%d.a ft;sydisl mqrdúoHdj ;=< bÈßm;a fldg we;s lreKq ishqï f,i úYaf,aIKhg Ndckh fldg tu l¾;jH isÿfldg we;s w;r tajd oeä úoHd;aul úkhla ;=< isÿfldg we;s nj o fkdryils' 2008 jif¾ mej;s cd;sl mqrdúoHd iuq¿fõ§ m%d.a ft;sydisl mqrdúoHd ieisfha uq,iqk fydnjñka oerKsh., m%ldY lf<a m;srdcfj, o;a; u; zwm%sldfjka kslau hdfï kHdhZ lkmsg fmrf,k njh' bkaÈhdfõ mÜfka yd Êj,mqrïys m%d.a ft;sydisl Èk jljdkq ms<snòj oerKsh., orkafka iel iys; woyils' we;a; jYfhkau wjidk jir

50"000 ;=< bkaÈhdfõ kQ;k udkj ckdjdi ms<snòj flÍ we;s ld,kS¾Khka ms<snòj iEySulg m;aúh fkdyelsh' mÜfka yd Êj,mqrï lekSïj,ska ,o Ys,d fuj,ï ms<snò úia;r l< o tys ld,kS¾Kh ms<snò meyeÈ,s bÈßm;a lsÍula ke; (Deraniyagala, 1992)' kuq;a Y%S ,xldfõ .=yd yd t<suyka jdiia:dkj, m%d.a ft;sydisl Èk jljdkq yd wjidk oYl ;=k we;=<; lrk ,o ld,kS¾Khka b;d i;=gqodhl uÜgul we;=jd muKla fkdj ta whqßka i,ld n,k l< Y%S ,xldj ol=Kq wdishdfõ b;d id¾:l ld¾hNdrhla bgq fldg we;s rgla f,i wdo¾Yhla § we;' fï wkqj i,ld n,k l< zwm%sldfjka kslau hdfï kHdhZ ;=< Y%S ,xldfõ m;srdcfj, Èkjljdkq w;sYhska idlÉPdjg ;=vqfok w;ru tu m¾fhaIKj, wkd.;h Y%S ,xldfõ ;reK mqrdúoHd{hskaf.a olaIlu u; ;Skaÿ jkq we;' ia;+;sh mqrdúoHd fomd¾;fïka;=fõ WmfoaYl wdpd¾h isrdka oerKsh.," tu fomd¾;fïka;=fõ w;sf¾l wOHlaI ckrd,a wdpd¾h ksu,a fmf¾rd" frdydka fm;shdf.dv yd fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,fha wdpd¾h udOj ó.ial=Uqr hk uy;=kag udf.a úfYaI ia;+;sh ysñjkafka úoHd;aul o;a; /ia lsÍug;a" fï úIh iïnkaOj ixjdo iòyd wjia:dj ,nd§u;a fjkqfjks' fï ,smsh ixialrKfha § yd wlaIr ixfhdackfha § fndfyda fia iydh jQ .=Kfiak m%ldYk iud.fï k`ÿka ukfïkaø-wdrÉÑ uy;dg;a udf.a ia;+;sh ysñ fõ' úu¾Ykh l< .%ka: yd ,sms

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uydpd¾h fld,ska .arEõia



kï fmdf;ka

uOHu m<df;a" uykqjr Èia;%slalfha l=Kavid, m%foaYSh f,alï fldÜGdYhg wh;a kef.kysr isßu;aj;a; .%du ks,Odß jifï ^70

18’ 21’’N 80

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isßu,aj;a; rcuydúydrh ia:dk.;j we;' uykqjr - hla.ymsáh ud¾.fha .uka lsÍfï § yuq jk isßu,aj;a; ykaÈfha isg isßu,aj;a; foig óg¾ 400la muK isßu,aj;a; rcuydúydr ud¾.fha .uka fldg fuu ia:dkhg <`.dúh yels h' ishï ksldfha u,aj;= md¾Yjhg wh;ajk úydria:dkhla jk fuu úydrh mqcH myuqfKa Y%S iqux., ysñhkaf.a úydrdêm;s;ajfhka mßmd,khg ,lafj;s'

isßu,aj;a; rcuyd úydrh

igyk yd cdhdrEm

uyskao lreKdr;ak yd pkaÈu wUkaj,

fuu úydrh uykqjr rc l< lS¾;s YS% rdcisxy rcqf.a wkq.%yh hgf;a wdrïN jq úydria:dkhla f,i ie,fla' úydrhg ióm .,a;,djl msysgqjd we;s m¾j; ,smsh úydria:dkfha ft;sydisl ;;= wkdjrKh lrk lÈu mqrdúoHd idOlhla fõ' ms<su f.h" O¾uYd,dj" fndaêO%Euh yd NsCIQ wdjdih jYfhka fuu ia:dkfha jdia;=úoHd wx. /ila oel.; yels h'

m%;sud .Dyh uykqjr úydr wdY%s; j yuqjk m%;sud.Dyhka w;=ßka m%udKfhka úYd, f,i ks¾udKh l< m%;sud.Dyhls' ,xfoais .Dyks¾udK iïm%odh wkqj ks¾udKh l< fldg ì;a;s yd ta yd iïnkaO jgl=re l=¿Kq u`.ska uykqjr iïm%odfha mshiai ord isáhs' m%;sud .Dyhg we;=¿ùu iòyd we;s wdrelal== oajdrfha fomi w,afmdakak; uqrlrejka hq.,hla ks¾udKh fldg we;' oajdr uia:lh ulrf;drK u`.ska w,xldr fõ' m%;sud .Dyh ;=< uykqjr ffY,sh ksrEmKh lrk ysÈ bßhúj iys; úYd, m%;sud oajhla yd ysá bßhú iys; m%;sud 17la olakg we;' uykqjr l,d iïm%odh ksrEms; fuu m%;sudjkaf.ka ish,a,la u

mdfya kùlrKhg ,lafldg we;s nj meyeÈ<s fjhs' m%;sud .Dyfha we;=¿ ì;a;s yd isú,su uykqjr iïm%odfha ì;=is;=jñka w,xldr fldg we;' ;=is; Njk" i;ai;sh" udrmrdch" rdclShka" foajrEm" u,alï yd ,shlï wd§ f;aud Ñ;% iòyd m%ia;=; ù we;' m%Odk m%fõYhg jïmiska ms,suf.hg hd fldg msáfha foúhka Wfoid leml< l=vd fofjd,la ks¾udKh fldg we;' msáfha foúhka yd fjk;a oE Ñ;%Kh lsÍu lsÍu iòyd NsCIQka jykafia,d úiska Ndú; lrk jgdm;a isys.kajk oej M,l u`.ska isÿlr we;' úúO m%udKfhka hq;= fujeks M,l 12lg jeä ixLHdjla fuu fofjd, ;=< jvdysÿjd we;' fuu M,l is;=jï u`.ska o uykqjr is;=jï ffY,sh ksrEmKh lrhs' O¾uYd,dj uykqjr hq.fha fjk;a ia:dkj, olakg we;s O¾uYd,d isys.kajñka fuu ia:dkfha O¾u Yd,dj o p;=riaY%dldr ie,eiqula iys; j ks¾udKh lr we;' fuys jy,h uÜgï foolska hq;= jk w;r w,xldr yevhla .kS' y;/ia l=¨Kq 4la yd rjqï yeve;s l=`MKq 8la Wmldrfhka ks¾ñ; h' Yd,dj jgd w¾O Wie;s ì;a;shla .ukalrk w;r m%Odk ÈYd y;rg iïuqL msúiqï oajdr y;rls' Yd,dj wNHka;rfha iup;=ri%dldr fõÈldj O¾u foaYlhka jykafiaf.a wdikh iòyd fjkalr we;'

fCIa;%fha msysàu

m%Odk nqÿms<suh

foõhka ksrEms; oej M<l

ia;+mh

ms<su f.h

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ms<su f.hg hdnoj ks¾udKh lr we;s msáfha foajd,h

msáfha foúhka ksrEms; oej M,lhl

isú,sfï oelafjk udr mrdch is;=ju



mqrdúoHd{fhda

wpd¾h pd,aia tâukaâ f.dvl=Uqf¾ kï jQ w.%.kH úh;d j¾I 1907 foieïn¾ ui 5 jk Èk y,dj; udrú,§ fuf,dj t<sh ÿgqfõh' uykqjr lsxiajqâ úoHd,fhka wOHdmkh ,nd miqj flaïì%Ê fcHIaG úNd.h iu;a úh' u,aj;af;a ix>rdc msßfjkska m%%dÖk wOHdmkh ,enQ w;r uykqjr lsxiajqâ yd .d,a, ßÉukaâ úoHd,fha .=rejrhl= f,i lghqq;= lf<ah' 1938 § bkaÿ wd¾hh NdId ms<sn| iïudk iys;j ,kavka úYajúoHd,fhka Ydia;%m;S (MA) Wmdêh ,eîh' 1941 Tlaf;daïn¾ ui 7 jk Èk isg 1944 fmnrjdß ui 8 jk Èk olajd ,xld úYajúoHd, fld,Sðfha ^miqj ,xld úYajúoHd,h& ixialD;" md,s yd isxy, NdId ms<sn|j iyldr lÓldpd¾hjrfhla f,i lghq;= lf<ah' 1944 fmnrjdß 9 jk Èk isg 1947 iema;eïn¾ 17 jk Èk olajd jegqma rys; ksjdvq u; tx.,ka;fha ,kavka úYajúoHd,fha m%dÖk yd wm%sldkq wOHhk wxYfha isxy, ms<sn| lÓldpd¾hjrhd f,i lghq;= lf<ah' 1945 § ,kavka úYajúoHd,fhka wdpd¾h Wmdêh ,nd.;a w;r 1947 iema;eïn¾ 18 jk Èk ,xld mqrdúoHd iólaIK fomd¾;fïka;=fõ mqrdúoHd Wm flduidßia f,i m;aúh' tfukau 1948 § rdclSh wdishd;sl iñ;sfha ,xld YdLdfõ .re iu f,alï f,i m;a jq w;r 1953 j¾Ih olajdu tu Oqrh fynùh' 1949 § .,aTh jefjka hgjkakg kshñ;j ;snQ .,aTh ñáhdjf;a mqrdúoHd .fõIKhla isÿ lf<ah' tfukau fuu ld, iSudfõ § rejkaje,s od.efí kef.kysr jdy,alv ;yjqre lsÍu o isÿ lrkq ,eîh' 1950 § kef.kysr yd ol=Kq m,d;aj, mqrdúoHd

.fõIKhla isÿ lrk ,o w;r rdcdx.fka lekSu lsÍu i|yd uQ,slj lghq;= lf<ah' 1951 § mqrdúoHd rlaIs;" ixrlaIKh lsÍfï lghq;= fufyh úh' tu ixrlaIKhg nÿka jQ ia:dk f,i W!j m,df;a .,neoao" ud<s.dú," ofòf.dv yd nqÿrej., o inr.uq m,df;a moú.ïfmd," ;,a¥j ne/Kaä fldaú," udkshx.u" ±È.u iQ;s>r fÉ;sh ^fldg fjfyr& o jhU m,df;a rdcdx.fka" wrxlef,a" ßá., o kef.kysr m,df;a fiareú, Þ.en o W;=re m,df;a l`ÿref.dv o uOHu m,df;a ueKslafok o niakdysr m,df;a neoao.dk" ó.uqfõ mD;=.%SiS fidfydka" l¿;r n,fldgqj yd ol=Kq m,df;a je,s.u" lgqjk" lsßkao" ;siaiuydrduh" i|.sß Þ.en hkdÈ jYfhka ±laúh yelsh' tfukau 1952 jif¾ § niakdysr m,df;a fld<U ,kafoaiS fldgq neïu yd fld<U ksfhdað; uka;%S uKav, f.dvke.s,a, ^j¾;udk ckdêm;s f,alï ld¾hd,h& bÈßmsg ;sfnk merKs uqr l=áh o ^j¾;udkfha fuh bj;a lr ;sfí& inr.uq m,df;a ueKslalvjr mD;=.%Sis n,fldgqj o uOHu m,df;a

.ïfmd< isxymsáh yd

.=refoKsh o ol=Kq m,df;a rïnd úydrh yd je,s.u l=IaGrdc., o kef.kysr m,df;a kdk;d¾ fldaú, o jhU m,df;a nrkla.u yd udkmdho W;=re ueo m,df;a ÈUq,d., yd ßá., o W!j m,df;a yeneiai yd wrfòlu hkdÈ jYfhka úúO mqrdúoHd rlaIs;hkays ixrlaIK lghq;= fufyhùh' 1953 Tlaf;dïn¾ 1 jk Èk isg jegqma rys; ksjdvq u; tx.,ka;fha ,kavka úYajúoHd,fha m%dÖk yd wm%sldkq wOHhk mdif,a isxy, ms<sn| fcHIaG lÓldpd¾hjrhd f,i lghq;= lf<ah' 1954 jir f.dvl=Uqr uy;dg úfYaI;ajhla ysñlr ÿka jirls' tkï Tyq ,kavka úYajúoHd,fhka D.Litt Wmdêfhka msÿï ,eîuh' Tyq úiska rÑ; isxy, idys;H b;sydih ms<sn|j m%dudKsl lD;shla jk “Sinhalese

literature” hk .%ka:h 1955 § fld<U § m%ldYhg m;aúh' 1959 ckjdß ui 24 jk Èk ,kavkfha isg fmr<d meñK ckjdß ui 26 jk Èk mqrdúoHd Wm flduidßia jYfhka h,s jev Ndr .kakd ,§' tfukau fmnrjdß 17 jk Èk isg mqrdúoHd flduidßiaf.a fiajdjka bgq lsÍu i|yd Tyq m;ajq w;r 1960 fkdjeïn¾ 16 jk Èk isg mqrdúoHd flduidria Oqrfha ;djld,sl jev ne,Sug o 1962 foieïn¾ 12 jk Èk rdcH fiajd fldñIka iNdj u.ska mqrdúoHd flduidßia f,i o m;alrk ,§' uydpd¾h fikr;a mrKú;dkhka yd tlaj ixialrKh lrñka Ephigraphia Zeylanica ys V jk ldKavfha II fldgi 1963 § o " III fldgi 1965 § o" tys iydhl ldKavh 1966 § uqøKfhka t<s ±laùh' fuu ld,iSudfõ isg 1967 ld,h olajd rdclSh wdishd;sl iñ;sfha ,xld YdLdfõ Wm

iNdm;s Oqrh o 1967 cqks 5 jk Èk isg 1970 olajd jQ ld, jljdkqfõ § iNdm;s Oqrh o fynùh' l=udrÞi lúhdf.a cdklSyrKh ixialD; uyd ldjH uydpd¾h fikr;a mrKú;dkhka yd tlaj ixialrKh lr The

Janakiharana of Kumaradasa kñka 1967 § uqøKfhka m%ldYhg m;alrk ,§' fuu jif¾ § foiïn¾ ui 5 jk Èk mqrdúoHd flduidßia Oqrfhka f.dvl=Uqr uy;d úY%du ,enqfõh' 1969 § isxy, uydlú l=udrÞihkaf.a cdklSyrKhZ ixialrKh lr isxy, NdIdfjka m%ldYhg m;aúh' tu lD;sh i|yd 1970 § mej;s idys;H Èk W;aijfha § Y%S ,xld idys;H uKav,h úiska tu j¾Ifha m, lrk ,o m%Yia; lD;shla f,i idys;H ;Hd.h msßkeóh' Tyq úiska Ydia;%Sh m%ldYkhkays m, lrk ,o Ydia;%Sh ,sms yd l;d wka;¾.; fldg zYdia;%Sh ,sms yd l:dZ hkqfjka .%ka:hla 1971 § m%ldYhg m;aúh' isxy, Yío fldaIfha WmfoaYl uKav,fha 1976 jif¾ § Tyq fiajh lf<ah' wdpd¾h pd,aia f.dvl=Uqf¾ úoaj;d 1977 § nqreu /ka.=ka rcfha wdrdOkfhka mqrdúoHd m¾fhIKhl kshe,S isáh § fmnrjdß 9 jk Èk /ka.=ka kqjr § wNjm%dma; úh' urKhg fmr Tyq úiska lrk ,o b,a,Sula mßÈ tÈku nqreufha § wjuඟ =,a lghq;= isÿlrk ,§' pd,aia f.dvl=Uqf¾ uy;d Y%S ,xldfõ mqrdúoHd lafIa;%fha fkdñfhk kula ÈkQ úhf;ls' Tyq mqrdúoHdfõ úúO wxY ms<sn|j yd fkdfhla f;audjka hgf;a .%ka: iy m¾fhaIK ,sms .Kkdjl l¾;Djrfhla fukau Ydia;%Sh ix.%y lsysmhl ixialdrl jrfhla o úh'

wdpd¾h pd,aia f.dvl=Uqf¾ igyk

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.; jQ ld,h ;=< wm l%shdkaú;h fl;rï ck;d wdl¾Ykhg m;aj we;aa o hkak miq.sh jif¾ ckm%shu isxy, niska Èh;a jk fjí wvú 10 w;rg wm www.si.archaeology.lk fjâ wvúh f;aÍ m;aùfuka ;yjqre fjhs' jdkscjdÈ wruqKq yd ir< reÑl;ajhla msgqmi yndhk kQ;k iudc-ixialD;sl rduqj ;=< ckm%sh /,a,g wh;a fkdjk wm fjí wvúhg fu;rï by< m%;spdrhla ,eîfuka ,dxflah hg.shdj ms<snò uy;a mdGl m%;spdrhla

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