The Newspaper of The Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka Vol. 52, No 01, January / February 2016Registered at the GPO as a Newspaper No. QD/53/News/2016

The Institution of EngineersSri Lanka

120/15, Wijerama MawathaColombo 7, Sri Lanka

Tel: 2685490,2698426, 2699210Fax: 2699202E.mail:ed@sltnet.lk/iesl@slt.lkWebsite:http://www.iesl..lk

in this issue•IESL COUNCIL 2015 /2016.......................................3•Editorial...................................4•War of Currents ...................4•jl=.vq udrhd iy jl=.vq udrhd iy jl=.vq udrhd iy jl=.vq udrhd iy jl=.vq udrhd iy R/Oudhdj' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 'udhdj' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 'udhdj' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 'udhdj' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 'udhdj' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '''''5

PRESIDENT’S CORNERPRESIDENT’S CORNERPRESIDENT’S CORNERPRESIDENT’S CORNERPRESIDENT’S CORNER

The year 2016 has dawnedwith a lot of expectations ofthe General Public. The In-

stitution of Engineers, Sri Lankatoo started the year 2016 with lotsof expectations to deliver goodservice to our members and gen-eral public while also commemo-rating its 110th anniversary. Withthe view of blessing the institu-tion as well as our past and present members,an all-nightPirith ceremony was held on 3rd January Sunday and anAlmsgiving ceremony was held on 4th Monday at theWimalasurendra Auditorium. Further, on the exact birthdayof the IESL, 6th January 2016, multi-religious services wereheld at the Wimalasurendra Auditorium and the President,President Elect, number of Past-Presidents, Council mem-bers and members were present.Most of the Provincial Chapters too conducted religious cer-emonies to bless the IESL and its members.

IESL Council, Sectional Committees and Provincial Chap-ters are making yearly work programs to improve the profes-sionalism of our members at large. The Professional Review‘B’ paper result was out and recorded 68% of candidates assuccessful. Now the Professional Standards ManagementCommittee (PSMC) is making arrangements to conduct theProfessional Review Examination throughout the year to fa-cilitate our members appear for the PR at their conveniencedespite their official responsibilities,

In fact the Government also launched its development strat-egy and held the Sri Lanka Economic Development Summitin Colombo with the participation of world famous Econo-mists and Investors. Further, the Ministry of Megapolis &Western Development has published a Western RegionMegapolis Master Plan in consultation with Professional In-stitutions. Similar master plans will be published very soonfor other regions too. It is with pride that we mention that theMinister in-charge is an Engineer with the Secretary of theMinistry also being an Engineer as well and both of thembeing our members,

The Development programs are extensively planned and theConstruction would help our Engineers find employment aswell as gather novel competence and as the professionalbody for engineers we, IESL, will urge the Government toprovide opportunities to local Engineers and Experts to in-volve in this endeavor. Our Engineers would then be able toplan the works to suit our own environmental requirementsas well as to fulfill the aspirations of the general public.

Further, in this year 2016 our Engineers have to face otherchallengers and I feel that one of the challenge would be toensure water for drinking and food security. Last few monthsour country received heavy rains fairly exceeding annual av-erage rainfalls and all the reservoirs are full of water at spill-ing Level. The Experts of Climate changes and EngineeringHydrologists have already forecast extreme drought period

EL NINO in the year 2016 after25 years or so. Therefore, theGovernment, General publicand farmers are expecting ser-vice of our water Engineers tomanage water in a sustainableand economical manner to en-sure Drinking water as well aswater for food security. As en-gineers we have to get readyto face these challenges.

Wimalasena GamagePresident

IESL Engineering ExcellenceAwards 2015 Ceremony

The awards ceremony for the Engineering Excellence Awards 2015, the premierevent in the country for rewarding outstanding achievements by engineers andengineering enterprises organized by the IESL was held at the Waters Edge on

Tuesday, 26th January, 2015 from 7.00 pm onwards. Mr. Kiyoshi Amada, Chief Represen-tative of Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Sri Lanka was the Chief Guestand Vidya Jyothi Prof. K.K.Y.W. Perera, Chancellor of the University of Moratuwa was theGuest of Honour for the event. A large gathering comprised of individuals and organiza-tions who vied for the different categories of awards, Council Members and Past Presi-dents of the IESL as well as invitees and staff of the IESL Secretariat were present. Thepresentation of awards were done amidst entertainment provided by the all engineersmusic group ‘ Music Engineers – IESL’ and the Channa Upuli Performing Arts Foundationdancing troupe. The event concluded with Refreshments and Dinner.

Contd. on page 4...

IESL President Elect,Eng. Jayavilal Meegoda,unanimously electedFEISCA President

Federation of Engineering Institutions of South and Central Asia (FEISCA) hasbestowed the honour of being its President for the next two years on Eng.Jayavilal Meegoda, President Elect of the Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka

(IESL).

Eng. Jayavilal Meegoda, has been unanimously elected to the post at the 14th Gen-eral Assembly of the FEISCA held on 18 February, 2016 at Kathmandu, Nepal.FEISCA came in to being as a direct response to the need for the assistance ofengineering professional bodies to the UN system and provides opportunity for thenon-government organizations engaged in engineering education and training todiscuss the issues of improving professional collaboration to provide an effectiveworking mechanism to the UN system. It has membership of engineering profes-sional bodies from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka.

Eng. Meegoda takes over from incumbent president, Engr. Sham LalGarg, Immedi-ate Past President of the Institution of Engineers (India). This is the second timesince its inception in 1979 that a Sri Lankan is at the helm of this reputed collation ofnational bodies, Eng. (GP Capt.) P Mervyn Gunasekera, the then president of theIESL being the first to have held the FEISCA presidency during 2000 – 2002 period.Furthermore Eng. R.J. Gunawardana, Past President of IESL and Eng. D.D.SJayawardena former Executive Secretary of IESL have served as Secretary General tothe FEISCA in the past.

Congratulations and best of wishes to Eng. Meegoda for a most productive presi-dency of the FEISCA.

SRI LANKAENGINEERING NEWSEstablished 1906

Sri Lanka Engineering News - January/ February 20162 IESL NEWS

110th Annual Sessions

October 2016The Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka

Call for PapersTechnical papers are invited under the following categories:

Engineering theory/research (academic) oriented technical papers,

Technical papers based on Engineering practice/design /projects/techniques.

The paper should be of value and interest to Engineers and aimed at making a contribu-tion to the advancement of the Profession of Engineering. It must be based on review ofpast practice, information of current interest, or probing into new fields of engineeringactivity. It should be a presentation of thought provoking study contributing to planning,analysis, design, construction, fabrication, production, management or maintenance ofEngineering works. In this context, practical papers are strongly encouraged. Whereverpossible, theoretical papers should include a section on practical application or addi-tional research areas to be pursued for effective technology transfer.

Submission of Papers:Intention of submitting paper should be conveyed to the IESL with an abstract of the proposedpaper. The abstract, not exceeding 300 words in English, together with details of the author/(s) can be submitted in electronic format at the URL https://easychair.org/conferences/?conf=ieslas2016 with a copy (MSWORD) to iesl.sessions@gmail.com.

Schedule of Key Dates

Last date for receipt of abstracts - 14th March 2016Notification of acceptance - 04th April 2016Last date for submission of full paper - 16th May 2016Proposed dates for Technical - 17th and 18th October 2016Paper presentation at theAnnual Sessions

Best Paper AwardBest paper based on the marks given by referees and judges at the presentation, will be entitledto the prestigious Prof. E.O.E. Pereira Award.

Mailing AddressAll correspondence besides submissions in electronic format through URL https://easychair.org/conferences/?conf=ieslas2016 should be addressed to:

Eng. (Dr.) K.E.D. Sumanasiri Tel: 011-2698426 Ext. 232, 207Editor, Technical Papers for Annual Sessions, Fax: 011-2699202The Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka, Email: dir.pub@iesl.lk120/15, Wijerama Mawatha, iesl.sessions@gmail.comColombo 7. website : www.iesl.lk

For more information visit website www.iesl.lk (checkAnnouncements)

THE INSTITUTION OFENGINEERS, SRI LANKA

Competitionon

“Role of Engineer meetingFuture

Challenges of WaterResources Development

and Management – Water forPeople and Water by People”

Session 2015 / 2016Sponsored by

International Water ManagementInstitute (IWMI)

We are pleased to announce that arrangements are beingmade for the forthcoming Competition on WaterResources Development sponsored by IWMI towards theAnnual Sessions of IESL in October 2016. The prizeswill be given for the two best Technical Papers under theabove mentioned theme prepared for this competitionby Associate Members & Corporate Members of IESL.Jointly authored papers will be accepted, provided at leastone of the authors satisfies the above criteria. Papers mustbe original and demonstrate the author’s knowledge andexperience of the subject. The award winning articles willbe published in the journal, “Engineer” of the IESL.

Water is a vital input in industrial, energy, tourism,recreational, navigation, agriculture, forestry, livestockand fishery sectors. As water scarcity grows, competitionamong sectors and users, and between the human needsand the environment intensifies. Effective and efficientwater management is therefore a prerequisite forsustainable socio-economic development.

The paper can address extraction, storage, distribution,use and disposal issues in any economic sector. It shouldillustrate how engineering and technology is applied inincreasing productivity, in balancing supply and demandof water and/or in reducing water pollution and pro-tecting freshwater ecosystems.

Preference will be given to papers of an empirical andanalytical nature based on primary and/or secondary dataalthough papers addressing topical issues through con-ceptual development may also be forwarded.

AWARDS & PRIZESABOVE 35 YEARS ON 2016.10.01First place - Rs. 45,000.00Second place - Certificate only

35 YEARS AND BELOW ON 2016.10.01First place - Rs. 30,000.00Second place - Certificate onlyIntention to participate in this competition should be inti-mated to us along with your Application form & the fullTechnical Papers on or before May 30, 2016. IESL formIWMI/1 should be used for this purpose.

Further information could be obtained from the Chairman,Steering Committee on Water Resources Development ofInstitution of Engineers, Sri Lanka, on Tel: 0714 150552 orManager Publicity-IESL 011-2685490, 011-2698426 or 011-2699210, ext - 232, 207,E-mail: dir.pub@iesl.lk, ieslpub@gmail.com, Fax : 011-2699202.

Note: Forms, Rules & Details and Full paper format couldalso be downloaded from the IESL Website, www.iesl.lkor obtained from the IESL Secretariat.

}

3IESL NEWSSri Lanka Engineering News - January/ February 2016

IESL COUNCIL2015 / 2016

To be Cont'd. in the next issue.....

Eng. I R P GunatilakaRepresentative FellowFellow - FIE(Sri Lanka)

Eng. M N A SamadChairman - Civil Engineering

Sectional CommitteeMember- MIE(Sri Lanka)

Eng. M H M A BandaraChairman - Agricultural &Plantation EngineeringSectional Committee

Member- MIE(Sri Lanka)

Eng. N A P S K NarangodaChairman - Building Services

Engineering SectionalCommittee

Member- MIE(Sri Lanka)

Eng. (Prof.) S A S PereraChairman Chemical &

Process Engineering SectionalCommittee

Fellow-FIE (Sri Lanka)

Eng. Kosala KamburadeniyaChairman Electrical &

Electronics Engineering Sectional Committee

Member- MIE(Sri Lanka)

Eng. (Lt. Col) Dr. C D GamageChairman IT &

CommunicationEngineering Sectional

CommitteeMember- MIE(Sri Lanka)

Eng. Arjuna ManamperiChairman - MechanicalEngineering Sectional

CommitteeMember- MIE(Sri Lanka)

Eng. Indika WalpitageRepresentative FellowFellow - FIE(Sri Lanka)

Sri Lanka Scienceand Engineering

Fair– 2016

The Sri Lanka Scienceand Engineering Fair(SLSEF), the national

level competition that selectstudent projects for participa-tion at the Intel InternationalScience and EngineeringFair(Intel ISEF) was held onTuesday,19thJanuary, 2016 atthe Wimalasurendra Audito-rium of the IESL. Top ten stu-dent projects respectivelyfrom the Junior Inventor of theYear (JIY)Competition con-ducted by the IESL and theScience Research ProjectCompetition conducted bythe National Science Founda-tion (NSF) participated in thisevent

The ISEF is the global sci-ence and engineering compe-tition for pre-college students,grades 9 – 12, where morethan 1500 high school stu-dents from more than 60countries, meet each year inthe United States to show-case their independent re-search and win prizes and ac-colades. The Intel ISEF 2016will be held in Phoenix, Ari-zona from May 8-13, 2016. .

The Junior Inventor of the Year(JIY) competition was pio-neered by the Institution ofEngineers, Sri Lanka in 1985and held annually ever sinceto promote creativity and in-genuity among school chil-dren. Children in the agegroup 14 to 19 years fromschools all over Sri Lankaparticipate, initially in prelimi-nary competitions held at theprovincial level, and proceedto the final JIY competitionheld at the IESL Headquar-ters in Colombo. The top teninventions at this competition

together with the ten finalistsof the Science ResearchProject Competition of theNSF then compete at the SriLanka Science and Engi-neering Fair (SLSEF), heldunder the auspices of theMinistry of Education, andSri Lanka branch of the IntelCorporation, USA. Winnersat the SLSEF have the op-portunity to be selected toproceed to the Intel Interna-tional Science and Engineer-ing Fair held in US in May ofeach year.

Welcoming the participantsto this year’s SLSEF thePresident Elect of the IESL,Eng. Jayavilal Meegodapointed out the significantcontributions JIY programmeis making to the studentsand the country providingmotivation to be creative andinnovative. Also Eng.Jayavilal Meegoda said thatthe SLSEF is being held forthe 8th time and that the coun-try has to be proud of the wayits school children have per-formed in the face of interna-tional competition. Hepointed out the exhaustivepreliminary selection pro-cess undertaken by the IESLin selecting 50 finalists fromthe nearly 1000 school chil-dren projects demonstratedto panel of judges at Co-lombo and all the provinces.He said that 20 of the final-ists were given the opportu-nity to exhibit their inventionsto the industry and the pub-lic at the National Engineer-ing Exhibition (TECHNO) inOctober 2015 at the BMICH.The top 10 of these finalistshave been nominated to theSLSEF 2016 he concluded.

Sri Lanka Engineering News - January/ February 20164 IESL NEWS

Sri LankaEngineering News

War of Currentsby Eng. P.H.V.S. Kulatilake.

Electricity has becomean essential commodity to all human beings

living in the world now. It hasbecome a measure of wealthand development of a coun-try. Sri Lanka should beproud that 90% of our house-hold population uses electric-ity for their daily needs. Thisnumber is a very high figurecompared to the same insome other Asian countries.In the more affluent countriessuch as the USA andCanada, no permit will be is-sued to any residence, ifthere is no provision for a sup-ply of electricity - at least alocal source must be avail-able. Hence we are aware thatelectricity is one of the mostimportant basic living require-ments of any country.

As engineers in thefield of Electricity, do we everstop to wonder who discov-ered this wonderful source ofenergy? Electricity has infact always existed naturallyand waiting to be discoveredand harnessed to enhance thequality of human life. Over theyears, pioneers in the field ofscience have made greatstrides to explore the myster-ies of nature and in their at-tempts, discovered electricity,its applications and useful-ness. This discovery led tothe invention of appliancessuch as motors, electricbulbs, dynamos, batteriesand so forth.

It is interesting tonote that in various engineer-ing disciplines, numerousunits, and formulae and theo-ries are named or denoted bythe persons who invented ordiscovered these entities andtheories. For instance, poten-tial difference in a circuit ismeasured in volts to honorAlessandro Volta who in-vented the battery. Resis-tance of a circuit is measuredin ohms to honor GeorgSimon Ohm who formulatedthe Ohm’s Law. Andre Am-pere, Michael Faraday,James Watt are others whosenames are remembered byvarious theories they formu-lated or units of measuringelectricity that bear theirnames. These scientists andinventors contributed im-

mensely to make electricitythe wonder power it is today.

Over the centuriesthere have been many dis-coveries and inventionsbased on electricity. Namesof two of its greatest pio-neers and inventors standout foremost as we think ofelectricity in the modernworld. They are ThomasAlva Edison and NicolaTesla. On a personal note,as an Electrical Engineer inCanada for the last 15 yearsand having been a partici-pant at many seminars,training sessions and work-shops in all three NorthAmerican Countries, therewas no meeting of profes-sionals in this field that com-menced without mentioningthese two great scientists –Edison and Tesla. It is noexaggeration to state thateveryone engaged in theelectrical industry today,honor and revere these twoscientists. I am greatly in-spired by the life and thelegacies of these two scien-tists. This is what led me toresearch further and this ar-ticle is the result of mystudy.

Edison and Teslawere both born in the sameera. Edison was born in 1847in the USA and Tesla in 1856in Croatia (formerly Yugosla-via). By some strange quirkof fate these two superminds met when Tesla mi-grated to the USA in 1884.Edison was already a Sci-entist, Inventor and Busi-nessman and had to hiscredit the development ofthe DC powered electric lightbulb, which made him apopular figure then, as he iseven now. He installed thiselectrical bulb for the firstever commercial electricalsystem in street lighting withhis DC generator which wasalso invented by him. In1882, Edison switched onthe first ever-electrical dis-tribution system providingDC power with 110V to 99customers. This distributionsystem was located in PearlStreet of lower Manhattan.This station provided lightand electricity to customerswithin one square mile only.

When Nicola Teslamigrated to the USA he joinedEdison’s Machine Works, acompany that was focusedon marketing and financialactivities of the electricalitems that Edison had in-vented. Hired by Edison,Nicola Tesla worked togetherwith Edison for a while, buttheir personalities werewidely different making it im-possible for them to work inunison.

Tesla worked underEdison in the beginning. Teslawas a genius yet he had poormarketing and financial skills.Edison thought Tesla wouldbecome a threat to his careersince Tesla was criticizingEdison’s DC systems andtheir limitations and ineffi-ciency. History says thatTesla had been asked byEdison to improve the DCsystem further and he did itsuccessfully by solving thecompany’s most difficultproblems. With these differ-ent personalities and conflict-ing business and scientificactivities, Tesla and Edisonparted ways and Tesla joineda company run by a wealthybusinessman named GeorgeWestinghouse.

Here, given a freehand by Westinghouse whorecognized Tesla’s skills,Tesla worked untiringly on hisideology of inventing anothersystem called the AlternatingCurrent or AC system. Priorto the AC system is invented,Edison’s DC system was thestandard mechanism used inthe USA, and Edison did notwant to lose his patent thathe had acquired for the DCsystem.

A few years later, Tesla suc-ceeded in inventing the sys-tem for alternative currentgenerators, motors and trans-formers and it became clearthat AC is the future of elec-tric power distribution. Themain drawbacks of the DCdistribution system inventedby Edison was then evident,as it could not be distributedto a larger area. Tesla’s ACsystem overcame this draw-back of the DC system as it

Contd. on page 10...

IESL is 110 yearsold…

As you already know theIESL celebrated its110th anniversary on 6th

January at IESL Headquar-ters. There was all night pirithchanting ceremony on 3rd

January followed by daana on4th and multi religious activi-ties on 6th. It was a kind of atime for reflection of the good

work that IESL has been doing for the last 110 years andalso a time to pay gratitude to the past presidents andengineers, who carried IESL forward to the present gen-eration. Parallel to these events, several chapters too or-ganized a number of activities to commemorate the IESLanniversary.

However, it was sad to notice that the presence of IESLmembers at those activities was so poor. Sometimes, itwas only the council members with their family membersat those functions. As I have mentioned in several previ-ous editorials, poor participation of IESL members in ouractivities will definitely discourage the organizers and thiskind of good hearted work unfortunately may not be initi-ated in future.

With all these observations, I personally urge the engi-neering community to follow the wisdom and path shownby the past presidents and engineers. If we enjoy somebenefits being engineers or some recognition in the soci-ety, it is mainly because of those who created and nur-tured IESL. We all should express our gratitude by par-ticipating in IESL activities and more than that by activelyinvolving in promoting engineering profession in the coun-try.

Udeni P. Nawagamuwanawagamuwa@gmail.com

Contd. from page 1...IESL Engineering Excellence .....

Award Winners - EngineeringExcellence Awards 2015

Award Category: Eminence in Engineering AwardVidyaJyothi, Eng. (Prof.) K.K.Y.W PereraVidyaJyothi, Eng. (Prof.) D.S Wijesekera

Award Category: Excellence in Engineering Awards

for IndividualsEng. (Dr.) (Mrs.)Premala Sivaprakasapillai Sivasegaram -Civil EngineeringEng. B.R.O. Fernando - Electrical and Electronic Engi-neeringEng. A.K. Diyabalanage - Mechanical EngineeringEng. Kamal Nanayakkara - IT and Communication Engi-neering

Award Category: Engineering Entrepreneur AwardMain Award: Eng. Ranjith Gunathilaka.Merit Award: Eng. Ruwan Edirisinghe

Award Category: Award for Social ResponsibilityMain Award: Joint awardees - Eng. Ms K.A.P. Chandani+ Eng. H.S. Sugathadasa + Eng. M.A.G.P. Fernando.Merit Award: Eng. Lalith De Alwis

Contd. on page 11.......

5IESL NEWSSri Lanka Engineering News - January/ February 2016

Contd. on page 11...

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c, iïmdok uKav,h" m<d;aiNd" rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk(NGO)" fm!o a., slmß;Hd.YS,Ska ̂Private Bene-factors& " R/O WmlrKwdkhkh lrk iud.ï"wf,úlrejka iy úúOmd¾Yjlrejka úiska úúOm%udKfha iy fkdfhl=;am %ñ; Sk af.ka h q; a R/OWmlrK m %cd u Q,ixúOdkhkag ksfjiaj,g iymdie,aj,g ,nd § we;s w;rtu R/O WmlrK ms<sn|ksjerÈ ixLHd f, aLKfkdue;' fuu WmlrK j,skaiemfhk msßhï lrk ,oc,h ;uka mdkh lrkafkaweh soeh s fndfyd afokdfkdoks;s ' le,ai shï iy*af,darhsâ wvq lrjk jkksid" jl=.vq frda.h we;sfkdlrk nj lshd R/OWmlrK wf<ú flfr;s' ;;=fkdokakd uyck;dj—fldalg;a ff;,h— f,ims<s.ekafjk fuu WmlrKhñ<§ .ekSug yqre ù we;'

j;auka m%cd uQ, ixúOdko ̂c,iïmdok uKav,ho & k, c,h,S 1la imhkafka Y;Y;Y;Y;Y; 1 - 2muK uqo,lgh' tu m%cd uQ,ixúOdku R/O c,h ksmojd,S 1la imhkafka rerererere 1- 2muK uqo,lgh' ñka b;dfyd| ,dNhla ,nd .; yelsneúka " jl =.v q frd a.hgms<shulg jvd" R/O c,hwf,úh uÕska tu ixúOdkhgwd¾Óluh jYfhka jdis fokuÕla mE§" ixúOdk j,lghq;= úúOdx.SlrKh lsÍugfuh msájy,la úh yel'kuq;a we;s lrjk ,o NS;sldj;=< sk a R/O fmrk c,hmdkhg l%ufhka uyckhdyqre ùulao woDYHudkj fuysuqiq ù we;' fï NS;sldj ksidl,ska ,Sgrh rerererere' 40lg muKfnda;,a c,h mdkh l< who"tajdfha ñ< wêl lu ksidl<ska ñ,§ fkd.;a;jqkao" R/

O fmrk c,h mdkh lsÍugkeUqre;djhla olakg ,efí'

we; a;jYfhkau R/Ofmrkhlska isÿjkafka" tys Èhùwe;s ish¿u ix>gl mdfyamg,hla uÕska fjkalr" 30] -40] m%udKhla muK ix>glwvq c,h ^Permeate& yd 70] -60] la muK wêidkao%Khix>gl we;s c,h ^Reject&fldgi a folla f,igfjkalsÍuhs' ñka n,dfmdfrd;a;=jkafka " jl =.v q frd a.hgfya; =jk" wm fkdokakdwys;ldÍ hï ix>glhla we;ao"th iïmQ¾Kfhka mdfya bj;ajk njhs'

mg,h uÕsk a ^ty sld¾hlaIu;djh wkqj& YÍrhgys;lr yd wys;lr^wvx.= kï&ix>gl fldgia folubj;,k ksid" ^YÍrhg wjYH,jK fndfyduhla ,nd.kafkawdydrj, sk a ñi c,fhkafkdjQj;a& fuu c,h §¾>ld,Skj Ndú;fhka we;súh yelsm%;súmdl wúksYaÑ;h' hï whfuu c, mdkhg weíneys ùulaojd¾;d ù ;sfí'

wl¾ukH jQ jl=.vqjlg" jeäix>gl idkao%Khlska hq;a c,hfmÍug jvd" wdi%e; ̂ Distilled&c,hg fnfyúka iudk R/Oc,h mdkfhka " hï l si siykhla ;sìh yels njg ffjoHu;hla we;' tfy;a R/O fmrkc,h" frda.h fkdue;s fndfydafokd mdkh lrkafka bkajl=.vq frda.h fkdiEfokafkahehs mokï úrys; úYajdihu;h'

fuys Wml,amkhla jkafka—jl=.vq frda.hg fya;=jkqfhac,fhys wvx.= hï ix>glhla—hkakhs' tuksid fuh ;j;a.eUqßka idlÉPdjg Ndckh úhhq;a;ls'

f,d al fi!LH ixúOdkjd¾;dfõ fjk fjkulevsñhï" wdiksla" fi,skshï"iafg%dakaáhï hk ner f,dayms,sn| m%Odk m‚úv j,gwu;rj mdkSh c,h ms<sn|m%Odk m‚úv lsysmhla i|ykalrhs' tajd kï"

jl=.vq frda.h we;s

fmfoia j, m%Odk;u mdkSh c,

m%Njh jkafka N+.; c,hhs'

fï l,dmh ;=, N+.;

c,fha wêl *af,darhsâ iy

le,aishï we;s nj m%ldY ù we;'

fï l,dmh ; =,

fjfik ñksi qk a mrïmrd.Kkla N+.; c,h wys;lrn,mEulska f;drj Ndú; lr

we;'

flfia kuq;a"

lsjq,a .;sh" jeä *af,darhsâ

mdkSh c,hg we;s wvq m%fõYh

WIaK fo aY. =Khla ; =<

m%udKj;a c,h mdkh fkdlsÍu

fya;=fjka YÍr wd;;sh iy$fydaner f,day nysi%dùh" ner f,dayu.ska jl=.vq ydksj,g ^Oxida-tive Damage& n,mEula úhyel'

KEY MESSAGESDrinking Water CKDu occurs in areaswhere groundwater is the mainsource of drinking water. Groundwater in thisregion is known to have a highcontent of Fluoride and Cal-cium. People living in the re-gion for generations have usedGroundwater for drinking with-out ill effects. However ,Hardness of water, the highfluoride content,Poor access to drinkingwaterInadequate intake of water ina warm climate.May influence the body burdenand/or the excretion of heavymetals and oxidative damage tothe kidneys caused by heavymetals’ jd¾;dfõ ks.ukhka 6lai|yka fõ' bka tlla muKlatlla muKlatlla muKlatlla muKlatlla muKlac,h ms<sn|j fõ' th fufialshefõ'

leäñhï ksrdjrKg c, m%Njhfya;=jla fkdfõ' ̂ c,fhys ;sìhyels *af,darhsâ iy le,aishïuÕska we;eïúg NephrotoxinúIldrlfha n,mEu W. %lrùfuka" CKDu frda.fhajarOkhla úh yel)˜ {Water is not the source ofexposure to Cd. (Fluoride andCalcium in water mayaggregative the effect ofNephrotoxin and progressionof CKDu.)} ˜

jd¾;dfõ ks¾foaYhka 12lai|yka fõ' bka tlla muKlatlla muKlatlla muKlatlla muKlatlla muKlac,h ms<n| fõ' th fufial shefõ' Nephrotoxinkemafrdfgdlaiska úIldrlfhan,mEu W.% lrúh yelsfya;=fjka" ̂ wka foaj,ao we;=¿j&wêl le,aishï" *af,darhsâ";dmh$úc,kh" jeks jl=.vqj,g ydks lrúh yelsfya;=ldrl wvqlr,Sug msßisÿ^k<& c,h iemhSu'

˜Supply clean drinking water(Pipe borne) to mitigate con-tributing factors that may ag-gravate the effect ofNephrotoxins including highcalcium, Fluoride and heat/de-hydration related harmful ef-fects on kidneys.˜R$O c,h mdkfhka jl=.vqfrd a.h ie<lsh hq;= f,iwvqjkafka kï" jl=.vq idhkj,g meñfKk ish¿u frda.Skagtu c,h ,nd §u muKlafkdj" îugo wkqn, ,nd fokqwe;' tfy;a tjekakla fi!LHidhk j,§ jkafka ke;'

fujka úúO f;dr;=re fya;=fldg f.k we;efula oekaCKDu ioyd CKDmfo (Multifactorial Origin) kj wre;mgne| fuh nyqúOfya;=ldrlhkaf.ka úh yelsnj wÕj;s'

kv;a;= iy fufyhqï úhoïfkd;ld R$O l %ufõoh"jeisc, moaO;s ,nd §ug jvd,dNodhS hhs u;hla f.dv k.d";djld,sl úi÷ula jQ R$OWmlrK ñ<§ .ekSu i|ydw;suy;a uqo,la fjka lsÍu;a"i aÓridr" m %udKj;aOdß;djfhka hq;a jeisc, moaO;si|yd l=vïudf.a ie<ls<s,eîu;a isÿfõ' ̂ úh<s l<dmfha.Dyia: jei sc, gexlshlOdrs;djh 75m3 muK úhhq;=hehs iïu;hla we;&

c, m%Njfha wêl le,aishï fyda*af,drhsâ wvx.= kï" tu c,hmsßisÿj tl;= lr.;a jeis c,hyd iß,k wkqmd;hlgtl;=lr .ekSfuka úhoulskaf;drj" .Dyia:j îug.e,fmk mßÈ ilia l<yelsfõ' jeis ld,fha§ jeisc,h Ndú;h ksid" R$O fmrKc, wf<úfha wvq ùu o jd¾;d

woshr 1 2 3a 3b 4 5

GFR/min/1.73m2 >90 89-60 59-44 44-30 29-15 <15

jr,;a bxðfkare ÿ,Sma .=Kj¾Ok jr,;a bxðfkare ÿ,Sma .=Kj¾Ok jr,;a bxðfkare ÿ,Sma .=Kj¾Ok jr,;a bxðfkare ÿ,Sma .=Kj¾Ok jr,;a bxðfkare ÿ,Sma .=Kj¾Ok úúúúúisksisksisksisksisks

ksfhdacH idudkHdëldÍ - .%dóh c, yd ikSmdrCIl wxYhksfhdacH idudkHdëldÍ - .%dóh c, yd ikSmdrCIl wxYhksfhdacH idudkHdëldÍ - .%dóh c, yd ikSmdrCIl wxYhksfhdacH idudkHdëldÍ - .%dóh c, yd ikSmdrCIl wxYhksfhdacH idudkHdëldÍ - .%dóh c, yd ikSmdrCIl wxYh

Sri Lanka Engineering News - January/ February 20166 IESL NEWS

GFR/min/1.73m2

Contd. on page 11...

2015 IEEE 10thInternational Conference in Industrial and InformationSystems (ICIIS 2015)

Faculty of Engineering, University of Peradeniya17th – 20th December 2015

Dissemination of knowledge is a vital aspectin the development of

science and technology. A bril-liant idea or a great discoverywill be soon forgotten if it isnot shared properly, after rig-orous scrutiny, at a suitableforum and shared with the ap-propriate scientific community.This is the essence of a con-ference: to provide a forum toscrutinize and disseminatescientific and technologicalknowledge.

In the modern era, it is notsufficient to communicateknowledge with a small groupin a region or a country. Thevalue of a conference is in-creased multi-fold if the con-ference is truly international –reaching a wider and more glo-bal community. This is the aimof an “international confer-ence”: to provide a portal tocommunicate ideas at a glo-bal scale.

The Department of Electricaland Electronic Engineering,University of Peradeniya hasbeen the pioneer of develop-ment of technology and theadvancement of the science ofElectrical and Electronic En-gineering and related areas.Ten years ago, in 2006, theDepartment organized the firstInternational Conference in In-dustrial and Information Sys-tems (ICIIS),which was inau-gurated under the visionaryleadership and the futuristicthinking of the then Head of theDepartment, Dr. SanathAlahakoon.

In 2007, the conference wasagain hosted by the Depart-ment. From there onwards to-date, the conference was al-ternatively hosted by the De-partment of Electrical andElectronic Engineering, Univer-

sity of Peradeniya and aprestigious University in In-dia. In 2008, it was hostedby the Indian Institute ofTechnology (IIT) Kharagpur;in 2010 by the National In-stitute of TechnologyKarnataka (NITK),Mangalore;in 2012 by theIndian Institute of Technol-ogy (IIT) Madras; Chennaiand in 2014 by the AtalBihari Vajpayee Indian Insti-tute of Information Technol-ogy and Management(IIITM) Gwalior.

This conference is techni-cally supported by the In-stitute of Electrical andElectronic Engineering(IEEE) which is the largestprofessional network in theworld. Therefore, the publi-cations made in ICIIS con-ferences will be archived inthe IEEE Xplore digital li-brary enabling them to beaccessed and referred to bythe scientists worldwide.

This year, the conferencewas inaugurated on 18th De-cember 2015 at the Facultyof Engineering, University ofPeradeniya, marking the10th anniversary of a longjourney of providing themost effective forum in theregion to disseminate newknowledge and share exper-

tise among researchers, sci-entists and engineers in theacademia and in the indus-try in a wide spectrum of subdisciplines in Electrical andElectronic Engineering.

With the vision to promoteinnovation for engineering,the theme of the conferencehas been selected as “Sus-tainable Developmentthrough Next Generation In-tegrated Engineering”. Nextgeneration challenges in en-ergy, transport, communica-tions, consumer electron-ics, computing, healthcareand manufacturing indus-

tries demand integration ofdiverse engineering solu-tions that are socially, eco-nomically and environmen-tally sustainable. These top-ics are discussed in thisconference at different levels.

For ICIIS2015, 234 paperswere received from 17 differ-ent countries. After a rigor-ous review process con-ducted by the veteran inter-national review panel, only111 were selected by thetechnical program commit-tee for regular oral paper pre-sentations. The presentedpapers will be submitted tothe IEEE eXplore database.The accepted papers wherethe authors are from foreign

countries including India, Aus-tralia, Pakistan, Japan, UnitedKingdom, Finland, Italy,Canada, United States ofAmerica, Norway, Switzerland,Malaysia, Germany, Portugal,Spain, Peoples Republic ofChina, and France were pre-sented in five sessions, whereeach session will have four par-allel sessions. The papers in-cluded the following invited pa-pers.

1. “An Extended KalmanFilter for Localisation in Occu-pancy Grid maps” by Prof.Gamini Dissanayake, Univer-sity of Technology, Sydney,Australia.

2. “Massive Efficienciesto be Realized through GPUComputations in Finite Ele-ment Optimization: The Prom-ises and Observations” by Prof.S. R. H. Hoole, Election Com-mission, Sri Lanka.

3. “Comparative study tounderstand behaviour of natu-ral ester as transformer insu-lating liquid” by Dr.ChandimaEkanayake, Griffith University,Gold Coast, Australia.

4. “Voltage Drop and Un-balance Compensation in Long

Distance Medium VoltageDistribution Lines” by Dr.Sanath Alahakoon, CentralQueensland UniversityQueensland, Australia.

5. “Critical Analysis ofSignal Processing Tech-niques for ConcealedWeapon Identification withMMW (60 GHz) ImagingRadar System”, by Prof.Dharmendra Singh, IndianInstitute of TechnologyRoorki, India.

The conference had five key-note speeches by world re-nowned researchers andacademics including IEEEdistinguished lecturers,where all of them were fromthe North Americal conti-nent. They were,

1. “Control Engineer-ing Challenges in ModernAutomobiles”, by Prof.Francis Assadian, Univer-sity of California, Davis,USA.

2. “5G Evolution andCandidate Technologies”,by Dr. Rath Vannithamby,Cellular Research Labs,Intel Inc., USA.

3. “Emergent Prob-lems in Systems and Con-trol: A Mathematical Per-spective”, by Prof. BijoyGhosh, Texas Tech Univer-sity, Lubbock, USA.

4. “A TechnologyFramework for AutomatedSpatio temporal Monitoringof the Quality of WaterSources”,by Prof. ClarenceW. de Silva, University ofBritish Columbia,Vancouver, Canada and,

5. “IoT – A pervasivetechnology for innovation”,by Prof. AnuraJayasumana, ColoradoState University, USA.

Chief Guest Prof. Bijoy Ghosh of Texas Tech University,USA and the Guest of Honour Dr. Sanath Alahakoon ofCentral Queensland University Australia being accom-panied to the inaugeration of ICIIS2015

Prof. Upul B. Dissanayake, Vice Chancellor, University ofPeradeniya, addressing the gathering

Prof. Francis Assadian of University of California, Davis,USA delivering the Keynote speech

Dr. Rath Vannithamby, Cellular Research Labs, Intel Inc.,USA delivering the keynote speech

By Eng. W R M U Wickramasinghe

7IESL NEWSSri Lanka Engineering News - January/ February 2016

ARE UNIVERSAL SOCKET OUTLETS ELECTRICALLY SAFEARE UNIVERSAL SOCKET OUTLETS ELECTRICALLY SAFEARE UNIVERSAL SOCKET OUTLETS ELECTRICALLY SAFEARE UNIVERSAL SOCKET OUTLETS ELECTRICALLY SAFEARE UNIVERSAL SOCKET OUTLETS ELECTRICALLY SAFE?????by Eng. S R Munasingheby Eng. S R Munasingheby Eng. S R Munasingheby Eng. S R Munasingheby Eng. S R Munasinghe

Most of the electrical accessories available inthe market for house

wiring do not have the SLScertification or certification fromany other standards institution.Poor quality, substandard andunsafe electrical accessoriesare imported and sold withoutany restriction and control inSri Lanka. The universal socketoutlet is one such item. Theobjective of writing this articleis to bring the attention of allthe engineers in IESL to thedangers and safety standardviolations of universal socketoutlets that are being installedin the modern buildings.

BS 7671 is the current stan-dard for wiring regulations forbuildings in Sri Lanka. BS7671 stipulates the design pro-cedures for circuits havingelectrical socket outlets to BS546 (SLS 948 in Sri Lanka) orBS 1363 (SLS 734 in SriLanka). SLS 948 applies toround pin type socket outletsand plugs rated for 5A and 15Aand SLS 734 applies to rect-angular pin type fused plugs,Switched and unswitchedsocket outlets rated for 13A.

In other words, only threetypes of socket outlets,namely 5A, 15A round pin typeand 13A rectangular pin typecan be installed in buildings inaccordance with the prevailingStandards in Sri Lanka. Fur-ther, these socket outlets arelisted in the Government Ga-zette dated 08/01/2014 andare subject to inspection andcertification by SLSI beforethey are imported for sale inSri Lanka. Also, please notethat there is no Sri LankanStandard for two pin socketoutlets in Sri Lanka.

Examples of ApprovedSocket Outlets in Sri LankaHowever, we find different ver-sions of universal socket out-lets in the local market, someimported and some made inSri Lanka. None of thesesocket outlets are certified bySLSI for compliance with theapplicable Sri Lanka Stan-dards. These socket outletsdo not have the certificationmarks or relevant standardnumber marked on them andthe manufacturers of universalsocket outlets do not producedocuments to confirm thattheir products meet with thehealth and safety regulationsand the standards in the coun-try of origin. Mostly, Universalsocket outlets are manufac-tured in China but there is nodocumentary evidence thatthey comply even with the Chi-nese Standards.

15A and 5A Socket Outlets to SLS 948

13A Socket outlet to SLS 734

But, some universal socketoutlets available for sale inSri Lanka have the SLSmark printed on hard paperenclosure to indicate thatthis product is SLS certi-fied as shown in the pic-tures below.

The findings given below bythe universal@plugsafe.org.ukare applicable to Sri Lankaalso as our national stan-dards for socket outlets areadopted versions of BS1363 and BS 546. Most ofthe electrical installationsin the hotel sector are sup-plied with universal socketoutlets despite the manyunsafe features built intothem.

One of the frustrations ofmodern travel is the manydifferent mains socketsnow in use, but that is notgoing to change any timesoon. The cost and incon-venience involved in chang-ing the electrical infrastruc-ture of a developed coun-try would be too great tobe tolerated by its citizens,and far outweighs the in-convenience to the traveler.The IEC is the world stan-dards body responsible forcoordinating electricalstandards. For manyyears the IEC attempted tofind a solution to the prob-lem of incompatible plugs,

but in the end all they could dois to develop a standard for yetanother new type! The safetyissues of trying to make onesocket accept many differentplugs were too great to have apractical solution. The new

standard, IEC 60906-1, has sofar been adopted only by SouthAfrica who will phase it in overmany years. Brazil adoptedsomething similar, but failed tomake it compliant with IEC60906-1, totally missing thepoint!.

Sample of a universal socketoutlet

In a misguided attempt to solvethe problem, far eastern entre-preneurs have developed vari-ous non-standard so-calleduniversal sockets, but theyhave failed to understand whythis is not safe. The exampleabove is one of these whichhas been withdrawn from UKsale as having a serious riskof electric shock. It has twosets of socket apertures, thepair at the top are intended fortwo pin American and Euro-pean plugs, the centre andlower apertures are intended toaccept various three pinearthed plugs, including UK,American, Chinese, Australianand, apparently, the 5 amp BS

546 plug which is still usedin many countries. Thereare many other types onthe market, but all are avery bad idea! Here aresome of the reasons why:

Voltage: A fundamentalreason for not using asingle plug type is thatthere are two very differentmains voltages used in theworld, the European volt-age is a nominal 230 V, theAmerican voltage is anominal 120 V, other coun-tries use one or other ofthese. International stan-dard IEC 60884-1 requiresthat a plug intended for oneof these voltages may notfit into a socket intendedfor the other. Universalsockets do not comply

with that standard. Plug-ging a 120 V applianceinto a 230 V socket mayresult in a fire!

Polarity: A normal mainssupply consists of ‘earth’(or ‘ground’), which is asafety connection for ex-posed metal parts (suchas the casing of whitegoods); ‘neutral’, which isat approximately 0 V; and’line’ which is at 120 V or230 V. Both ‘neutral’ and’line’ carry current, and arereferred to as ‘live parts’.The UK and the US bothuse polarized plugs, butwhereas the UK line con-nection in the socket illus-trated is at bottom right,the US line is at bottomleft! A switch fitted to anappliance is often in theline wire only, so it is im-portant to make sure thatthe right connection ismade. Universal Socketshave the terminals markedfor UK polarization, mean-ing that it is incorrect forsome other plugs, includ-ing US plugs. (The USalso uses polarized two-pin plugs, with the neutralpin wider than the line pin,but universal sockets oftenaccept these in either ap-erture, negating thatsafety feature as well!Sometimes both aperturesare too small to accept thewider neutral pin.)

Earthing: UK and US plugs,as well as many others, usethe third pin for earthing, how-ever the German Schuko pluguses a side contact, and theFrench plug uses a pin pro-jecting from the face of thesocket, clearly neither ofthese contacts exist in a uni-versal socket (the presence ofeither would prevent otherplugs being used) so althoughthe universal socket will ac-cept both French and Germanplugs, neither will be earthed!(The picture above clearlyshows the side contact mak-ing no connection.) In theevent of a fault this is poten-tially lethal.Access to Live Parts (Plugpins): UK plugs (and someothers) have partially sleevedline and neutral pins to ensurethat the metal cannot betouched when the plug is par-tially engaged. Other plugs,such as the German Schuko,rely on the plug being insertedinto a recessed socket. (Seepicture, below right, of aSchuko plug in its recessedsocket, note the side earthingcontact in the upper socket.)As universal sockets canhave no recess there is noth-ing to prevent touching anunsleeved line pin on a par-tially engaged plug, as dem-onstrated by this Schuko plugin the Lengon socket.

Access to Live Parts(Socket Contacts): The livepins of American plugs (andsome others) are closelyspaced (12.7 mm centres)when compared to UK plugs(22.2 mm centres). The over-all width of a US plug is nor-mally in the range 22 - 25 mm,

Contd. on page 10....

Sri Lanka Engineering News - January/ February 20168 IESL NEWS

Contd. on page 11....

GARRATT, THE STEAM ERA KING OF SRI LANKA’SUPCOUNTRY LINE

To train buffs and passengers of an earliervintage, the term

‘Garratt Locomotive’ conjuresup images of mountainoustrack, winding curves, thun-derous exhaust and mightysteam engines poundingaway with lengthy trains in anow almost forgotten by-goneera. Indeed the Garratts of SriLanka’s railways held swayover the Upcountry Main Linefor decades during the steamhauled age.

It is pertinent to consider firstthe beginnings of the GarrattLocomotive prior to enteringin to a discussion on this fas-cinating machine. Whensteam locomotives were mak-ing headway all over the worldin the late nineteenth century,many locomotive engineers inEurope were exploring de-signs that would enable loco-motives to negotiate tightcurves easily and haul heavierloads than possible with thethen available rigid framed lo-comotives. A multitude of ar-ticulated designs resulted,foremost amongst them beingthe Kitson, Meyer, DoubleFairlie, Shay and the re-nowned Mallett types. Ofthese, only the Mallett flour-ished, especially in the US,culminating in the 550 ton“Big Boy”, the largest andmost powerful steam locomo-tive ever built. The Shay, tosome extent, was also suc-cessful, but was confinedmainly to narrow gauge log-ging operations.

Then in the early 1900s, en-ter Herbert William Garratt, anInspector for the New SouthWales Government Railwaysin Australia. While working ondesigns for articulated gun orartillery carriages, Garratt hitupon the concept of an articu-lated locomotive with threeseparate frames pivoted to-gether, enabling the endframes to swivel relative to thecentre frame.This was a bril-liant concept allowing the twoend frames to carry water andcoal tenders, with a massiveboiler and deep firebox

mounted on the centralframe. Two separate sets ofcylinders and driving gearcould be installed on the endframes, making for a powerfullocomotive with four cylinders,yet able to negotiate tightcurves due to its articulation(Refer to Sketch 1). AlthoughAustralia has enjoyed a longtradition of local locomotivebuilding, Garratt’s efforts to

persuade the builders at thetime to adopt his design fellon deaf ears. It is said thathe then took his concept tothe UK, where only theManchester firm of Beyer-Peacock became sufficientlyinterested to try it out. Therest, as they say, is history.The Garratt locomotive,named of course after H WGarratt, went on to becomeone of the most successful ofall articulated locomotive de-signs, with hundreds of unitsof varying size and power,being produced for the thriv-ing British colonial railroadsall over the world. Unfortu-nately for Herbert WilliamGarratt, it did not bring richesas it is understood that hehad sold his designs to Beyer-Peacock without recourse forcontinuing royalties, dying arelatively poor man at an earlyage.

Sri Lanka, or then Ceylon, hadits first experiences with aGarratt in 1927, when the oldcolonial railway administrationof the time got down a singlelocomotive, the Class C1,number 241. With a wheelarrangement of 2-6-2 + 2-6-2

it boasted a starting tractiveeffort of around 42,000 lbsand weighed in at a massive123 tons. However, due tothe multiplicity of its axles,the axle load was only 13.5tons, well within the permit-ted loadings. Along with the4-8-0 “Big Bank Engines”, Itspent all its life haulingtrains,unassisted, or as-sisted by a banking locomo-tive if the load demanded it,on the celebratedRambukkana toKadugannawa incline, astretch of thirteen miles of

continuous 1 in 44 gradient.Built by Beyer-Peacock, ithad modern (at the time) pis-ton valves, steam brake, su-perheated six foot diameterboiler mounted with triplesafety valves and Belpairesquare topped firebox. Thecoal capacity was 7 tonsand its water tender held4,000 gallons of water. It wascapable of hauling unas-sisted, a trailing weight ofaround 300 tons on the in-cline, normally requiring twoClass B1 or B2 4-6-0 tenderlocomotives. It was said thatthe resultant coal and water

by Eng. D U L Peeligama

Sketch 1, Schematic of Garratt Locomotive Concept

Figure 1: C1A Garratt 345 at Nawalapitiya

Figure 2: C1A Garratt 344 with a Goods Train

Figure 3: AD60 Garratt at Thirlmere RailwayMuseum, near Sydney, Australia

saving was around 20.5%and 15.5% respectively, andof course, less the crew ofan additional locomotive.

For some reason, possiblydue to bridge and trackweight restrictions, no fur-ther Garratts were importedfor nearly twenty years, therailway continuing to resortwith the practice of bankingor piloting with twin 4-6-0 lo-comotives, even on theheavily graded UpcountryMain Line. Then in 1946,Beyer-Peacock suppliedeight more 2-6-2 + 2-6-2Garratts, termed the ClassC1A, the track and bridgeshaving been strengthenedby then. Although similar indesign and capability to theC1, they had marginally in-creased weight (128 tons,the heaviest ever on SriLankan rail) and improvedtractive effort (43,000 lbs),but had a number of modifi-cations. Foremost amongstthese were the inclusion ofNicholson thermic syphonsand Hadfield steam powerreversers. The thermicsyphon was a funnelshaped contraption con-necting the firebox roof andthe front plate, permittingbetter circulation of waterand improved thermal effi-ciency. The steam powerreverser assisted the driversgreatly in cut-off governingof the cylinders and settingthe locomotive in to reverse.

The new Garratts were alldespatched to theUpcountry Main Line andwere based at theNawalapitiya shed. Like theearlier C1, they performed

yeoman duty on the ruling 1in 44 Upcountry gradient haul-ing trains singly or doublehauling with a rigid locomotive,when trailing weights ex-ceeded their single hauledperformance capability. Theywere only stabled overnight atNanuOya, Bandarawela orBadulla, in readiness for theirreturn trip to Nawalapitya.Itwas a spectacular sight to seethese monsters attacking theincline on awide open regula-tor, copious black smokeblasted heavenwards, with anoccasional deep-throated roarfrom their “Bull-roarer” whistleand their thunderous asynchro-nous four cylinder exhaustbeat reverberating across themountain sides for miles onend! When double hauled, theGarratt was always leading atthe front of the train with theless powerful 4-6-0 at the rearas the banker. Had the Garrattbeen the banking engine, itsenormous tractive effort (60%more than that of the 4-6-0)could have led to possible trainbreak-up and derailment,through over-run of the cou-plers. The Garratts alwaysworked tender first out ofNawalapitiya to Badulla andreturned bunker first back toNawalapitiya. The only placethey could be turned around(if need be) was at the Triangleat Peradeniya Junction. Noturntable in Sri Lanka wasable to accommodate their 74foot length bulk. With a 45square foot grate and its vora-cious appetite for coal it wasno easy task to fire these lo-comotives. Thus in the early1950s, all were converted tooil burning. This modificationno doubt, alleviated thefireman’s chores, but led tothick acrid clouds of blacksmoke being emitted all thetime, due to the oil burners hav-ing to be kept on continuously.Many were the stories of en-gine crew coming to grief over-come with smoke, especiallyin tunnels.

Sri Lanka was in possessionof a narrow gauge Garratt aswell, a diminutive 39 ton 2-4-0+ 0-4-2 locomotive importedfor the 2’ 6" gaugeUdaPussellawa Railway in1930. When that railwayclosed in the 1940s it was

9IESL NEWSSri Lanka Engineering News - January/ February 2016

Power Quality and Reliability, Are WeSatisfied? Questions EESoc, at the

annual Panel Discussionby Ms. Guvanthi AbeysingheStudent Member of IESL (S-17202)

Final year undergraduate, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Moratuwa

Owing to the more orless efforts renderedby the responsible au-

thorities during the past fewdecades, Sri Lanka is nowapproaching 100% electrifica-tion of its population. Electric-ity has become an easily ac-cessible commodity to thepublic. However, a questionarises as to whether the con-sumer is satisfied with whatthey get. Lacks of reliabilityand quality of the power sup-ply have been the major issuesto dissatisfy the customers at

present. Simply power systemreliability means the availabil-ity of a continuous and ad-equate supply of power andpower quality means the deliv-ered parameters of the supply(i.e. voltage and frequency) arewithin acceptable limits.

Hence, Power Quality andReliability was the topic for theannual panel discussion orga-nized by Electrical Engineer-ing Society (EESoc) of the Uni-versity of Moratuwa. This washeld on 17th December, 2015at the Water’s Edge, Colombowith the participation of a panelof professional expertise. Theevent was also graced by the

Minister of Power and Renew-able Energy, Hon. RanjithSiyambalapitiya as the ChiefGuest, Dr. B.M.S. Batagoda,Secretary to the Ministry ofPower and Renewable Energyand, distinguished personnelfrom the University ofMoratuwa and the industry.

In order to provide an entrancefor the panel discussion, theresults obtained from a seriesof surveys conducted by theEESoc on the available anddemanded power quality and

reliability of the country werepresented initially. The surveyresults clearly depicted that,the concern of most of the ru-ral consumers is on reliabilitythan on quality where as forthe urban consumers it isvise-versa. The public has de-manded maximum reliabilityduring 5.00 am to 8.00 amand 6.00 pm to 10.00 pm.Around 20% of consumershave shown their willingnessto pay for additional reliabilityand quality at the expense of10% increase in tariff.

Following the presentation ofsurvey results, the moderatorfor the panel, Senior Profes-

sor Ranjit Perera fromthe Department of Elec-trical Engineering Univer-sity of Moratuwa sum-moned the panellists forthe discussion. Eng.H.N. Gunasekara, Gen-eral Manager of LankaElectricity Company be-ing the first to addressthe gathering, spoke onthe economic perspec-tive of reliability. He em-phasized that the extentto which the supplyshould be reliable de-pends on two factors,that expected by the con-sumer and that expectedby the national economyas an infra-structure and,those two parties are re-spectively responsible topay for additional reliabil-ity. Even though, thatneeds to be configuredbased on consumer cat-egories, Eng.Gunasekara explainedthat the network can bedifferentiated only by ge-ography, hence the con-sumers should be cat-egorized based on bothaspects.

Expressing the views on thechallenges in achieving powersupply reliability, Dr. H.M.Wijekoon, Chief Engineer ofTransmission Planning Divi-sion of Ceylon ElectricityBoard mentioned that CEB’sfirst priority at this point is onrural electrification and thesecond is the power systemreliability. He vividly explainedthe other priorities on handand, the regulatory and imple-mentation challenges inachieving reliability. For over-all power system reliability;generation reliability, trans-mission reliability and distri-bution reliability should beequivalently achieved and Dr.Wijekoon explained the crite-ria for evaluating the threestages of reliability. He also

noted that quick decisionmaking in the order of author-ity is necessary to improvethe power system.

Following the views by thetwo utilities in the country, thearena was opened for theregulator’s views. Eng.Damitha Kumarasinghe, Di-rector General of Public Utili-ties Commission of Sri Lankaconfirmed that the regulatoris almost ready to get throughthe regulatory challenges pre-viously mentioned by Dr.Wijekoon. Vividly explaining‘quality in electricity’ as asingle term of both powerquality and reliability, Eng.Damitha said that it is a com-bination of power quality, sup-ply quality, which is actuallythe reliability and service qual-ity, which means the serviceconnection and its services.However, regulator’s role inachieving this is to setup rel-evant regulations, rules andstandards and, monitor them.As he explained, PUCSL isalready processing the regu-lations in this aspect. He alsopresented a drafted procedureto prepare a road map for theregulator to improve quality inelectricity.

Providing a comparison be-tween local and internationalperspectives of the topic, Dr.Dharshana Muthumini, Man-aging Director of ManitobaHVDC Research Centre ofCanada explained that the in-ternational practice in maxi-mizing power system qualityand reliability is thorough longterm and short term planning.Also, he revealed that assis-tance from neighbouring coun-tries and areas for high volt-age ac or dc interconnectionshave provided additional reli-ability to foreign countries.

Finally the premier energyconsultant in the country, Dr.Tilak Siyambalapitiya, theManaging Director of Re-source Management Associ-ated Pvt. Ltd. took his oppor-tunity to speak on the way for-ward with power system reli-ability and quality in the cus-tomer perspective. He beganhis speech saying that con-sumers hardly question onreliability and quality of thesupply as they, being SriLankans believe that reliabil-ity and quality are alreadydished out from the utilities.Speaking on the methodologyto achieve the topic on hand,Dr. Siyambalapitiya said thefirst step is measurement ofavailable reliability and quality,so that it can be properly un-derstood and hence can con-trol it. Explaining the correctregulatory approach, he men-tioned the use of ‘allowed rev-enue’ for transmission and dis-tribution to invest for reliabilityimprovement and in any casethe set reliability targets arenot achieved, a portion of thatshould be ‘clawed back’ andeffectively re-distributedamong the consumers ascompensation. He empha-sized the need of a compre-hensive plan for reliability im-provement of the network withtime targets and a soundmonitoring mechanism.

Once all the panellists havepresented their ideas, theopen discussion round raiseda number of questions from theaudience. Eng. AnuraWijayapala, Chairman ofCeylon Electricity Board sit-ting in the audience revealedCEB’s interest in getting to thetrack of reliability improvementwhilst working on its other pro-grams in operation. Dr. B.M.S.Batagoda, Secretary to the

Contd. on page 10....

Sri Lanka Engineering News - January/ February 201610 IESL NEWS

the minimum distance be-tween the edges of socketapertures to accept a UKplug is 29 mm, thus it willalways be the case that aUS plug inserted into asocket which will also ac-cept UK plugs will leave thesocket apertures danger-ously exposed on eitherside. This allows plenty ofspace for a child to pokeobjects such as this paperclip into the live contacts.Note also the voltage ratingtag on this American cord,as is normal for this type itis rated at 125 Volts only. Itis not suitable for connectionto a 230 V socket!

If you want to use an Ameri-can appliance which is ratedfor use at 230 Volts also,make sure you use a powercord suitable for 230V.

Fusing: The system of wir-ing used in the UK (called a‘ring circuit’) includes 32Amp protection for the fixedwiring and requires that therebe an appropriately sizedfuse in the plug which willprevent the flexible appli-ance cord overheating andcatching fire in the case of ashort circuit. Other coun-tries use a radial system andrely on the protection (typi-cally 16 Amp) for the fixedwiring to protect the flexiblecord (which is fine for someappliance cords, but ofdoubtful value for lightweightcords such as those usedwith Europlugs). A universalsocket will, by definition,accept non-BS 1363 unfusedplugs so when connected toa UK ring circuit the flexiblecord is not adequately pro-tected.Shutters: UK standardsrequire that pin aperturesare shuttered, the shuttersbeing operated either by in-sertion of the earth pin or bysimultaneous insertion oftwo or more pins.

Some universal socketshave no shutters, such asthis one. Others have inad-equate shutters which canbe opened by pressing a pinor other object into the lineaperture alone. This is com-pletely unacceptable andpotentially lethal.

ARE UNIVERSALARE UNIVERSALARE UNIVERSALARE UNIVERSALARE UNIVERSALSOCKETSOCKETSOCKETSOCKETSOCKET

Contd. fron page 7... Poor contact: Socketsare normally designed tomake the maximumelectrical contact with thepins of the plug. Becausethe contacts in a universalsocket are designed toaccept a variety of sizesand shapes they areseriously compromised,often doing little more thantouching at a couple ofpoints. A poor contact willresult in arcing and/oroverheating with thepotential of fire.

Insufficient mechanicalstability: One of thefunctions of a socket is tosecurely hold the plug, butthe overlarge apertures andpoor contacts in auniversal socket preventthis from happening. Inaddition, some plug types(such as the GermanSchuko) rely on thesocket recess foradditional stability, butuniversal sockets have norecess.

Under-rated for mostplugs: Universal socketsdo not have a standardcurrent rating, they oftenclaim to be rated at 10 A,but most plugs are ratedat higher currents, eg 13A (UK), 15 A (US) and 16A (French and German), aplug should only be usedin a socket which has acompatible current rating.

Plugs can be mis-in-serted: The overlarge ap-ertures of a universalsocket allows some plugssuch as the Europlug andSchuko to be inserted intothe wrong contacts, eg be-tween line and earth. Thisis illustrated below.

Universal PortableSocket Outlets (UPSO)

Universal portable socketoutlets (UPSO) are alsoavailable for sale asextension cords in the localmarket. Unfortunately, thereis no SLSI standard tocertify the widely usedvarieties of extension cordsin Sri Lanka.SPRING Singapore, theSafety Authority ofSingapore has advised theconsumers in Singapore notto buy or use the UPSO asit carries the following risks.· Fire Hazard

The UPSO has a high ten-dency to overheat -the tem-peratures of the Live andNeutral contacts are foundto exceed safety limits whenloaded to the rated currentof the mains plug. The un-dersized copper wires in thepower cord are likely to over-heat, when connected tohigh power products suchas vacuum cleaner andelectric steamboat. Theplastic casing of the UPSOfailed the Glow Wire Testand increases the risk of fire.

· Electric Shock HazardThe safety shutter mechanismdoes not effectively cover thecontacts on the UPSO- theshutter could be lifted by in-sertion of an object into oneof the live or neutral contact,this would likely result in anelectric shock as shown be-low.

Many countries have takenprecautionary measures toprotect the consumers fromthe unsafe electrical acces-sories like universal socketoutlets. They enforce healthand safety regulations to pro-tect the consumers, issuesafety warnings to consum-ers on counterfeit and unsafeaccessories and take stepsto remove such unsafe acces-sories from the market.

It is the duty of Sri Lankan en-gineer also to make a voiceto the concerned authoritiesto introduce regulations toprevent the import and sale ofsubstandard, unsafe electri-cal accessories to Sri Lanka.

Links for further reading

http://www.electricalsafetyfirst.org.uk/electrical-professionals/product-safety-unit/univer..

http://www.beama.org.uk/download.cfm/docid/D4B848FF-FB66-403F-B1D5F4E3A55D6473

http://www.cabletalk.org/2014/06/11/universal-socket-outlets-conve-nience-over-safety/

http://www.spring.gov.sg/Building-Trust/Raising-Confidence/Safety-Tips-Alerts/Product-Safet...

Exposed metal ‘live’ parts

Ministry of Power and Renew-able Energy also addressed thegathering, emphasising the in-terest of the ministry in this re-gard as their next priority inhand. He also mentioned theimportance of service quality interms of how much the electric-ity sector employees are com-mitted to their duties.

With the limitation of availabletime, the annual EESoc paneldiscussion came to an end witha number of important recom-mendations for improvement ofpower system reliability andquality. However, this can beconsidered only as the initial ef-fort in a long way ahead, with theobjective of drawing the attentionof the responsible authorities tothe next step in the power sec-tor. Now, it is their responsibilityto start planning, interacting allthe relevant parties to setup asound propaganda to improvethe power quality and reliabilityto satisfy the consumer.

Contd. from page 9..Power Quality.....

was more efficient with its abil-ity to distribute to a larger rangeof customers through transfor-mation.

With these two greatinventions, Edison has beenfondly named as Mr. DC andTesla as Mr.AC. Edison beingthe shrewd businessman that hewas, had much money investedinto his DC system and he triedhis best to discredit Tesla byhighlighting that the AC systemwas more dangerous than the DCSystem. They became rivalsand the Cold War Battle betweenthem was named as the “Warof Currents” in the electrical en-gineering world. Both Edison andTesla are so well known in theElectrical Engineering world thatnumerous video clips on themhave been created – often hilari-ous showing the funny side ofthis great duo.

Edison was known as agreat experimenter and inventorbut lacked in mathematicalskills. It is said that he inventedthe light bulb after more than 900trials. He was almost deafthroughout his life but was a suc-cessful American inventor and abusinessman. Edison developedmany devices and held morethan a thousand patents. Edisonbeing the older of the two andalso a powerful figure who fo-cused mostly on marketing ofhis discoveries appeared to theworld at large as a more popularand recognized figure than NicolaTesla.

Tesla in contrast, was agreat mathematician and a bril-liant scientist - a true genius. Hewas an electrical engineer aswell as a mechanical engineerwith the skills and knowledgethat helped him invent the firstAC motor and the generator.

Contd. from page 4...

War of Currents ......

11IESL NEWSSri Lanka Engineering News - January/ February 2016

Contd. from page 5....

jl=.vq udrhd '''''''jl=.vq udrhd '''''''jl=.vq udrhd '''''''jl=.vq udrhd '''''''jl=.vq udrhd '''''''moved down to work on theKelani Valley line.With the rapid and some-what hasty dieselisationthat took place on SriLanka’s railways after1969, these magnificent lo-comotives lost their prideof place and were often rel-egated to local duties. Toborrow a phrase from A EDurrant, “long years of ne-glect and lack of mainte-nance had reduced theseonce proud machines towheezing hulks”!It is nosurprise then that by theearly 1970s all were with-drawn from service with theubiquitous diesels now“calling the shots”.Sadly,the C1As had relativelyshort lives of around 27years when other classesof steam locomotives hadsoldiered on for over half acentury.Over 60% of the world’sGarratts had been manu-factured by Beyer-Peacockand hence became knownas “Beyer-Garratts”. It is in-teresting to note that thefirst Garratt manufacturedby Beyer-Peacock to H WGarratt’s concept was atiny 33 ton 0-4-0 + 0-4-0 lo-comotive for a TasmanianRailway in 1907. Quite afew units were produced onthe Continent as well, mostnotably by Henschel ofWest Germany. Garrattshad performed with distinc-tion on all continents apartfrom North America where,as stated before, theMallett reigned supreme.The Beyer-Garratt specifi-cally was a fine example ofBritish engineering at itsbest, sent out to serve inthe far flung corners of thevast British Empire. Africaof course was synony-mous with Garratts and itslast bastion. It is reliablylearnt that a few examplesare still in active service insome form or another, onthe railways of Zimbabweand South Africa. The larg-est Garratts produced were

Contd. from page 8....

GARRATT, THE....the AD60 Class 4-8-4 + 4-8-4 locomotives to run on theStandard Gauge (4’ 8.5")tracks of the New SouthWales Government Railwaysof Australia. A static exhibitof this 260 ton behemoth isdisplayed in the ThirlmereRailway Museum nearSydney (See Fig 3). More re-cently, another AD60 hasbeen restored to working or-der and has just successfullycompleted running trials.Regrettably, none of the SriLankan Garratts have beenpreserved even in static form,with the withdrawn locomo-tives rusting away at theDematagoda Yards. Ofcourse for a developing coun-try such as Sri Lanka, loco-motive restoration is not ahigh priority item on theagenda, what with otherpressing and urgent eco-nomic needs taking the forefront. However, it is notewor-thy that in recent years thecountry has made some sig-nificant progress in this re-gard with the setting up of afew railway museums. Itwould be a wonderful initia-tive if the Authorities couldconsider preserving one ofthese magnificent and excep-tional machines to some de-gree of restoration to enableits display as a static exhibitso that future generationscould benefit from and enjoythe rich heritage of SriLanka’s railways.After all, this is no ordinaryrailway locomotive. TheGarratt was unique in all re-spects and was the undis-puted king of Sri LankanRailway’s Upcountry MainLine in the steam era.Reference:Garratt Locomotives of theWorld, A E Durrant, BrackenBooks London, 1987 Photosat Fig 1 & 2, Courtesy of Ba-sil Roberts, Fig 3 Writer’sOwn

Note: The writer alsowishes to acknowledge theinvalu able assistanceprovided byVictor Melder ofMelbourne, Australia inreviewingthe article.

Contd. from page 6...

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2015 IEEE 10thInternational..

There were two parallel specialsessions to discuss next gen-eration integrated engineeringapplications in the field of com-munications and electric powersystems. The resource per-sons of the 5G Wireless Sys-tem: Path to a Truly NetworkedSociety were Prof. AnttiT ölli,Prof. Nandana Rajatheva, Prof.Marian Codreanu and Dr. AriPouttu of Olu University, Fin-land and Dr. Anil Fernando,University of Surrey, UK. Thesession on Renewable Energy

Integration and Smart Gridswas conducted by Prof. KithsiriLiyanage, Prof. JanakaEkanayake, and Dr. PrabathBinduhewa of University ofPeradeniya, and Dr. DharshanaMuthumuni, Manitoba HVDCResearch Centre, Canada.They both were well attendedby the conference participantsand local industries.

In addition, on December 17th,the day before the conference,four parallel pre-conferenceworkshops, titled “Data Min-ing”, “Bio Medical Engineering”,“Deep Learning for ImageAnalysis”, and “Advances in

High Power Electronicsand its Applications”wereconducted by eminent pan-els of experts from localand foreign universities andleading global organiza-tions such as GeneralElectric, Germany.

To mark the 10th anniver-sary, there will be a spe-cial issue in the ACTAPress International Journalof Control and IntelligentSystems consisting of jour-nal versions of 10 papersof ICIIS2015 selected bythe editorial board of thejournal.

Since inception, organiz-ers of ICIIS have beenworking on making everyeffort to maintain very highacademic standards. As aresult, with an average ac-ceptance ratio of 44%, to-day ICIIS is the only IEEEhosted conference in SriLanka and one of the bestconferences in the Asia Pa-cific region with the h-indexbeing 12. Hence this is aconference where the par-ticipants can be proud ofbeing a part of ICIIS.

While maintaining highacademic standards, the

conference has been verygenerous to the participantsespecially to the local and re-gional participants by offeringhighly subsidized registrationfees. A special gratitude ispaid here to the Gold spon-sor: Sri Lanka TelecomMobitel, the Silver sponsor:International Research Cen-tre of the University ofPeradeniya, Bronze spon-sors: LTL Holdings Pvt Ltd.,and the Lanka ElectricityCompany (LECO), and theTechnical Partners: Sustain-able Energy Authority of SriLanka and MAS Active fortheir generous contributions.

Sri Lanka Engineering News - January/ February 201612 IESL NEWS

THE INSTITUTION OF ENGINEERS,SRI LANKA

Competition on

“Infrastructure Developmentin Water Sector for

Sustainable Development –Water for People and water bypeople Experience gained from

People participated water sectordevelopment in Sri Lanka. Waterfor people and water for Jobs”

Session 2015/2016Sponsored by

St. Anthony’s IndustriesGroup (Private) Ltd.

(MANUFACTURES OF ANTON PVC PIPESAND FITTINGS)

Two competitions will be held this year for theaward of certificates and cash prizes. Thecompetition soliciting original Technical Papers onresearch and case studies are accepted frommembers of IESL who are above 35 years.

There will also be another competition for mem-bers who are 35 years and below on 01 October2016. This competition is open to members of IESLand final year students of Faculties of Engineeringof Universities in Sri Lanka who are student mem-bers of IESL or who obtain such membership be-fore submitting their technical papers.

AWARDS & PRIZES

ABOVE 35 YEARS ON 2016.10.01First Prize - Rs. 50,000/=Second Prize - Rs. 25,000/=Third Prize - Rs. 10,000/=

35 YEARS AND BELOW ON 2016.10.01First Prize - Rs. 25,000/=Second Prize - Rs. 15,000/=Third Prize - Rs. 5,000/=

The members (Fellows, Members, AssociateMembers, Associates, Companions and Students)who wish to participate must obtain the applicationforms from IESL and submit bio data & fullTechnical Papers to reach the Executive Secretary,The Institution of Engineers Sri Lanka, No. 120/15, Wijerama Mawatha, Colombo 07 on or beforeMay 30, 2016.

Further information could be obtained from theChairman, Steering Committee on Water Re-sources Development of The Institution of Engi-neers, Sri Lanka, on Tel: 0714 150552 or Manager-Publicity-IESL 011-2685490, 011-2698426 or 011-2699210, ext-232, 207, E-mail: dir.pub@iesl.lk,ieslpub@gmail.com, Fax : 011-2699202.

Note: Forms, Rules & Details and Full paper for-mat could also be downloaded from the IESLWebsite, www.iesl.lk or obtained from the IESLSecretariat.

Award Category: Environment AwardMain Award: Eng. S.M.A. Nelugolla

Award Category: Outstanding Engineering Education AwardMain Award : Eng. (Prof.) Mrs. N. Ratnayake

Award Category: President’s Award - Eng. (Dr.) H.H.J. Keerthisena

Awards Category : Special Appreciation AwardsEng. Shavindranath FernandoEng. (Dr.) S.B.Wijekoon

Award Category: Excellence in Engineering Awards for Organizations:

Manufacturing (Large),Main Award: LTL Transformers (Pvt.) Ltd.

Construction (Large),Main Award: Maga Engineering (Pvt.) Ltd.Merit Award:1.} Sanken Construction (Pvt.) Ltd.

2.} Access Engineering PLC

Construction (Medium),Merit Award:Business Promoters and Partners Engineering (Pvt.) Ltd

Engineering Services (Medium),Main Award:Dialog Axiata PLC.Merit Award: Sri Lanka Telecom PLC

Engineering Services (Small),Merit Award: JLanka Technologies (Pvt.) Ltd.

Engineering Consultancy Services ,Merit Award:Central Engineering Consultancy Bureau

Contd. from page 4...

IESL Engineering Excellence .....

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