Starter Get a blue EOC review book from

the shelf READ “Political Freedoms Prior to

1820” beginning on page 31. Take notes being sure to write down any bolded vocabulary words.

Answer questions 1-3 on page 33 (copy the question and the correct answer).

You have 15 minutes from the time the bell rings.

Election of 1796

First contest between opposing political parties

Federalists nominated John Adams for president

Democratic-Republicans nominated Thomas Jefferson for president

other candidate: Thomas Pinckney ,Samuel Adams, Aaron Burr

Constitution stated that the runner-up should become vice president.› Results: John Adams (northern) wins

presidency with 71 electoral votes; Thomas Jefferson (southern) became Vice President with 68 electoral votes.

John Adams as President First crisis—possible war with

France.› France saw Jay’s Treaty as a

British-American alliance and they began seizing merchant ships.

› Three men (John Marshall, Elbridge Gerry, and Thomas Pinckney) were sent to France to negotiate with French foreign minister, Talleyrand. French government sent three

low-level officials who demanded a $250,000 bribe as payment to see Talleyrand.

Adams broke off the negotiations the “XYZ Affair”-the insult roused

public sentiment against France

1798, Congress expanded the Army and created a navy department, and authorized American ships to seize French vessels. › War was never declared, but for two years there

was an undeclared naval wars of victory. Alien and Sedition Acts: Federalists pushed

through Congress in 1798 four measures› the Alien Acts-authorized the President to deport

or jail any alien who criticized Congress. Most aliens supported Democratic Republican-making it difficult to become citizens.

› Sedition Act set fines and jail terms for anyone trying to hinder the operation of the government or expressing “false, scandalous, and malicious statements” against the government.

Jefferson and Madison (D-R) respond to the Alien and Sedition Acts. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: stated

that if a state believed a federal law to be unconstitutional, it did not have to be obey or enforce

Sedition Act was unconstitutional these rights for individual states became

know as Doctrine of nullification states can deem laws null and void any law

that goes beyond the Constitution’s outlined powers

Jefferson and Madison (D-R) response con’t

No other states adopted the Resolutions (Va. & Ky.)

The presidential election of 1800 would decide the balance of federal power and states’ rights.

Washington died in 1799.

Election of 1800 Bitter struggle between John Adams

(Federalist) and Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican).

Electoral college deadlocks.› Jefferson defeated Adams by 8 votes.› Jefferson and his running mate, Aaron Burr,

received the same number of votes in the electorate. House of Reps were called in to decide the

winner. (See Article II, Section 1, Clause 3)› Flaw was recognized—1804 Constitution

amended the 12th Amendment calls for electors to pass separate ballots for the president and vice-president.

Thomas Jefferson as President Wanted a simple government. assumed the Presidency, the crisis

in France had passed. He slashed Army and Navy

expenditures, cut the budget, eliminated the tax on whiskey , yet reduced the national debt by a third.

He also sent a naval squadron to protect the American commerce in the Mediterranean.

Further, although the Constitution made no provision for the acquisition of new land, Jefferson suppressed his qualms over constitutionality when he had the opportunity to acquire the Louisiana Territory from Napoleon in 1803.

First president to live in Washington, DC.

John Marshall and the Supreme Court

Adams appointed Marshall (a Federalist) as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.› Adams pushed the Judiciary Act of 1801 which

increased the number of Supreme Court judges to 16. Midnight judges: Adams’ attempt to pack the court

with Federalists on his last day in office. Appointments were not all delivered before Adams left

office; Jefferson argued them as invalid. Marbury v. Madison (1803) William Marbury was a judge who did not receive his

appointment papers. James Madison was the Sec. of State under Jefferson; it was Madison’s job to deliver the papers.

Judiciary Act of 1789 required that the papers be delivered—Marbury sued to enforce the provisions.

Marshall decided that this provision of the act was unconstitutional because the Constitution did not empower the Supreme Court to issue such orders. ****Principle of judicial review: the ability of the Supreme

Court to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional.

Marshall’s Four-Part Legacy Marshall applied four of Hamilton’s

principles to interpret the Constitution His Supreme Court claimed the power to

review the acts of Congress and of the President to determine if they were constitutional.

Insisted that federal laws were superior to the state laws.

Broadly (loose construction) interpreted the Constitution to find implied powers for the national government.

Insisted the “sanctity of contracts”- this limited the power of state government to interfere with business.

The United States Expands West Louisiana Purchase› Steal of the Century› Jefferson wanted to secure United States trading on

the Mississippi River› He sent representatives to France to negotiate the

purchase of New Orleans › Napoleon was not interest ; he wanted to revitalize

the Western Hemisphere; when the colony of Haiti revolted and Britain resumed was with France; Napoleon decided to sell, not only New Orleans, but the entire Louisiana region($15m).

› Largest land acquisition, doubling the country’s size, marked the turning point for new nation economically (map p.76)› Began to pursue prosperity from within its own borders

not from foreign nations.

The United States Expands West Lewis and Clark Expedition

› Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were to lead the expedition› The Corps of Discovery, › from St. Louis to the Pacific coast. Sacajawea: interpreter and guide May 1804 to Sept 1806--2 years and 4

months People though they died along the way Never reached the Pacific** Recorded information about the land,

animals, and plants of the west.

Jefferson’s Challenges Expanding West Fighting Barbary Wars

North Africa states- Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli-were profiting by seizing American ships—Jefferson need to buy immunity—but Tripoli increase price—sent navy to blockade the ports of Tripoli—winning Barbary War

Entering Reexport Trade– pp 77-78 Facing British Impressment

taking American sailors from their ships and forcing them to serve in the British navy

Asks for an Embargo Act suspend trade by ordering American ships to

stay in port—act did not have the desired effect– act was repeal—Non-Intercourse Act– reopen trade with British.