State DepartmentKaitlin Beranek, Caroline Gillis, Grant

Piper

ContentsStructure and Role of State DepartmentDesert Shield

Background of Conflict - As relates to State DepartmentMain State Department Players

Policy Environment - Creating policy or reacting to it?

Joint EndeavourBackground of ConflictMain Players

Policy Environment

Structure of State Department- Hierarchical organization: Secretary of State at top Decision making follows hierarchical pattern- Regional bureaus, functional bureaus- Mission statement (in part): “The Department's mission is to shape and sustain a peaceful, prosperous, just, and democratic world and foster conditions for stability and progress for the benefit of the American people and people everywhere.”

http://www.state.gov/s/d/rm/index.htm#mission

Role of State Department- As the lead foreign affairs agency, the Department of State has the primary role in: Leading development of foreign policy Managing the foreign affairs budget Leading and coordinating U.S. representation abroad Conducting negotiations and treaties Coordinating international activities of other U.S. agencies

- Secretary of State is President’s principal foreign policy advisor

- President has some “State Department” roles like negotiating treaties and receiving dignitaries and must confirm State Department policy

http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/rls/dos/436.htm

Background on Operation Desert Shield - Iraq invaded Kuwait on August 2, 1990 Despite preventative attempts from international community (Egypt, United States specifically)- There were fears for the safety of Saudi Arabia (a US ally)- President George HW Bush set his mind to action immediately - James Baker was Secretary of State April Glaspie was ambassador to Baghdad - A US- led coalition of 34 countries joined together to oppose Iraq- The short conflict ended on February 28, 1991

Key Players in Desert ShieldSecretary of State: James Baker (R-TX)

→ direct contact with President Bush as member of advising committee

→ initially rejected military intervention→ began reaching out for support→ meeting with Iraq foreign minister Tariq

Aziz: pointless

Key PlayersU.S. Ambassador to Iraq: April Glaspie

→ expert on Middle East and Arab world

→ role as careerist in State Department

→ met with Saddam Hussein, leader of Iraq

→ gave false impression of U.S. stance and plans?

Key PlayersU.S. Ambassador to Kuwait: Nathaniel Howell

→ stationed in U. S. Embassy→ forced to remain in Kuwait after

invasion

Policy Environment in Desert ShieldPresidential Influence- Major and decisive - President made a decision, stuck to it- State Department had to react to presidential

decision and go along with the established policy

- No opportunity for State Department policy, even in negotiation, president said where the US stood

- Very hands on approach by President Bush

Background on Operation Joint Endeavor- In the early ‘90s, the Yugoslav Federation dissolved Ethnic Serbs fought against Bosniaks and Croats wh0 declared their independence from Yugoslavia. At the same time, civil war in Bosnia

- President Clinton and NATO experienced issues that would hamstring their efforts in the conflict for years (ex: Bush era Lift and Strike strategy failure)

- Secretary of State in ‘95: Warren Christopher Assistant Secretary for Western Europe in ‘95: Richard Holbrooke

Background: Dayton Peace Accords- Agreed upon on November 21, 1995

- Ended Bosnian War

- Outlined framework for peace in Bosnia

- Between Serbia, Croatia, and Bosnia

- Accords negotiated by Richard Holbrooke Conference led by Warren Christopher

- United States and allies entered Bosnia as peacekeepers after signing

Key Players in Operation Joint EndeavourSecretary of State: Warren Christopher (D-CA)

→ direct contact with President Clinton as member of advisory committee

→ more autonomy → supportive of peacekeeping operations→ overshadowed by Asst. Secretary of State

Richard Holbrooke

Key PlayersU. S. Assistant Secretary of State: Richard Holbrooke

→ larger amount of independence → contact with American public→ met with Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian

Foreign Ministers→ important contributor to Dayton Accords

Key PlayersU. S. Ambassador to Yugoslavia: Warren Zimmermann

→ role as last ambassador to Yugoslavia→ considered Baker’s treatment of the

Balkans a failure to curb tensions → believed U.S. could have utilized influence

more strongly and much sooner→ opposed to Serbian violence towards

Bosnia

Policy Environment in Joint

Endeavor Presidential Influence- Weak/slight (especially compared to Bush)- Influenced into non-action- Hands off approach- Opened door for outside expert help from

Richard Holbrooke- Influenced State Dept. to make their own policy

Sourceshttps://books.google.com/books?id=EXbQoSUOP4AC&pg=PA305&dq=james+baker%27s+role+in+desert+shield&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8PXjVI7RKcbfsATn-4L4DQ&ved=0CE0Q6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=james%20baker's%20role%20in%20desert%20shield&f=falsehttps://books.google.com/books?id=wW5wumFHKSEC&pg=SL11-PA334&dq=april+glaspie&hl=en&sa=X&ei=F_njVOe6LbTPsQSdxIKACA&ved=0CEoQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=april%20glaspie&f=falsehttps://books.google.com/books?id=CMZgD1Pa_YkC&pg=PA279&dq=april+glaspie&hl=en&sa=X&ei=F_njVOe6LbTPsQSdxIKACA&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=april%20glaspie&f=falsehttp://www.cnn.com/WORLD/Bosnia/updates/dec95/12-06/us_bosnia/index.html http://www.eliamep.gr/old/eliamep/files/op0204.PDF https://books.google.com/books?id=vxgy4R3-A-sC&pg=PA90&lpg=PA90&dq=richard+holbrooke%27s++role+in+operation+joint+endeavor&source=bl&ots=yj0dbB0w0Q&sig=OYih_izscgnB5bO77hJ4reexAg8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7wvkVO_zH5ORyAS-t4LgBg&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=richard%20holbrooke's%20%20role%20in%20operation%20joint%20endeavor&f=false http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/50768/warren-zimmermann/the-last-ambassador-a-memoir-of-the-collapse-of-yugoslavia http://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/05/world/warren-zimmermann-dies-envoy-to-yugoslavia-was-69.html