Steel and IronBy: Sam, Eliana,

Stephanie, Lauren G, and Lauren Y

Famous People• James Watt: (1736-

1819) Scottish inventor; he developed crucial innovations to make the steam engine efficient, fast, and better able to power machinery

• John Kay: (1704-1779) invented the flying shuttle which allowed weavers to work twice as fast

James Watt

John Kay

Famous People• Andrew Carnegie: (1835-

1919) American industrialist and humanitarian; he led the expansion of the U.S. steel industry in the late 1800s and early 1900s

• Henry Bessemer: (1813-1898) British engineer; in 1856 he developed a process to purify iron ore and produce steel

• Jethro Tull: (1674-1741) British inventor; invented the seed drill

Andrew Carnegie

Henry Bessemer

Jethro Tull

Famous People• Richard Arkwright: (1732-

1792) English inventor; in 1769 he patented the spinning frame, which spun stronger, thinner thread

• Cyrus Hall McCormick: (1809-1884) American inventor; developed the mechanical reaper which helped make harvesting more efficient

Richard Arkwright

Cyrus Hall McCormick

Advancements/improvements to existing technology

• wood and charcoal was used to produce iron in early Great Britain in the making of machines.

• someone soon discovered that coal was much easier to produce than iron.

• coal and iron became the two major raw materials in modern industry

• many early steamships exploded because they were built with iron. The industry needed a metal that could withstand the high pressure of steam. Suppliers came up with the idea of using steel– but in the 1800s, the procedure was slow and costly.

Advancements/improvements to existing technology

• made railroad and bridges out of steel which led to many accidents when cast iron beams collapsed.

• an invention, known today as the Bessemer process forced air through the molten iron to burn out carbon and other substances.– This method was much cheaper and was more

efficient. – It also reduced the number of accidents caused

by steel.

What was going on in Great Britain /what did it have available to make all

of this possible? • Great Britain had an advantage over

all the other countries, because they had so many of the products needed to create iron and steel.

• steam engine and other machinery were becoming introduced

• steel was created from iron but its impurities were removed to create steel.

What was going on in Great Britain /what did it have available to make all

of this possible? • the making of steel was a slow and expensive

process• William Kelly- American and Henry Bessemer-

English created a cheaper and more efficient way to make steel– in this new steel making process, air was forced out

of molten iron to burn out carbon and other impurities– this became known as the Bessemer process after

Henry Bessemer• this technique was similar to the process used by

the Haya people of southern Africa more than 1,500 years ago.

Predictions for impact on Great Britain

• Britain would be able to build many machines to produce goods; the more machines Great Britain could make, the more products and goods could be made at one time. This means they can sell more goods than they did before and get more money.

• the iron and steel England had also increased the amount of tools they could make: the more tools that could be made– For example, spoons, forks and knifes are all made by steel

and Great Britain would be able to make more of them. – also, gates and fences could be made out of iron which

could be sold to people and Great Britain could make more money.

Predictions for impact on Great Britain

• they were able to build more railroads and ships–more people can travel from place to

place and Great Britain could build better and bigger ships for people to travel places and that products can be transported to other places by ship

Predictions for how it will spread & how it will impact other countries

• Great Britain could sell their iron and steel to other countries for money

• as other countries see the advancements of iron and steel in Great Britain and how it is helping the manufacturing industry, they will want to use those same techniques as well.

• other countries could use the products and create other inventions the people in England did not think of

• other countries could create roads, ships and other things easier.

Why Iron and Steel are Most Important

• iron and steel were the most important factor in the advancement of the Industrial Revolution because were the basic materials for the majority of the inventions during the time.– For example, iron was used to make railroad

tracks • without iron and steel, there wouldn’t be

railroads or steamboats because the majority of transportation was made using iron and steel.

Why Iron and Steel are Most Important

• many early steam engines weren’t able to withstand the heat of the steam so a new type of iron was made so that it was able to withstand the pressure and heat, which was steel.

• many of the inventions made during the Industrial Revolution was made using iron and steel and without the use of iron and steel, the inventions wouldn’t exist.

All in all, with iron or steel many of the inventions made during the Industrial Revolution wouldn’t be possible.

CiteInformation:• http://www.riverdell.org/cms/lib05/NJ01001380/Centricity/Do

main/84/Beginnings%20of%20Industrial%20Revolution.pdf• http://my.hrw.com/index.jsp?url=http://my.hrw.com/hrw/myh

rwstudenthub.jsp?nullPictures: First and Last Slide: http://en.voice-yemen.com/business/articles2437.htmlSecond Slide:http://www.answers.com/topic/james-watt-large-imagehttp://www.cottontown.org/page.cfm?pageid=605Third Slide: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Carnegiehttp://www.sciencephoto.com/media/143444/viewhttp://www.chilternsaonb.org/ccbmaps/1334/137/jethro-tull.htmlFourth Slide:http://www.cottontown.org/page.cfm?pageid=604http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_McCormick