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STEFANO NAVA. Clinical importance of respiratory mechanics ISTANBUL 8 May 2010. Fondazione Maugeri-IRCCS-Pavia Pneumologia Riabilitativa e Terapia Intensiva Respiratoria. Problems. Diagnosis Need for mechanical ventilation Settings of mechanical ventilation - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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STEFANO NAVASTEFANO NAVA Clinical importance of respiratory
mechanicsISTANBUL 8 May 2010
Fondazione Maugeri-IRCCS-PaviaFondazione Maugeri-IRCCS-Pavia
Pneumologia Riabilitativa e Terapia Intensiva RespiratoriaPneumologia Riabilitativa e Terapia Intensiva Respiratoria
Problems• Diagnosis
• Need for mechanical ventilation
• Settings of mechanical ventilation
• Patient/ventilator interaction
• Weaning from mechanical ventilation
How do we breathe ?
Flow
Pdi
Pga
Pes
Pdi= Pga – (-Pes) = Pdi= Pga + Pes
+
_
inspiration
espiration
Diagnosis
Case report• 47 yrs old lady with a 2-yr history of CHF
(actually NYHA class II) EF=41%
• Fatigue and orthopnea in the last 12 months
• 3 recent ER admission for shortness of breath and increased secretions
• PFT= FEV1=64% pred VC=32% pred
• Mean SaO2 during visit= 92-94%
-Despite NO echographic signs of CHF worsening, she was treated 2 times as CHF decompensation
- Third time she see a pulmonologist, that diagnosed COPD exacerbation (since she was a former smoker)
- Admitted to our Unit where she underwent respiratory mechanics
Sitting
Flow
Volume
Paw
Pes
Pga
Pdi
inspiration
- 5 cmH20
1 cmH20
6 cmH20
320 ml
Supine
Flow
Volume
Paw
Pes
Pga
Pdi
inspiration
- 15 cmH20
- 14 cmH20
1 cmH20
150 ml
Which associated pathology ?• Scleroderma
• Idiophatic Pulmonary Fibrosis
• Severe “intermittent” asthma
• Sjogren syndrome
• Amiotrophyc Lateral Sclerosis
ALS=
Diaphragm paralysis (i.e. inward abdominal movement during inspiration in supine position) may be one of the
first symptom
Need for MV
Another case• 71 yrs old man with a long-lasting
COPD story• On LTOT since 2 yrs• Last ABG before admission= pH=7,38
PaCO2=41 PaO2=65 in oxygen• In the last couple of days worsening
of secretions and dyspea• ABG at admission: pH= 7,34 PaCO2=
46 PaO2=59 in oxygen
• Friday afternoon 16,30
• On call the previous weekend
• Looking forward to watching the defining game of the season on TV
• Choice of starting medical therapy and being home, showered and in front of the TV by 1900
• or trying NIV, maybe failing and getting home, just in time to see the credits
Flow
Pdi
Pga
Pes
18 cmH20 9cmH20
MIP Tidal Breathing
Pdi per breath is 50% of the maximal inspiratory pressure
Can this guy breathe alone for long ?
*
*
**
**
** *
*
**
*
*
**
*
*
*
*
*
* *
*
*
*
*
*
0
10
20
30
0 50 100
Force (% of Force max.)
Tim
e lim
i t (m
i n.)
From Sherer and Monod, 1956
0 50% 100%Pdi/Pdimax
50%
100%T
i/Tot
0.15
= normal
= stable COPD
= ARF
Fatigue treshold
Not likely to go very far….
FORCE
LOAD
Hyperinflation
Resistance
PEEPi
Elastance
Weakness
FORCE LOAD
Ventilator Bronchodilators
Setting of MV
We seat in front of a ventilator
Apparently there is nothing wrongApparently there is nothing wrongon what you see on the ventilatoron what you see on the ventilator
But if you could see the neuralBut if you could see the neuralactivity of the patient…..activity of the patient…..
Or be more more careful…..Or be more more careful…..
You could find out that there is sometimes a problem
Only 3 of 19 patients (16%), with I/E were weaned. This is in contrast to a weaning success rate of 57%, of those patients without I/E
I/E appeared to result from:
1) high auto-PEEP 2) high Pressure Support3) severe pump failure.
ConclusionsConclusions
If you measured PEEPi withthe balloon-catheter techniqueset the appropriate amount ofexternal PEEP
US= the usual ventilator settingsPHYS= the ventilator settings according the recording of respiratory mechanics
Patient/ventilator interaction
Weaning from mechanical ventilation
“Passive” mechanics
Elevated static complianceSTRONG indicator of weaning failure
“Active” mechanics
Weaning success vs weaning failure
0 50% 100%Pdi/Pdimax
50%
100%T
i/Tot
0.15Fatigue treshold
TTdi
The case of post-surgical patients
Some researchers studying respiratory mechanics at the table
Karakurt Z et al (submited)
Patients ventilated for >15 daysafter a major surgical procedure
Non-weaned vs “late” weaned
Patients with at least 1 weaning failure were compared, usingrespiratory mechanics index, at the time of failure and eventuallylater on at the time of weaning success
ConclusionsThe recordings of respiratory mechanics may be
useful in the clinical practice to:
- Establish a correct diagnosis for difficult cases
- Drive the clinician about “how far” could a patient
sustain her/his spontaneous breathing
- Setting the right ventilator parameters to avoid gross patient/ventilator mismatching
- Predict the weaning success or failure
STABLE PATIENTSNORMALS
19/155=13%19/155=13%