1Step

Workbook

Step by Step

IELTS

1. The IELTS Speaking Test2. Speaking Bands3. Assessment Criteria

1. Synonyms and Antonyms2. Paraphrasing3. Collocations

1. Sentence Structures2. Verb Tenses3. Functional Language

1. Speech Intelligibility2. Stress3. Intonation

1. Pause2. Filler Words3. Speech Rate4. Staying On Topic5. Cohesive Devices6. Answer Structure

159

364247

515660

656873

131619232831

Chapter 1 - Overview

Chapter 3 - Lexical Resource

Chapter 4 - Grammatical Range and Accuracy

Chapter 5 - Pronunciation

Chapter 2 - Fluency and Coherence

Table of Contents

OverviewCHAPTER 1

Lesson1 The IELTS Speaking Test

The Speaking TestA. PART 1 – Introduction and InterviewB. PART 2 – Individual Long TurnC. PART 3 – Two-Way Discussion

I. EXAMPLEPart 1 Sample Questions:

Part 3 Sample Questions:

Part 2 Sample Cue Card Question:

What is your home town like?

Can you tell me something about your family?

Tell me something about your job or the kind of job you would want to have.

What is the most interesting thing about your home town?

Do you think festivals are becoming Westernized in your country?

What festivals in your country are most popular with foreigners?

Why are festivals important for a country?

Do you think there will be more festivals in the future?

Describe a time when you took part in a celebration or a festival.You should say:

» when and where it took place » what you saw or did » who you were with

Explain why you enjoyed or didn’t enjoy it.

2

II. WARM-UP ACTIVITY

III. ACTIVITY

Test Part Purpose Duration Type of Questions

Part 1

General/personal

Part 2

3-4 minutes

Part 3

To assess the ability to express and justify opinions and to analyze, discuss, and speculate about issues.

Complete the table below.

Indicate whether the statements below are TRUE or FALSE.

1. IELTS is one of the most popular tests for higher education and migration purposes to countries such as Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America.

2. IELTS has a number of tasks with specific objectives, and one of them is the speaking task which contains questions about grammar and vocabulary.

3. The examiner is a professional teacher with an advanced degree and is from a country where English is the native language.

4. The first part of the speaking test takes about 3-4 minutes in which general questions are asked.

5. The speaking test has three parts, and the third part of the test is called the cue card section.

3

IV. HOMEWORK

6. The test report form will show the band score in each area – grammar, vocabulary, listening, and speaking.

7. The main purpose of the speaking test is to assess your ability to communicate your thoughts and opinions and how well you engage in a conversation.

8. In the test room, materials needed for the test will be provided, and you are not allowed to bring anything but the proof of your identification.

9. IELTS results are usually released 15 days after the test date.

10. The three parts of the speaking test often tackle just one topic.

Answer the following questions.

Part 1: Sample Question: What is your home town like?

Part 3: Sample Question: Do you think festivals are becoming Westernised in your country?

Part 2: Sample Cue Card Question:

Describe a time when you took part in a celebration or a festival.You should say:

» when and where it took place » what you saw or did » who you were with

Explain why you enjoyed or didn’t enjoy it.

4

OverviewCHAPTER 1

Lesson2 Speaking Bands

A. Fluency and CoherenceB. Lexical ResourceC. Grammatical Range and AccuracyD. Pronunciation

I. EXAMPLEFLUENCY AND COHERENCE LEXICAL RESOURCE GRAMMATICAL RANGE

AND ACCURACY PRONUNCIATION

9

• speaks fluently with only rare repetition or self-correction;

• any hesitation is content-related rather than to find words or grammar

• speaks coherently with fully appropriate cohesive features

• develops topics fully and appropriately

• uses vocabulary with full flexibility and precision in all topics

• uses idiomatic language naturally and accurately

• uses a full range of structures naturally and appropriately

• produces consistently accurate structures apart from ‘slips’ characteristic of native speaker speech

• uses a full range of pronunciation features with precision

• sustains flexible use of features throughout

• is effortless to understand

8

• speaks fluently with only occasional repetition or self-correction; hesitation is usually content-related and only rarely to search for language

• develops topics coherently and appropriately

• uses a wide vocabulary resource readily and flexibly to convey precise meaning

• uses less common and idiomatic vocabulary skilfully, with occasional inaccuracies

• uses paraphrase effectively as required

• uses a wide range of structures flexibly

• produces a majority of error-free sentences with only very occasional inappropriacy or basic/non-systematic errors

• uses a wide range of pronunciation features

• sustains flexible use of features, with only occasional lapses

• is easy to understand throughout; L1 accent has minimal effect on intelligibility

7

• speaks at length without noticeable effort or loss of coherence

• may demonstrate language-related hesitation at times, or some repetition and/or self-correction

• uses a range of connectives and discourse markers with some flexibility

• uses vocabulary resource flexibly to discuss a variety of topics

• uses some less common and idiomatic vocabulary and shows some awareness of style and collocation, with some inappropriate choices

• uses paraphrase effectively

• uses a range of complex structures with some flexibility

• frequently produces error-free sentences, though some grammatical mistakes persist

• shows all the positive features of Band 6 but not all of the positive features of Band 8

6

FLUENCY AND COHERENCE LEXICAL RESOURCE GRAMMATICAL RANGE

AND ACCURACY PRONUNCIATION

6

• is willing to speak at length, though may lose coherence at times due to occasional repetition, self-correction or hesitation

• uses a range of connectives and discourse markers but not always appropriately

• has a wide enough vocabulary to discuss topics at length and make meaning clear in spite of inappropriacy

• generally paraphrases successfully

• uses a mix of simple and complex structures, but with limited flexibility

• may make frequent mistakes with complex structures though these rarely cause comprehension problems

• uses a range of pronunciation features with mixed control

• shows some effective use of features but this is not sustained

• can generally be understood throughout, though mispronunciation of individual words or sounds reduce clarity at times

5

• usually maintains flow of speech but uses repetition, self-correction and/or slow speech to keep going

• may over-use certain connectives and discourse markers

• produces simple speech fluently, but more complex communication causes fluency problems

• manages to talk about familiar and unfamiliar topics but uses vocabulary with limited flexibility

• attempts to use paraphrase but with mixed success

• produces basic sentence forms with reasonable accuracy

• uses a limited range of more complex structures, but these usually contain errors and may cause some comprehension problems

• shows all the positive features of Band 4 but not all of the positive features of Band 6

4

• cannot respond without noticeable pauses and may speak slowly, with frequent repetition and self-correction

• links basic sentences but with repetitious use of simple connectives and some breakdowns in coherence

• is able to talk about familiar topics but can only convey basic meaning on unfamiliar topics and makes frequent errors in word choice

• rarely attempts paraphrase

• produces basic sentence forms and some correct simple sentences but subordinate structures are rare

• errors are frequent and may lead to misunderstanding

• uses a limited range of pronunciation features

• attempts to control features but lapses are frequent

• mispronunciations are frequent and cause some difficulty for the listener

3

• speaks with long pauses• has limited ability to link

simple sentences• gives only simple

responses and is frequently unable to convey basic message

• uses simple vocabulary to convey personal information

• has insufficient vocabulary for less familiar topics

• attempts basic sentence forms but with limited success, or relies on apparently memorised utterances

• makes numerous errors except in memorised expressions

• shows some of the features of Band 2 and some, but not all, of the positive features of Band 4

2• pauses lengthily before

most words• little communication

possible

• only produces isolated words or memorised utterances

• cannot produce basic sentence forms

• Speech is often unintelligible

1• no communication

possible• no ratable language

• no communication possible

• no ratable language

• no communication possible

• no ratable language

• no communication possible

• no ratable language

0 • does not attend • does not attend • does not attend • does not attend

7

II. WARM-UP ACTIVITY

III. ACTIVITY

Indicate whether the statements below are TRUE or FALSE.

Complete the statements about the speaking bands below.

1. To have a good score in lexical resource, the examinee should use a wide range of vocabulary accurately.

2. Getting a good score in pronunciation requires a neutral accent.

3. A band score of 0 is given to an examinee who attended the IELTS test.

4. The inability to talk about complex issues affects grammar and accuracy.

5. The use of simple sentences throughout the speaking test usually results in a high band score.

1. The highest possible band score in the IELTS test is _________.

2. The _______________ are calculated to the nearest whole or half band (.5).

3. The four assessment criteria are: fluency and coherence, lexical resource, _____________ and pronunciation.

4. The test will be recorded, but you will be scored by the examiner in ____ time.

5. Each criterion comprises ______% of the speaking test which will be set on average and becomes the basis of the speaking band score.

8

OverviewCHAPTER 1

Lesson3 Assessment Criteria

A. Fluency and Coherence• Speech rate and continuity• Sequencing of events• Cohesive devices

B. Lexical Resource• Synonyms and Antonyms• Paraphrasing• Collocations

C. Grammatical Range and Accuracy• Functional language• Sentence construction• Verb tenses

D. Pronunciation• Speech intelligibility• Stress and Intonation

I. EXAMPLEThe example below displays the appropriate use of collocations and cohesive devices. In addition, descriptive words are also used appropriately to discuss the topic. The variety of sentence structures and verb tenses are also evident in the sample answer.

Describe a place you have recently visited.You should say:

» where you went » who you went with » what the place looks like

Explain what’s interesting about this place.

10

In this talk, I’m going to describe the Reunification Palace, also known as Independence Palace located in the city where I live. I paid a visit to this place last year with my friend. It is one of the most interesting spots in Vietnam.

Honestly, that was my first time visiting the place. The Reunification Palace was built on the site of the Norodom Palace which symbolises the traditional philosophy. Its area is around 120,000 square meters and the front yard has different species of forest trees which allows visitors a feeling of tranquillity when passing through the entrance. Apart from this, there are two tanks parked in the palace grounds which gave me an idea of what the place was used for in the past even before entering the building.

Actually, I’m proud of the architecture that the Vietnamese people built. In fact, the palace was designed by the very first Vietnamese architect named Ngo Viet Thu. During the Vietnam War, this served as the home and workplace of the president of South Vietnam. The building has five levels, but I think that the most interesting level is the ground floor. It has a number of tunnels and a telecommunications centre. However, what really amazed me was the map encrypted on the wall of the war command room. I am so lucky to have had a glimpse of it. The first floor is where the meeting and banquet rooms are, the second floor is the workplace of the president, entertainment rooms are found on the third floor, and to my surprise, a ballroom for parties is located on the fourth floor.

My overall experience in the Reunification Palace was really great. It is a place I am proud of. Thousands of visitors visit this place every day and this proves how popular it is.

Part 1 Sample Answer:

II. WARM-UP ACTIVITYComplete the statements below.

1. The ______ criteria are assessed in all three parts of the speaking test.

2. _________ is the ability to talk smoothly, not quickly.

3. _______________ refers to the ability to construct different kinds of sentence structures by using gerunds, conjunctions, and functional language

4. _______________ does not focus on accent, but on speech intelligibility which measures the comprehensibility of speech.

5. The indicators of _____________ are the variety of words, idioms, and expressions and how they are appropriately used in context.

11

III. ACTIVITYIdentify what is being asked. Choose your answers from the word pool below.

Identify the criterion being described in each number

IntelligibilityFluencyCoherence

Speech RateFunctional LanguageLexical Resource

1. This criterion measures the number of times you stopped or paused while speaking or explaining.

2. It is the speed at which a person speaks.

3. It is the logical arrangement of an answer and how all its parts fit together.

4. It is used to perform various functions and are tested in the speaking test especially in Part 3.

5. It is affected by the proper articulation of individual sounds.

IV. HOMEWORK

PRONUNCIATION FLUENCY AND COHERENCE

LEXICAL RESOURCE

GRAMMAR AND ACCURACY

1. Uses paraphrasing

2. Does not make frequent pauses

3. Uses a range of tenses

4. Uses simple and complex sentences.

5. Manages to talk about unfamiliar topics

6. Speaks at a normal pace

7. Uses fillers frequently

8. Uses synonyms and collocations appropriately.

9. Makes correct individual sounds

10. Uses flexible vocabulary

12

Fluency and CoherenceCHAPTER 2

Lesson1 Pause

For some reason yes, I’m actually close to some of our neighbours. They sometimes share their food or offer help, and I also do the same thing for us to have a good relationship.

2. Are you close with your neighbours?

A. Short Pause – Thought groupsB. Medium Pause – SentencesC. Long Pause – Paragraphs

Athletes in our country are not well-supported. /// Well, I am not sure now / but I heard they are getting more recognition / and also incentives when they win or manage to snatch a medal regardless of the sport. // I think that there are many good athletes in our country that can rival the best of other countries, / but it’s just that our government doesn’t support them that much / or put importance in sports. ///

I. EXAMPLESample Question: What is a typical family like in your country?

Sample Answer: Traditionally, / Malaysians have extended families. // Malaysians prefer to have a large number of children. // The head of the household is often the father / and the elders handle the important family matters. // The oldest members of the family / are consulted before any major decision is made / to show respect to them. // The mother’s role involves traditional domestic duties of a housewife / and caring for the children. // However, / some members of the younger generation are less family-oriented / and exclude the idea of an extended family. ///

II. WARM-UP ACTIVITYIdentify where to properly pause in the sample answers below. Use / for short pause, // for medium pause, and /// for long pause.

I don’t really know my neighbours. I would want to get to know them, but I think the imminent dangers in our society dictates otherwise. People still have small talks with each other from time to time. Realistic expectations peppered with paranoia are the factors that put a limit to actually knowing my neighbours to a certain degree.

1. Do you know your neighbours?

14

I am a culinary student. It’s already my last year in school and I don’t have any regrets in taking it. Aside from the knowledge I gained from my professors and the bond I shared with my classmates, my course has allowed me to express my creativity. I was able to make different shapes of various fruits and vegetables and arrange them in a way that is pleasing to the eye. Another thing I love about my course is that I can easily apply what I have learned. On average, we only stay in a classroom for two hours and spend four hours in the kitchen to discover new flavours and to put things together.

4. What do you study?

Oh, some of our neighbours are like family to us. They help us in times of need, especially since we don’t have a man in the house. One of our neighbours regularly buys water for us because no one can manage to do it in the house. We sometimes try to give something in return, but he won’t accept it. However, some of our neighbours live on gossip. They are never contented without spreading one.

3. What is your neighborhood like?

It’s becoming more and more popular in my country, but only a few students take it. Usually, people who take culinary are already professionals. I think they are doing it as a hobby. Culinary is popular as a vocational course in some areas where the government gives scholarships to the less fortunate. This is to give them the opportunity to have a better job after graduation. I believe it will become more popular in the next years.

5. Is it a popular course in your country?

III. EXERCISEAnswer the questions and use proper pauses. Use pausing vocabulary words if needed.

Answer the question and use proper pauses. Use pausing vocabulary words if needed.

1. Do you have a hobby?2. Did you learn art at school when you were a child? 3. What did you do on your last birthday? 4. What kind of clothes do you usually wear? 5. Do you spend much time with your family?

1. How do gifts people received from ten years ago differ from the gifts people receive today?

IV. HOMEWORK

15

Fluency and CoherenceCHAPTER 2

Lesson2 Filler Words

Like, my attention was caught by a bag, like, I saw in the magazine, like the red bag with Swarovski.

Well, my attention was caught by a bag that I saw in the magazine, like the red bag with Swarovski.

A. Showing that you are thinking Well, // I think I made the right decision.

B. Making a statement weaker or stronger Actually, // I think geckos are cute. (Strong statement) Sorry, you know // I can’t go. (Weak statement)

C. Stalling for more time Okay, // this questions is tough. // I think banning alcohol has advantages.

I. EXAMPLES

Well, in the past, lectures were held in classrooms and the teaching styles were conventional. However, these days, online education is becoming more and more accepted since online school businesses are booming.

1. How are education priorities today different from those in the past?

Actually, I think there will be an improvement in transport in the next five years. This is because of the advancement of technology. What I mean is, as technology advances, so does the transport system.

2. Do you think transport is likely to continue to improve in the future?

Okay, this question is tough. People are used to going to a physical store, pick everything they need and go back home. But I think e-commerce will be more developed and people will just sit in front of their computers and mobile phones, click any product they want and order. This system will probably make people shop more often.

3. Do you think shopping habits are likely to change in the future?

17

II. WARM-UP ACTIVITY

Give an appropriate answer by using the given filler words.

The following questions are difficult to answer and may increase the use of filler words. Try to answer these with appropriate filler words, or pausing vocabularies.

1. What clothes do you usually wear? Well, ___________________________________________________

2. Where do you usually buy your clothes? Actually, ________________________________________________

3. How often do you go shopping? Like ___________________________________________________

4. Do you follow the trend? Okay. ___________________________________________________

5. On what occasions do you wear traditional clothes? To be honest, _____________________________________________

1. What standards of behaviour should teachers set?2. Which method of travel do you consider the safest? 3. Do you agree that we learn best from our mistakes? 4. Is a photograph a reliable form of identification? 5. Which invention has transformed your country most?

III. ACTIVITY

Answer the question with appropriate filler words.

1. At what age do people in your country generally learn English?

IV. HOMEWORK

18

Fluency and CoherenceCHAPTER 2

Lesson3 Speech Rate

A. Conversational or Normal Speech Rate 120-140 wpm Speaking Rate (wpm) = total words spoken/number of minutes

B. When to Change One’s Speech Rate1. Emphasizing points 2. Mood or tone3. Thinking about an answer

I. EXAMPLE

139 words = 1 minute

I’m going to talk about Ma’am Helen - college professor turned school dean. I met her at the university when I enrolled for Nursing-Midwifery. She was our professor. She’s approachable and I have learned a lot from her. The subjects that she taught before she became a dean are Anatomy and Physiology 1, Rehabilitative Care, Psychosocial Care, among others. After more than 10 years of being a professor, she was appointed as the Dean of the School of Nursing, but she didn’t leave teaching despite the busy schedule that she has. She managed to take other subjects to teach. Well, I guess you can never go away with what you love.

What’s special about her is that she’s just. She addresses every concern that the student has, and she passes every deserving student and fails those who are not.

Emphasizing a point

Sample Question: Should husbands and wives have different roles within the family? Why/why not?

Sample Answer: I think that husbands and wives should have different roles in the family because, for married couples engaged in a serious and lasting relationship, everyone wants to take ownership of their roles and that becomes difficult if both couples share the same responsibilities. Having the same roles can cause unnecessary competition and husbands and wives shouldn’t be competing against one another in a way that damages the relationship. Instead, they should be complementing each other’s strengths and weaknesses.

20

Mood

Sample Question: What were some of your favourite activities as a child?

Sample Answer: I was fond of going to the playground when I was a kid, and some of my favourite activities included hopscotch and skipping rope. What made those games enjoyable was the fact that I was able to do them with some of my friends. Unfortunately, when I turned 10, I was involved in an accident that forced me to take a break from these activities.

Thinking about an answer

Sample Question: Is it better for children to be guided when learning or to be allowed to learn by themselves?

Sample Answer: Oh, this is a tough question for me (pausing vocabulary) because I didn’t have many chances to observe kids. But in my opinion, it depends on the child’s learning or mental abilities. For me, it’s okay to leave children who can do things independently, but of course, children who are less capable should be guided by an adult.

Emphasizing your point

What improvement in transport system did your country have in recent years?

Sample Answer: In recent years, there is honestly no major improvement in my country’s transport system. Sure, some old and damaged roads have been fixed and are now more durable, but I still think most roads and highways are not wide enough, especially since the number of private cars has increased over the years. We have the same problem with traffic congestion until now.

II. WARM-UP ACTIVITYThe questions below are given sample answers. Read and give variation to the speech rate.

21

Mood or Tone

Describe a party that you have recently attended.

Sample Answer: I went to my cousin’s birthday party last month. We rendezvoused at the local lodge before going to a restaurant in town to eat. He knew the owners of the place and was given free reservations as a gift for his thirtieth birthday. Unfortunately, there weren’t enough seats to accommodate everyone on his guest list so we had to forfeit the reservations and order out instead, out of consideration for the people that weren’t there but planned on coming.

Thinking about an answer

If you could earn from a hobby, what hobby would it be?

Sample Answer: This question is quite difficult to answer because I don’t have any hobbies now. Despite that, I think woodcarving would be a good hobby to earn from even though I would still need to learn it. I think making wooden effigies of animals and carving ornamental objects from blocks of wood would be enjoyable.

Answer the questions using appropriate speech rates.

1. What was the best thing about your childhood? (Emphasizing your point)2. Did you enjoy going to school? (Emphasizing your point)3. What were some embarrassing experiences when you were a child? (Mood or tone)4. Do you still hang out with your childhood friends? (Mood or tone)5. Which of the following hobbies is the most fun to do: surfing the internet, watching

movies, reading books, collecting things, or listening to music? Why? (Making a choice)

III. ACTIVITY

Answer the question using appropriate speech rates.

1. Do you prefer to eat at a restaurant or at home? (Making a choice)

IV. HOMEWORK

22

Fluency and CoherenceCHAPTER 2

Lesson4 Staying On Topic

A. Make a short introduction of the topic. B. State the reason why you can’t answer the question. C. Introduce a topic which is related to the main topic.

Describe a museum in a city you have visited.You should say:

» where it is located » what the building looked like » what you saw and did there

And explain why you liked (or did not like) this museum.

I. EXAMPLE

Museums are places of interest to other people, but to be honest, I haven’t been to one. In fact, I have only seen museums from the outside. However, I will talk about the Indonesian traditional houses called tongkonan which have become a tourist attraction in my city. These traditional houses can be seen in Torajan Village …

II. WARM-UP ACTIVITYState a coherent answer to the following questions. If you don’t know the answer, use the related topic given.

1. What invention made a great impact in your country? Related topic: any invention you know, popular technological device

2. What are some historic places in your country? Related topic: Museum, old building, landmark

3. What custom does your family have? Related topic: family activities, family celebrations

4. What environmental movements have your city done in the past years? Related topic: community service, government protected areas

5. What are the differences between private schools and public schools in your country? Related topic: school curriculum, famous schools

24

Pretend that you don’t know much about the following topics. Answer the questions by introducing another related topic to stay on track.

III. ACTIVITY

Cue Card Question#1

Cue Card Question#2

Answer:

Answer:

Describe a book that has a major influence on you.You should say:

» the title of the book and its author » what type of book it is » what the story is about

Explain why it plays an important role in your life.

Describe a handcraft you have made by yourself. You should say:

» what kind of handcraft it was » why you made it » how you made it

Explain how you felt about creating it.

25

Cue Card Question#3

Cue Card Question#4

Answer:

Answer:

Describe a musical event in your country.You should say:

» what the event is » where it takes place » what kind of music is played

Explain why you enjoy/do not enjoy going to this musical event.

Talk about a household chore you do at home.You should say:

» what the chore is » why it needs to be done » how often you do it

Tell if you get a feeling of satisfaction from doing this chore or not, and why.

26

Cue Card Question#5

Answer:

Talk about a dish that you love to cook. You should say:

» what dish it is » how often you cook it » how to cook it

Explain why you love cooking this dish.

Talk about an open-air or street market which you often go to. You should say:

» where the market is » how big the market is » what kind of products are sold there and what you usually buy

Explain why you enjoy (or do not enjoy) visiting this market.

IV. HOMEWORKAnswer the question by introducing another related topic to stay on track.

Cue Card Question

27

Fluency and CoherenceCHAPTER 2

Lesson5 Cohesive Devices

A. Sequencing or enumerating First, second, next

B. Illustrating For example, for instance

C. Comparing and Contrasting Whereas, alternatively

D. Reasoning Because, as a result of

E. Adding Moreover, furthermore

F. Rephrasing In other words, rather

G. Highlighting Above all, in particular

H. Introducing To start/begin with, first

I. Concluding As a whole, overall

I. EXAMPLESample Question: Based on a survey, spring is the most preferable season. Why do you think so?

Sample Answer: Most people say that spring is the best season and it’s because of many reasons. First, it’s the season wherein we see the sun shining radiantly again. Plants grow and animals wake up from hibernation. Second, the temperature slightly rises, which allows us to enjoy outdoor activities. Lastly, we’re able to enjoy longer days and shorter nights, which means more time to play and enjoy our hobbies. In conclusion, most people, including myself, prefer this season simply because it’s the season of new beginnings.

II. WARM-UP ACTIVITYAnswer the questions using the given cohesive devices.

1. Why is the world facing environmental threats these days? There are several reasons for this. First ____________. For example _______________________________________. Second, ___________________________________________. To prove this, ______________________________________. Thus, _____________________________________________.

29

2. How does the employment rate in your country differ from other countries? As far as I know, ____________________________________. In contrast/Likewise, ________________________________. For instance, ______________________________________. In conclusion, ______________________________________.

3. What do you think are the effects of having a lot of buildings or infrastructures in your country? To begin _____________________________________. It is evident that ___________________________________. To conclude, ______________________________________.

4. What do you suggest the government should do to boost tourism in your country? First, the government should _________________________. Second, __________________________________________. Finally, __________________________________________. I made these suggestions because I believe that __________.

5. Will there be greater gaps between generations in the coming years? Yes/No. Probably __________________________________. Due to ___________________________________________. For example, ______________________________________. Therefore, generation gap in the future _________________.

Use appropriate cohesive devices in answering the questions.

1. Do you think people are born to be leaders?2. What is something you wish you have done? 3. When can an image be worth a thousand words?4. How should students spend their summer vacation?5. How do you think people would travel in the future?

III. ACTIVITY

Answer the question using appropriate cohesive devices.

1. What happens when young people lack good role models?

IV. HOMEWORK

30

Fluency and CoherenceCHAPTER 2

Lesson6 Answer Structure

P - PointR - Reason (give reasons for your answer)E - Example (cite some examples to support your answer)P - Point (restate the point or make a conclusion)

I. EXAMPLEPart 1 Sample Question: Do you like your home town?

Sample Answer: P - Yes, my home town is in … and I love living there. R - It is because of the cool weather. E - For example, the coolest month of the year is December. During this month, I can enjoy playing soccer. P - That’s what I love most about my home town.

Sample Answer:

Introduction -Travelling is one of the things I really enjoy doing. In fact, I travel every year.

P - Last year in autumn, I visited Japan with my husband.

R - The reason why I chose to go there is to see the beauty of Mount Fuji. My husband and I stayed in a hotel overlooking view of the mountain.

E - For five days, I spend my mornings marvelling its beauty at the balcony of our hotel room. Its perfect symmetrical, snow-capped cone is simply breathtaking.

P - We also went to Kiyosumi Garden.

Describe a popular tourist spot you have visited. You should say:

» where it is located » what it’s special features are » what there is to do in the area

Explain what makes it popular.

Part 2 Cue Card Question:

32

Details - It’s a perfect spot to take a walk. The trees are colourful which complement the beauty of the pond. It’s a natural garden wherein its beauty is magnified by subtle hints in paths that allow visitors to walk around the lake with picturesque episodes around the area. Picnic is allowed in the garden, but we opted to go to the tea house where we enjoyed relaxing instead.

P - Kiyosumi Garden is the perfect place to relax, so I plan to bring my parents there next year so they could also enjoy relaxing there.

Part 3 Sample Question: Do you think public places would be more convenient and safer in the future?

Sample Answer: P - Yes, I believe public places would be more accessible and secure in the future. R - This is because countries recognize the importance of having a safe and flourishing place for people to live in. E - As the population grows, the government should expand roads and public spaces to accommodate the number of people in the community. P - As a result, public places would be more convenient because roads and establishments would become easier to access.

II. WARM-UP ACTIVITYUse the appropriate structures in answering the questions. Cohesive devices are also provided to help you.

1. Do you think robots would cause unemployment (loss of jobs) in the future? Yes/No, I think _____________________________________________________ This is due to ______________________________________________________ For instance, ______________________________________________________ Therefore, ________________________________________________________

2. Do you think the education system in your country influences young people’s behaviour? Yes/No, _____________________________________________________________ It is because __________________________________________________________ I observed that ________________________________________________________ That is why, __________________________________________________________

33

1. Did you like learning art in school when you were young? P - ______________________________________________________________ R - ______________________________________________________________ E - ______________________________________________________________ P - ______________________________________________________________

2. How often do you use a computer? P - ______________________________________________________________ R - ______________________________________________________________ E - ______________________________________________________________ P - ______________________________________________________________

3. Is it easy to take good photographs? Yes/No ____________________________________________________________ The reason for that is _________________________________________________ For instance ________________________________________________________ In conclusion, _______________________________________________________

4. Can leadership skills be taught? Honestly, yes/no _____________________________________________________ It’s because _________________________________________________________ This reminds me of ___________________________________________________ Thus, ______________________________________________________________

5. Has travel become safer in recent years? In my own observation, ________________________________________________ That is why, __________________________________________________________ Now I think, _________________________________________________________ And because of that, ___________________________________________________

Follow the P-R-E-P structure and use cohesive devices to construct fluent and coherent answers.

III. ACTIVITY

34

3. Do you prefer spending time with your family or with your friends? P - ______________________________________________________________ R - ______________________________________________________________ E - ______________________________________________________________ P - ______________________________________________________________

4. What do you think of fast food? P - ______________________________________________________________ R - ______________________________________________________________ E - ______________________________________________________________ P - ______________________________________________________________

5. Do you think it is important for children to read? P - ______________________________________________________________ R - ______________________________________________________________ E - ______________________________________________________________ P - ______________________________________________________________

1. Do you think transport systems are likely to improve in the future? P - ______________________________________________________________ R - ______________________________________________________________ E - ______________________________________________________________ P - ______________________________________________________________

Answer the question using the P-R-E-P structure and cohesive devices to make your answer coherent.

IV. HOMEWORK

35

Lexical ResourceCHAPTER 3

Lesson1 Synonyms and Antonyms

Synonyms • Interchangeable • Contextual• Formal vs. Informal

Antonyms• Using more accurate words

I. EXAMPLESynonyms

Antonyms

• Interchangeable It is my goal/target/aim to finish the project proposal in two weeks.

• Contextual My friends and I trekked up the mountain. My friends and I walk to school every day.

• Formal vs. Informal Do you need my help in carrying those bags? If I can be of any assistance, please let me know.

• Using more accurate words The hotel restaurant’s food was delicious. The hotel restaurant’s food was not delicious. The hotel restaurant’s food was bland.

37

II. WARM-UP ACTIVITY

The highlighted words in the following sample answers are repetitive. Rewrite these sample answers using the synonyms or antonyms of the highlighted words.

Sample Question 1: Do you think hobbies should be shared with other people?

Sample Answer: A lot of hobbies aren’t appreciated by the masses, but there are people who share the same hobby with another person. Of course, it would be more interesting to be with a person who shares the same hobby as me. It’s interesting to share ideas on how to do a hobby in a different way.

Sample Question 2: What makes you happy?

Sample Answer: I’m already happy with simple things. I’m happy when I see other people happy. I feel great when I’m surrounded with happy people. Secondly, food makes me happy, especially when I eat sushi, which is my favourite food. Lastly, I’m happy when I get enough sleep after a tiring day.

Your Turn:

Your Turn:

38

Sample Question 3: If you were to learn another language, what would it be?

Sample Answer: I would like to learn how to speak in Italian because it is a combination of beautiful languages namely, French and Spanish. In addition, I want to learn Italian because I plan to specifically visit Italy when I explore Europe. I want to explore the culture and test how well I can communicate in Italian.

Sample Question 4: At what time do you usually get up in the morning?

Sample Answer: I usually wake up at 5 am, but get up at 5:30 am on weekdays. I live a little far from my work place so I need to wake up early. However, some days when I feel lazy, I get up at 6 and rush to not get late for work. On weekends, I wake up later. If I have something to do, I get up at 8, but if I don’t have scheduled appointments, I get up at 10.

Sample Question 5: What’s your favourite website?

Sample Answer: I can say YouTube is my favourite site. I love watching videos and I can do it there for free. I can watch all sorts of things there. YouTube is also a good source of information although I need to be very careful because there are fake information and senseless videos uploaded on the site. Nevertheless, I think it’s the most enjoyable site.

Your Turn:

Your Turn:

Your Turn:

39

Exhibit your knowledge of lexical resource by answering the questions using synonyms and antonyms. You can use some of the words provided.

WORD SYNONYM ANTONYMenormous massive little

meet suit unfit

development change stagnation

WORD SYNONYM ANTONYMVirtuous Principled Unethical

Excellent Admirable Poor

Passionate Enthusiastic Dull

WORD SYNONYM ANTONYMTraffic Congestion

Arrive Come Depart

Safe Secure Unprotected

1. What happens when young people lack good role models?

2. Which means of travel do you consider safest?

III. ACTIVITY

Example

Sample Question: How are clothes in the past different from the ones at present?

Sample Answer: Clothes, the designs, fitting, and materials, have undergone massive changes and evolution – the design, fitting, and materials. The changes in clothes were made to meet the demands of people based on what is suited to their daily activities. There were also developments in the design and materials because of the availability of resources.

40

3. What technological gadget do you want to have?

4. Do you prefer spending time with your family or friends?

5. Do you follow a specific type of diet?

1. Why do you think people have hobbies?

WORD SYNONYM ANTONYMArchaic Obsolete Modern

Techie Technical

Upgrade Enhance Degrade

WORD SYNONYM ANTONYMBond Hang out

Connection Relate Gap

Fun Excited Boring

WORD SYNONYM ANTONYMPlan Strategy

Flabby Chubby Lean

Fit Healthy Weak

WORD SYNONYM ANTONYMExciting Fascinating Dull

Relax Calm Stressed

Busy Unavailable Inactive

Use synonyms or antonyms in answering the question to avoid repetitive words.

IV. HOMEWORK

41

Lexical ResourceCHAPTER 3

Lesson2 Paraphrasing

A. Using synonyms B. Changing the word orderC. Changing the form of the wordD. Changing from active to passive

I. EXAMPLE1. Using synonyms

2. Changing the word order

3. Changing the form of the word

4. Changing from active to passive

Original sentence: I love going to restaurants after work. Paraphrased: I enjoy eating out after work.

Original sentence: I drank a litre of soda after I ran out of water. Paraphrased: After I ran out of water, I drank a litre of soda.

Original sentence: The developers invested $50 million in the development of the project. Paraphrased: The developers are investing $50 million in developing the project.

Active: People say that humans are the greatest threat to the environment. Passive: It has been said that humans are the greatest threat to the environment.

43

1. Do you like arts?

2. What kind of party do you usually go to?

3. At what time do you usually get up in the morning?

II. WARM-UP ACTIVITYBelow are sample IELTS questions and model answers. Paraphrase the answers into something simpler using the strategies previously mentioned.

Answer: I like art, but I don’t like making artworks that much. I don’t like making artworks because I’m not that creative, and I think looking and appreciating arts suits me better rather than making one. I do like making sculptures, but I have no time for it now.

Answer: The parties I go to are only the formal ones such as Christmas parties or New Year’s parties. I also go to birthday parties whenever I’m invited. I don’t really like social gatherings that much because I like keeping my circle of friends small.

Answer: On weekdays, I have to go to work at around 8am so I wake up at 5:30. This would give me enough time to cook, eat, and bathe before going to work. It’s also the perfect time to catch the sunrise before getting to whatever the day has in store for me.

Paraphrase:

Paraphrase:

Paraphrase:

44

4. Where is your home town?

5. What makes you happy?

Answer: My home town is in the Cordilleran region of the Philippines called Baguio City. It is one of the coldest cities in the Philippines, that’s why it’s called the Summer Capital of the Philippines. It’s the perfect location to literally “cool down”.

Answer: A lot of things make me happy: memories, friends, and family. But the one thing that makes me really happy is the realization that I am not just existing, but living with a purpose, and for that I am really thankful.

Paraphrase:

Paraphrase:

Answer the following questions below. Use paraphrasing as an introduction, and don’t forget to apply appropriate vocabulary and grammar rules.

1. Can you tell me something about your education/educational background?

2. What leisure activities would you like to try in the future?

III. ACTIVITY

45

3. How many goals do you set each year?

4. Does the rain affect your mood?

5. What is your dream house like?

1. Do you prefer summer vacations or winter vacations?

Answer the question below. Use paraphrasing as an introduction, and don’t forget to apply appropriate vocabulary and grammar rules.

IV. HOMEWORK

46

Lexical ResourceCHAPTER 3

Lesson3 Collocations

Common typesA. Adverb + adjective B. Adjective + noun C. Noun + noun D. Noun + verb E. Verb + noun F. Verb + expression with preposition G. Verb + adverb

A. Adverb + adjective The counselor was deeply concerned with Marga’s performance.

B. Adjective + noun I woke up to the aroma of a strong coffee.

C. Noun + noun She can finish two bars of chocolate in a day.

D. Noun + verb The baby got scared when the lion roared.

E. Verb + noun He was sentenced to life imprisonment for committing murder.

F. Verb + expression with preposition I called mom because I ran out of money.

G. Verb + adverb I can vaguely remember my childhood.

I. EXAMPLE

48

II. WARM-UP ACTIVITYComplete the passage by filling the blanks with appropriate collocations.

When I was in my first year in college, I didn’t have many hobbies aside from cosplaying. It wasn’t as popular in my home town as it is now so it was _____ challenging to find people in the same trade. When I was starting _____, I decided to_____ an organization to _______ more friends. This was how I met my best friend, Ben.

We became good friends after we _____ to encourage each other through a group meet-up. Shortly after, we started delving into _______ choreography for intermission numbers. When we weren’t busy with our studies, we would often ____ together to discuss fabrics and crafting materials since we were both tailors. The reason why I like my best friend so much is that he’s ______ outgoing. I was kind of an introvert back then and I didn’t really know how to _____ with people. Ben helped me get myself out there and would often encourage me to _______ myself.

Choose at least two words from the word pool and use their appropriate collocations in answering the following questions.

1. What is your favourite sport?

2. What is your neighbourhood like?

III. ACTIVITY

exciting competition extreme techniques

outskirts culture well-mannered accessible

49

3. How do you plan your trip?

4. Do you often use public transportation?

5. At what age do you think children shouldbe allowed to access the Internet?

destination alluring itinerary elusive

cheapest overcrowded punctual improvement

invention harass risk deceptive

enjoy location interesting awesome fun

journey incredible memories activities took

1. Where do you plan to go on your next travel?

Choose at least 4 words from the word pool and use their appropriate collocations in answering the given question.

IV. HOMEWORK

50

Grammatical Range and Accuracy

CHAPTER 4

Lesson1 Sentence Structures

A. Simple SentenceB. Compound sentenceC. Complex SentenceD. Complex-compound Sentence

I. EXAMPLE

Sample Question: Are there old buildings in your home town? Describe them.

Sample Answer:

I think there are only a few old buildings in my town. I can still see old houses in my neighbourhood which are usually small and made of wood. Also, some of them have lost parts of their roofs and walls. Most of these houses are already abandoned and I believe they would soon be demolished. This demolition is meant to make way for new construction. I heard that a park will be put up in the area vacated by squatters. Aside from that, there is also an old museum near my school. I’ve been there a few years ago. Although the building looks old, its interior is magnificent and it houses many interesting things such as paintings and a real mummy. According to the management, they are not considering on having the place undergo renovation and they decided to preserve it instead.

Simple sentenceCompound SentenceComplex sentenceComplex-compound sentence

Legend:

52

II. WARM-UP ACTIVITYRestate the following simple answers by utilizing the four types of sentences. Broaden your answers if needed.

Sample Question 1: How popular are restaurants in your city?

Sample Answer: A lot of people love to eat in our city. I can say that restaurants are very popular in our city. There is a wide variety of restaurants. Restaurants serve different types of dishes. Fast food restaurants are also popular. It’s where kids love to go. These restaurants are crowded every day.

Sample Question 2: Do you think the government should promote handcrafts more?

Sample Answer: Indian crafts are really wonderful. I believe Indian artists are world-class. It’s the main source of income in our country. It’s not yet known around the world. It can be a way for Indian culture to be known by other nationalities. The government should promote Indian crafts more. Indian artists are so skilled. They can handle bulk orders for exports.

Answer:

Answer:

53

Sample Question 4: How do people value their time?

Sample Answer: Not all people value their time. Everyone knows that time is precious. Business men are a good example. They value their time the most. To them, wasting time is losing money. Every second counts for people like them. They are always busy. They strictly follow their schedules. Children don’t value time as much as adults do. They will soon reach the right age to understand what time means. We can’t turn back time. That’s making it more precious than money.

Sample Question 3: What are the common problems that a family encounters?

Sample Answer: I think the root of all problems is money. It is the major problem most families encounter. Commodities and services for survival are becoming more and more expensive. It can also lead to misunderstanding among family members.

Sample Question 5: Do you think old buildings should be replaced with new ones?

Sample Answer: I think old buildings with no historical value should be replaced or made modern. This is for safety reasons. Old buildings are prone to destruction during calamities. They can cause injuries or death. New buildings can also increase investments. So more jobs can be given to the people.

Answer:

Answer:

Answer:

54

Use the four types of sentences in answering these questions.

Use the four types of sentences in answering this question.

III. ACTIVITY

1. How can the type of school you go to affect career success?

2. Do you think the education system in your country influences young people’s behaviour?

3. What role do grandparents play in the families in your country?

4. Who do you spend the holidays with?

5. Do you think theatres are still popular these days?

1. What makes you laugh?

IV. HOMEWORK

55

Grammatical Range and Accuracy

CHAPTER 4

Lesson2 Verb Tenses

A. Following the tense of the question

B. Using more tenses to extend an answer

C. Using different tenses to show meaning1. Present Continuous Tense2. Present Perfect Tense3. Future Tense4. Past Tense

I. EXAMPLE

Question: What is your favourite food? Answer: Pad thai is one of my favourite foods because it’s easy to cook.

Question: Which country have you visited? Answer: I’ve only been to Singapore. I visited it last month with my family because a

friend invited us to go there.

Question: Which room in your house is your favourite? Answer: I used to like my bedroom in my parents’ house, but now, I live in an apartment

and I’m loving the kitchen. It was so small and incomplete when I first moved there, but my husband had it renovated. Our kitchen has the appliances and cooking equipment I need. However, I still want to add something. I’ll be installing a kitchen island soon.

Following the tense of the question

Using more tenses to extend an answer

Using different tenses to show meaning

57

II. WARM-UP ACTIVITYAnswer the following questions. Some patterns have been provided as guides for your tenses.

I’ve always been __________________________ because ________________.

I want to change this because _____________________.

If I would be able to change this in the future, I think _____________________.

1. If you could change one thing about yourself, what would it be?

I am currently living in __________________________ because _________________.

I think in the future ______________________________since ___________.

Living there would be ____________________________.

2. Where would you prefer to live, in the countryside or in the city?

My biggest goal is _________________________.

To achieve this, I have to ___________________.

I think it will be ___________________________.

4. What is your ultimate goal in life?

When I was young, ________________________.

I did this because _________________________.

But now, ________________________________.

3. What hobbies did you have in the past?

These days, _______________________________.

Making friends in the future will be ___________________________.

This is due to _______________________________.

Therefore, _________________________________.

5. How easy/difficult would it be to make friends all over the world for the next generations?

58

Answer the questions extensively. Utilise different verb tenses in your answer.

Answer the question extensively. Utilise different verb tenses in your answer.

III. ACTIVITY

1. How do you see yourself ten years from now?

2. What problems can people face after retirement?

3. How do you think people would travel in the future?

4. What differences can you see in the life today and in the past?

5. Do you think your goals affect your present life?

1. Would you consider taking a different profession in the future?

IV. HOMEWORK

59

Grammatical Range and Accuracy

CHAPTER 4

Lesson3 Functional Language

A. Comparing and ContrastingB. Agreeing and DisagreeingC. Expressing personal opinions D. Speculating, expressing possibility, or hypothesizing E. Stating preferenceF. Suggesting

Sample Question 1: What do people usually feel during good weather and bad weather?

Sample Answer: Generally, people feel enthusiastic in good weather since they can engage in more activities, such as hiking and other outdoor sports. In contrast, bad weather affects people’s mood negatively because many activities are likely to be postponed. I think people are more worried or in a bad mood during bad weather …

Sample Question 2: Do you agree that advertisements affect the way people shop?

Sample Answer: Shopping is already considered a hobby these days and I definitely agree that advertisements have something to do with people’s shopping habits. Advertisements are becoming more and more enticing to shoppers, more specifically when they hire celebrities as their product ambassador …

Sample Question 3: What do you think should be banned in public places?

Sample Answer: Personally, I think soliciting or begging for money in public places should be banned because many beggars and solicitors abuse the system, by that I mean they take advantage of easements and other people’s kindness …

I. EXAMPLE

61

Sample Question 4: What would education or learning be like in the next years?

Sample Answer: In the near future, it would not be a far-fetched idea to see personalized learning in the classroom being prioritized in academia. It is a type of learning in which students get to choose what they want to study, so the practical aspects of learning are taught in school while the theoretical parts of it are learned outside …

Sample Question 6: What do you suggest the government should do to boost tourism in your country?

Sample Answer: I’ve got a few ideas on how to promote tourism in my country. I believe we can give the count a boost by creating an interactive website and a mobile app that features a multilingual tool that is easy to use. By doing so, potential tourists can learn about their destinations, so they can plan their visit to the country …

Sample Question 5: Do you like doing things on your own or with other people? Why?

Sample Answer: I prefer doing things with other people, especially when it comes to sports because most of what I play is cooperative or group sports such as basketball, baseball, and soccer. These sports can be played alone, but I would rather play them with other people because that added element of competition in team-based sports makes them all the more enjoyable …

II. WARM-UP ACTIVITYAnswer the following questions. Some patterns have been provided as guides for your tenses.

In the past, __________________________________________.

It’s because __________________________________________.

On the other hand, ____________________________________.

This is due to _________________________________________.

For example, _________________________________________.

Overall, _____________________________________________.

1. How has the attitude of the people in your country towards marriage changed over the years? (Comparing and Contrasting)

62

I totally agree/disagree because ___________________________.

As a proof, ____________________________________________.

In addition, ____________________________________________.

For instance, ___________________________________________.

Therefore, _____________________________________________.

In my view, ___________________________________________.

Owing to the fact that __________________________________.

To illustrate this _______________________________________.

In conclusion, _________________________________________.

_______is preferable because ___________________________.

It’s because __________________________________________.

One example is _______________________________________.

All in all, _____________________________________________.

When travelling in my country, I think it’s best to ________________.

This is because ___________________________________________.

Take _____ as an example. __________________________________.

In conclusion, ____________________________________________.

2. Do you agree that teachers should use corporal punishment as a means of disciplining their students? Why/why not? (Agreeing and Disagreeing)

3. What do you think should be banned in public places? (Expressing personal opinions)

4. Would you rather travel to different places in your own country before travelling abroad or travel to different countries first? (Stating preference)

5. What means of transportation is best when travelling in your country? (Suggesting)

63

Answer the following questions using appropriate functional language.

Answer the question using appropriate functional language.

III. ACTIVITY

1. Can women do all the same jobs that men do? Why/why not? (Comparing and Contrasting)

2. Do you think that friendship is important for people to be happy? ((Expressing personal opinions)

3. Do you prefer to eat alone or with other people? (Stating preference)

4. What sport/hobby will you recommend someone who wants to start a sport/hobby? (Suggesting)

5. It is said that humans are the biggest threat to the environment. Do you agree or disagree? (Agreeing and Disagreeing)

1. Do you think the traditional roles of husbands and wives have changed?

IV. HOMEWORK

64

PronunciationCHAPTER 5

Lesson1 Speech Intelligibilty

Sample Question: How do you spend your weekend?

Sample Answer: My weekend activities typically include cooking, cleaning, and binge-watching movies. I usually spend my weekends with my brother, but I sometimes invite friends over. This one time while I was hanging out with friends, the power went off and we were unable to watch TV so we went to the mall instead and shopped for some clothes.

IPA Transcription: maɪ ˈwikˌɛnd ækˈtɪvətiz ˈtɪpɪkli ɪnˈklud ˈkʊkɪŋ, ˈklinɪŋ, ənd bɪnʤ-ˈwɑʧɪŋ ˈmuviz. aɪ ˈyuʒəwəli spɛnd maɪ ˈwiˌkɛndz wɪð maɪ ˈbrʌðər bʌt aɪ səmˈtaɪmz ɪnˈvaɪt frɛndz ˈoʊvər. ðɪs wʌn taɪm waɪl aɪ wəz ˈhæŋɪŋ aʊt wɪð frɛndz, ðə ˈpaʊər wɛnt ɔf ənd wi wɜr ʌˈneɪbəl tə wɑʧ ˈtiˈvi soʊ wi wɛnt tə ðə mɔl ɪnˈstɛd ənd ʃɑpt fər sʌm kloʊðz.

I. EXAMPLE

AMERICAN ENGLISH PHOMENIC CHART

VOW

ELS

ifeet

ɪfit

eɪhay

ɛhead

æhad

ɑspot

umoon

ʊshook

ɔlawn

oʊcoat

ətoday

ʌbulb

aɪtime

aʊsour

ɔɪenjoy

CON

SON

ANTS

ppace

bblack

ttank

ddunk

kkite

ggate

ffeather

vviolin

ssew

zzoo

ʃshell

ʒcasual

θthaw

ðbrother

hhand

tʃcheck

dʒjacket

mmoney

nnap

ŋring

wwind

yyell

lleer

rrear

66

II. WARM-UP ACTIVITYRead the following sentences and have your teacher evaluate which sounds you have difficulty with and which sounds you can pronounce well.

1. Two tiny tigers took two taxis to town.

2. Four furious friends fought for the phone.

3. Victor’s friend Vincent rinsed his vests in vinegar.

4. Seven slippery snails slid slowly seaward.

5. There’s a Japanese zebra at the zoo.

6. The Persian prince casually said that he enjoyed getting a massage.

7. Ethan threw three thick things.

8. The weatherman made another mistake.

9. A gentle judge judges justly.

10. Jerry’s berry jelly really rankled his broiling belly.

Have your teacher assess your speech intelligibility as you answer the following questions.

Have your teacher assess your speech intelligibility as you answer the question.

III. ACTIVITY

1. What is your typical day like at work/school?

2. How do you spend time with your family?

3. When you were a child, what was your dream for the future?

4. What is your favourite season?

5. What TV show do you enjoy watching?

1. What are some of the best places to visit in your country?

IV. HOMEWORK

67

PronunciationCHAPTER 5

Lesson2 Stress

A. Word stress

B. Sentence stress

C. Emphasis1. Emphasise when clarifying something2. Emphasise when contradicting someone’s idea3. Emphasise the intention

Sample Question: Do you think the government has the right to censor the Internet?

Sample Answer: No, the government DOESN’T have the right to censor the Internet because any time that the government interferes with public interest, it causes a backlash and things may become worse. As a case in point, consider how the US government caused the Great Depression in the 1930s. They made policies that caused the supply of money to shrink and it took over 10 YEARS for the economy to bounce back. Government intervention does not ONLY apply in economic practices. The Internet is a complex system of interlocking information, and the government shouldn’t be ALLOWED to decide what is or isn’t right for people to access. That being said, I STRONGLY feel that there should be more private institutions that dedicate themselves to screening the contents of websites in order to make it difficult for people to access sensitive content such as the dark web. PRIVATE companies should do this and NOT government institutions because companies have a much greater access to funding which will be important for managing and maintaining the quality of service that they provide to the general public.

I. EXAMPLEThe words that are underlined are meaning words which are stressed or fully articulated, while the words that are capitalised are meaning words that need emphasis.

69

1. Should there be any rules for children?

2. What do you think of the use of television in the classroom?

II. WARM-UP ACTIVITYIn the sample answers below, important words are underlined and emphasised. Practise giving stress to important words by reading the answers. Then, answer the same questions in your own words. Do not forget to put stress on the important words in your answers.

Sample Answer: YES, I believe that rules and regulations at home and school are HELPFUL in moulding a child to become a good person. However, too many strict rules can HINDER the development of children’s skills in various aspects. For example, if playing outside is not allowed at home, the child CAN’T socialise and would lack social or people skills.Therefore, adults SHOULD consider what rules to implement at home and at school.

Sample Answer: Well, a television can be used EFFECTIVELY in a classroom, PARTICULARLY for children. This is because television is a fun way to learn. The way I see it, people tend to be more concentrated when VISUALS are presented. For instance, young learners are more FOCUSED when watching television since they can see movements and colours of what is being taught. Overall, I STRONGLY believe that televisions make learning fun.

Your Turn:

Your Turn:

70

3. What is the most important thing in friendship?

4. How important is tourism in your city?

5. What does the government do to solve transportation problems in your city?

Sample Answer: In my opinion, TRUST is the number one foundation of friendship. It’s normal for friends to experience conflicts or misunderstanding, however, when trust is BROKEN, even if you have reconciled with each other, it will NOT be the same as before. In addition, trust comes with HONESTY. I believe that REAL friends should be honest with each other no matter what. With these two things, FRIENDSHIP is guaranteed to last long.

Sample Answer: It is extremely IMPORTANT because a big fraction of my city’s population rely on tourism revenues all year round as a main source of income. In fact, they usually get a HIGHER amount of what they usually earn during local events and festivals or during the summer season. FORTUNATELY, there are tourists in the city all year round.

Sample Answer: First, our government has begun its projects on road widening in many areas and they’re still ongoing. The government PLANS to expand national roads and even main streets in the city. Although these projects are causing traffic jams now, our roads would be more CONVENIENT when they’re finished. Second, the government also imposed a traffic scheme which PROHIBITS private cars with only one passenger on main roads during rush hours. Many citizens are against it but the government is DETERMINED to impose this by next year. Personally, it is not convenient for me to ride public transport but if traffic will be lessened, then I MIGHT consider commuting to work by public transport.

Your Turn:

Your Turn:

Your Turn:

71

Give emphasis to your points/ideas in answering the questions.

Answer the question and emphasise your main points.

III. ACTIVITY

1. How is studying in a group different from studying with a tutor?

2. What kind of hobbies do you think are recommended for children?

3. If you were to choose a sport for your future children, what would that sport be and why?

4. Do you believe that visiting museums is an effective way to learn history?

5. Do you think it is the government’s responsibility to protect the environment?

1. What is the greatest thing you learned from your travel experiences that you can share to someone who’s planning to go on a trip?

IV. HOMEWORK

72

PronunciationCHAPTER 5

Lesson3 Intonation

Pitch PatternsA. High-fallB. High-riseC. Low-rise

Changes in MeaningD. AttitudinalE. Contextual

Sample Question: What’s the biggest struggle you had as a married person?

Sample Answer:

For me, the most difficult part of being married is discovering new ways to keep our

marriage happy and strong. Keeping a marriage strong requires a lot of hard work. The

excitement and spark that we felt during our earlier years of marriage seem to fade away

over time. I remember a time when we wanted to travel the world but other things in life

kept us preoccupied. So we decided to take things slowly and have more time together.

Now, we are still together, capable and blessed.

I. EXAMPLE

74

II. WARM-UP ACTIVITYIn the sample answers below, the rise and fall of intonation are marked with arrows. Observe how the intonation changes. Practice answering the questions with proper intonation.

1. Which subject at school do you not like?

2. What is your job?

Your Turn:

Your Turn:

My least favourite subject would have to be world history because it involves tying the

names of places and people to certain events, and I am not very good at that sort of thing.

I would rather study science or mathematics than world history. To be honest, world

history is not a subject that I would willingly study.

I work for a financing company as a part-time mystery shopper. Part of my job involves

going to partner stores to evaluate the quality of service that I receive from sales clerks.

Above all, I make sure that the sales and installment plans issued by my company are

correct. An aspect that I enjoy about my job is the fact that I get to act like a secret agent,

going in disguise and recording everything that people say.

75

3. What is your ultimate goal?

4. What is your local area like?

5. Do you usually use the same mode of transportation every day?

Your Turn:

Your Turn:

Your Turn:

My ultimate goal in life is to pursue a career in archaeology. I’ve always wanted to be an

archaeologist ever since I was in my teens. I can’t picture myself doing anything else than

going to ancient sites and unmasking the remains of the old world. I am working hard to

attain this goal by volunteering at a well-renowned institute that specialises in this area.

My neighbourhood is situated near a busy intersection so a lot of cars pass by here. It’s a

little hectic in the mornings with all the noise and such, but come afternoon everything

settles down. The first thing that people notice when they come here are the family

owned restaurants. Many of them exist here alongside commercial buildings. My favourite

place would have to be Saint Mark’s Bistro behind the local grocery because they serve

the best burgers in the neighbourhood.

Yes, I often take the bus because it comes and goes at fixed schedules. That’s why I know

when to get out of my apartment. It’s also a lot cheaper than some of the transportation

methods available here, making it ideal for daily commute. I can still take a cab when I’m

in a rush, but I prefer the bus for the sake of being able to spend less.

76

Use proper stress and intonation in expressing your answers to the following questions.

Use proper stress and intonation in expressing your answer to the given question.

III. ACTIVITY

1. What do you think is more important, eating healthily or exercising?

2. Which environmental problems are most people concerned about in your country?

3. Have you ever had any unhealthy habits?

4. Has the Internet made your job/studies easier?

5. Do you think people become better communicators as they get older?

1. Do you have enough free time to do all the things you enjoy?

IV. HOMEWORK

77