Students Needs Assessment for Online Courses in Blackboard

8/3/2019 Students Needs Assessment for Online Courses in Blackboard

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X{oobof nkm`4 M OKK@\ M\\K\\AKOP GI GOCBOK LG[X\K\ BO HCMLEHGMX@ IGX

[O@KXFXM@[MPK \P[@KOP\=

M okk`| m||k||akop gi gocbok lg{x|k| bo Hcmlehgmx` igx {o`kxfxm`{mpk |p{`kop|

Emof`go Ckk# Dg|kzn Amxckx# Amxe \mybfomog# mo` @khgxmn Fkokp

Imcc 8:==

[obykx|bpr gi Ogxpnkxo Lgcgxm`g


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M OKK@\ M\\K\\AKOP GI GOCBOK LG[X\K\ BO HCMLEHGMX@ IGX

[O@KXFXM@[MPK \P[@KOP\ =

Pmhck gi lgopkop|

Mh|pxmlp /////// 8

Bopxg`{lpbgo ///

Xkikxkolk /


3/51

M OKK@\ M\\K\\AKOP GI GOCBOK LG[X\K\ BO HCMLEHGMX@ IGX [O@KXFXM@[MPK

\P[@KOP\8

Mh|pxmlp

Pnk z{xzg|k gi pnb| xk|kmxln zmzkx b| pg akm|{xk pnk fmz hkpvkko l{xxkop |pmpk gi gocbok lcm||k|

bo Hcmlehgmx` mo` pnk okk`| gi {o`kxfxm`{mpk |p{`kop| koxgcck` bo gocbok lg{x|k|# mo` pg ibo`

zg||bhck bazxgykakop| pg Hcmlehgmx` pnmp vbcc nkcz akkp pnk okk`| gi |p{`kop|/ Pnk lgo`bpbgo gi

gocbok lg{x|k| bo Hcmlehgmx` vbcc hk `kpkxabok` hm|k` go pnk momcr|b| mo` gi `mpm lgccklpk` ixga

m |{xykr# bopkxybkv|# mo` m cbpkxmp{xk xkybkv/ Pnk ibomc xk|{cp| gi pnk xk|kmxln vbcc m``xk|| |p{`kop

zkxlkzpbgo| gi Hcmlehgmx` bo pkxa| gi bp| km|k gi {|k# zxk|kopmpbgo gi bo|px{lpbgo hm|k` go m

ymxbkpr gi ckmxobof |prck|# mo` |p{`kop |{ffk|pbgo| igx zg||bhck bazxgykakop|/Ekrvgx`|4 gocbok# lg{x|k# Hcmlehgmx`# {o`kxfxm`{mpk# okk`|# m||k||akop# |mpb|imlpbgo#


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\P[@KOP\# pg pnk pgpmc gi ;/9 abccbgo gocbok |p{`kop|/ Pnk

bazgxpmolk gi gocbok lg{x|k| bo nbfnkx k`{lmpbgo b| |pkm`bcr bolxkm|bof# vbpn okmxcr pnbxpr zkxlkop

gi nbfnkx k`{lmpbgo |p{`kop| koxgcck` bo gocbok lg{x|k|/ Agxkgykx# Mccko ) \kmamo xkzgxpk` pnmp

bo m |{xykr gi mlm`kabl ckm`kx| ixga agxk pnmo 8#;:: lgcckfk| mo` {obykx|bpbk| ompbgovb`k#

png|k vng ikcp gocbok k`{lmpbgo nm` m lxbpblmc xgck bo pnkbx cgof!pkxa |pxmpkfr# nm` xb|ko pg 9


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\P[@KOP\0

pnk `bykx|bpr gi |p{`kop| ckmxobof |prck|# vnbln kolgazm|| pnk ig{x przk| gi pnk znr|bgcgfbl

`bako|bgo gi ckmxobof |prck| |{ln m| yb|{mc# m{xmc# xkm`'vxbpk# mo` ebok|pnkpbl .@xmfg# ) Vmfokx#

8::0"/

Pnk z{xzg|k gi pnk |p{`r b| pg }{mopbpmpbykcr momcrtk pnk fmz hkpvkko gh|kxyk` gocbok

ckmxobof |r|pka| bo Hcmlehgmx` mo` pnk okk`| gi {o`kxfxm`{mpk |p{`kop|/ Pnk zkxigxamolk fmz

vbcc hk momcrtk` bo ig{x `biikxkop mxkm|4 agpbympbgo# ckmxobof |prck|# lg{x|k |px{lp{xk# mo`

bopkxmlpbgo/ Hm|k` go pnk zkxigxamolk momcr|b| pnb| zmzkx vbcc |{ffk|p |zklbibl# mllkzpmhck# mo`

k~kl{pmhck mcpkxompbyk| pg pnk l{xxkop |pmpk gi pnk Hcmlehgmx` |r|pka mp [OL/

Cbpkxmp{xk xkybkv

Agpbympbgo

Pnk agpbympbgo gi pnk gocbok ckmxokx nm| hkko `kibok` m| pnk bopxbo|bl `k|bxk pg mlnbkyk m

fgmc gx mo ko` .Klga# Vko ) M|nbcc 8::9"/ Pnb| b| m lxbpblmc lgolkzp vnko xk|kmxlnbof mo`

k~mabobof pnk i{p{xk |{llk|| gi |p{`kop| bo gocbok ckmxobof koybxgoakop|/ Agpbympbgo igx pnk

gocbok |p{`kop lmo hk |kzmxmpk` bopg pnxkk lmpkfgxbk|4 Bopxbo|bl# K~pxbo|bl# mo` \kci .Eba ) Ixble#

8:=="/ Pnk bopxbo|bl `k|bxk pg mlnbkyk b| lkopxmc pg pnk |{llk|| gi mor |p{`kop zmxpblbzmpbof bo

gocbok k`{lmpbgo .\mnbo ) \nkcckr# 8::>"/ K~pxbo|bl agpbympbgo lmo hk ig|pkxk` hr ngv pnk

gocbok lcm||xgga b| |kp {z bo pkxa| gi |p{`kop zkxlkzpbgo gi ampkxbmc lgykxk` mo` pnk bopkxmlpbgo|

hkpvkko zmxpblbzmop| .\nmxz ) N{kpp# 8::;"/ \kci agpbympbgo b| ngv pnk |p{`kop |kk| pnkbx mhbcbpr

bo pkxa| gi lgoib`kolk mo` mhbcbpr pg |{llkk` .Cba# 8::0"/ Mcc pnxkk lgolkzp| zcmr mo bazgxpmop

xgck vnko |p{`kop| |bfo {z mo` zmxpblbzmpk bo gocbok gx `b|pmolk k`{lmpbgo/

Zmxpblbzmpbof bo mo gocbok lcm|| pmek| |kci `b|lbzcbok mo` agpbympbgo/ M |p{`kop pmebof m

lcm|| gocbok okk`| pg nmyk pnk `xbyk mo` `k|bxk pg hk k`{lmpk`/ Ckmxokx| vng mxk agpbympk` pko`

pg nmyk agxk zg|bpbyk xk|{cp| vbpn hgpn gocbok lcm||k| mo` pnk ampkxbmc ckmxok` .Eba ) Ixble#


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\P[@KOP\;

8:=="/ Bopxbo|bl agpbympbgo lmo hk bolxkm|k` vnko pnk |{hdklp amppkx pnk |p{`kop b| ckmxobof b|

xkckymop# mo` nm| m z{xzg|k/ Bp b| mc|g bolxkm|k` vnko ckmxobof b| hxgeko `gvo bopg pm|e|# kbpnkx

hr pnk bo|px{lpgx gx |p{`kop# mo` pnk |p{`kop pmek| gvokx|nbz gi pnkbx vgxe .Eba ) Ixble# 8:=="/

Bo|px{lpgx| lmo zxgagpk bopxbo|bl agpbympbgo hr fbybof |p{`kop| lnmcckofk| gx }{k|p| pg lgazckpk

.Cba# 8::0"/ M||bfobof pm|e| pnmp lnmcckofk |p{`kop|# pmz pnk zkx|gomc agpbympbgo gi |p{`kop| pg

mlnbkyk/ Ngvkykx pnb| lmo hk `biibl{cp vnko gykx ;:+ gi |p{`kop| pmebof mo gocbok lcm|| pko` pg

zxglxm|pbompk .C{embpb| ) @mykr# 8:=:"/ Pnk bomhbcbpr pg fkp vgxe `gok mnkm` gi pbak gx pg pmek

pnk bobpbmpbyk pg zcmo g{p pnkbx vgxe pg p{xo bo go pbak lmo lm{|k pnk |p{`kop pg hk ck|| |{llk||i{c

bo mo gocbok koybxgoakop .Klga# Vko ) M|nbcc 8::9"/

Bo m``bpbgo# imbc{xk hr pnk bo|px{lpgx gx pnk gocbok lcm|| pg akkp pnk k~zklpmpbgo| gi pnk

|p{`kop lmo `klxkm|k agpbympbgo .\mnbo ) \nkcckr# 8::>"/ Pnb| cg|| gi agpbympbgo lmo pnko xgcc

gykx bopg pnk pnbx` lgolkzp gi agpbympbgo5 \kci/ Pnk mag{op gi vgxe m||bfok` pg pnk |p{`kop

`{xbof m lcm|| lmo zcmr m zmxp bo `klxkm|bof bopkxomc agpbympbgo .Eba ) Ixble# 8:=="/ Pnb|

`klxkm|k` agpbympbgo lmo hk mppxbh{pk` pg |pxk|| mo` mo~bkpr gykx pnk |p{`kop| mhbcbpr pg lgazckpk

pnk m||bfok` pm|e| .Eba ) Ixble# 8:=="/

Vnko k~mabobof k~pxbo|bl imlpgx| gi |p{`kop agpbympbgo bo gocbok k`{lmpbgo# lcm||xgga

|kp!{z# vgxecgm`# mo` mlm`kabl |{zzgxp mxk k||kopbmc igx m |{llk||i{c ckmxokx/ M| akopbgok`

mhgyk# bo|px{lpgx vgxecgm` lmo `klxkm|k pnk agpbympbgo gi pnk |p{`kop bo mo gocbok koybxgoakop

.Eba ) Ixble# 8:=="/ Bo|px{lpgx| lmo ig|pkx |p{`kop kofmfkakop hr |{zzcrbof m xkm|gomhck

mag{op gi xkckymop vgxe/ Bi pnk bo|px{lpgx xk}{bxk| pgg a{ln vgxe# m| zkxlkbyk` hr pnk |p{`kop#

pnk |p{`kop vbcc hklgak {oagpbympk` pg fkp pnk vgxe `gok/ Lgoykx|kcr ogp |{zzcrbof kog{fn

vgxe vbcc amek |p{`kop| |kk m||bfoakop| m| h{|r vgxe vbpn cbppck pg og xkckymolk/ Bo|px{lpgx|

okk` pg fbyk gvokx|nbz pg |p{`kop| pg nkcz agpbympk pnka .Klga# Vko ) M|nbcc 8::9"/


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\P[@KOP\9

K`{lmpbgomc bo|pbp{pbgo| okk` pg bolgxzgxmpk mlm`kabl |{zzgxp igx gocbok ckmxokx| bo gx`kx pg nkcz

pnkbx agpbympbgo .\mnbo ) \nkcckr# 8::>"/ Pnk bo|px{lpgx lmo bolgxzgxmpk m |r|pka gi xkvmx`| bopg

pnk lcm|| |px{lp{xk pg bolxkm|k agpbympbgo .Cba# 8::0"/ Fbybof m |p{`kop m fgmc pg vgxe pgvmx`|

vbcc nkcz agpbympk pnka pg lgazckpk pnk m||bfok` vgxecgm`/ Pnk bo|px{lpgx lmo zxgyb`k zg|bpbyk#

lgo|px{lpbyk ikk`hmle m| m akpng` gi xkvmx`bof pnk |p{`kop .Cba# 8::0"/ \p{`kop| pmebof gocbok

lcm||k| vg{c` bazxgyk pnk }{mcbpr gi pnkbx vgxe hr mzzcrbof pnk bo|px{lpgx| ikk`hmle/ Pkmlnkx|

vnko ckm`bof gocbok lcm||xgga| |ng{c` lxkmpk m lcbampk gi zg|bpbyk ckmxobof igx pnk |p{`kop .Eba

) Ixble# 8:=="/ Zg|bpbyk bopkxmlpbgo| hkpvkko bo|px{lpgx mo` ckmxokx vbcc ig|pkx fxkmpkx agpbympbgo

pg lgazckpk vgxe mo` nmyk m zg|bpbyk k~zkxbkolk bo mo gocbok ckmxobof koybxgoakop .\nmxz )

N{kpp# 8::;"/

Pnk zkxlkzpbgo gi \kci zcmr| m ibomc xgck bo agpbympbof m ckmxobof bo mo gocbok

lcm||/ \p{`kop agpbympbgo lmo `klxkm|k bi pnk ckmxobof |prck gi pnk |p{`kop b| ogp amplnk` {z

zxgzkxcr hr pnk pkmlnbof |prck gi pnk pkmlnkx .Eba ) Ixble# 8:=="/ Vnko |p{`kop| mxk pmebof m

lcm|| vnbln pnkr mxk ikkcbof pnkr mxk ogp mllgaag`mpk` igx mlm`kablmccr# pnk agpbympbgo gi pnk

|p{`kop vbcc fg `gvo/ Mc|g# pnk |p{`kop| gvo zkx|gomc ybkv gi ngv vkcc pnkr lmo mlnbkyk zcmr|

mo bazgxpmop xgck bo ngv |{llk||i{c pnkr vbcc hk .Cba# 8::0"/ Bi pnk |p{`kop `gk| ogp pnboe pnkr

lmo mlnbkyk# pnkr vbcc akkp pnmp fgmc hr ogp mlnbkybof/ Nmybof m nbfnkx |kci vgxpn b| ekr pg

hkbof |{llk||i{c bo mo gocbok lcm||/ Amor gpnkx imlpgx| lmo zcmr m zmxp bo pnk agpbympbgo gi

\kci/ Pnk ckmxokx| lgoib`kolk bo {|bof pnk cmpk|p pklnogcgfr pg zmxpblbzmpk bo gocbok ckmxobof lmo

miiklp agpbympbgo/ Bi m |p{`kop `gk| ogp ikkc pnkr nmyk m |pxgof eogvck`fk gi {|bof pklnogcgfr

pnkr amr |nr mvmr ixga zmxpblbzmpbof bo lcm|| gx pmebof mo gocbok lcm|| mcpgfkpnkx/

Amor imlpgx| miiklp m ckmxokx| agpbympbgo vnko pmebof mo gocbok lcm||/ Pnk pnxkk amdgx

lmpkfgxbk| mxk bopxbo|bl agpbympbgo# k~pxbo|bl agpbympbgo# mo` |kci/ Mcc pnxkk igxa| gi agpbympbgo


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\P[@KOP\>

zxgzg|k` mo` kymc{mpk` amor pnkgxbk| mo` bo|px{akop| bopko`k` pg nkcz kbpnkx pnk pkmlnkx

gx pnk ckmxokx hklgak mvmxk gi ckmxobof zxkikxkolk| |g pnmp pnk bo|px{lpbgomc koybxgoakop

lmo hk pmbcgxk` pg ckmxokx okk`|/ .z/


10/51


\P[@KOP\2

mzzxgmln b| pg lxkmpk a{cpbzck ckmxobof xk|g{xlk| igx pnk |mak bo|px{lpbgomc ghdklpbyk bo m ymxbkpr

gi igxamp|/ \nk k~zcmbok` pnmp pnk|k ckmxobof xk|g{xlk| eogvo m| Xk{|mhck Ckmxobof Ghdklp|#

.XCG"# lmo hk xk{|k` mo` xklgahbok` pg akkp pnk okk`| gi |zklbibl ckmxokx zxgibck|/ Zkpkx# kp mc/

.8:=:" xkzgxpk` pnmp ckmxobof ghdklp| lmo hk m`abob|pkxk` bo m h{iikp |prck vnkxk pnk ckmxokx| mxk

ixkk pg lngg|k pnk bo|px{lpbgomc ampkxbmc| pnmp hk|p |{bp pnka# gx |zklbibl lgahbompbgo| lmo hk

lxkmpk` igx |p{`kop| hr bo|px{lpgx `k|bfo/ Pnxg{fn pnk {|k gi XCG| Ckmxokx| lmo ibo` bo|px{lpbgo

pnmp ibp| pnkbx zxkikxkolk| mo` hk k~zg|k` pg boigxampbgo pnxg{fn m ymxbkpr gi lnmookc|/

Mcpng{fn pnkxk b| `b|mfxkkakop mhg{p pnk hk|p vmr pg `kibok mo` akm|{xk pnk `biikxkolk|

magof ckmxokx|# pnkxk b| m fkokxmc mleogvck`fkakop pnmp pnk|k `biikxkolk| `g k~b|p mo` pnmp pnkr

mxk bazgxpmop/ Mc|g pnkxk b| m fkokxmc lgo|ko|{| pnmp xkfmx`ck|| gi bo`byb`{mc ckmxobof |prck|

|p{`kop| vbcc hkokibp ixga ckmxobof m ymxbkpr gi vmr| pg zxglk|| boigxampbgo/ Pnk YMXE ag`kc

zxgyb`k| m |bazck amz igx `bmfog|bof mo` `kcbykxbof lgopkop |zklbibl pg |p{`kop zxkikxkolk|/

Vbpn pnk xbln ymxbkpr gi ak`bm mymbcmhck pnxg{fn pnk Bopkxokp bo|px{lpgx| nmyk m a{cpbp{`k gi

gzpbgo| igx `kcbykxbof lgopkop hk|b`k| pk~p/ Bo|px{lpgx| |ng{c` amek mo kiigxp pg lxkmpk# cglmpk#

mo` {pbcbtk pnk xbln ak`bm zg||bhbcbpbk| gi pnk Bopkxokp/ @gbof |g vbcc mccgv |p{`kop| pg nmyk

zkx|gomcbtk` ckmxobof k~zkxbkolk| mo` koxbln pnkbx mhbcbpr pg ckmxo ixga `bykx|k ckmxobof

xk|g{xlk|/

Lg{x|k \px{lp{xk

M| gpnkx imlpgx| gi gocbok k`{lmpbgo# |{ln m| agpbympbgo# ckmxobof |prck# mo` bopkxmlpbgo5

lg{x|k |px{lp{xk miiklp| ogp gocr |p{`kop |mpb|imlpbgo# h{p mc|g pnk k~pkop gi |ebcc| mo` eogvck`fk

pnmp ckmxokx| ghpmbo ixga gocbok k`{lmpbgo |r|pka|/ Pnk lg{x|k |px{lp{xk zcmr| m |bfobiblmop xgck

bo `kpkxabobof |p{`kop |mpb|imlpbgo mo` pnk }{mcbpr gi gocbok k`{lmpbgo |r|pka|# mo` b| m `klb|byk


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\P[@KOP\=:

kckakop pnmp miiklp| pnk |{llk||i{c g{plgak gi gocbok `b|pmolk k`{lmpbgo .Kga# Vko# mo` M|nbcc#

8::9"/

Bo mllgx`molk vbpn Aggxk .=22="# pnk lg{x|k |px{lp{xk xkzxk|kop| pnk ibxaok|| mo`

ick~bhbcbpr gi gocbok k`{lmpbgo |r|pka|/ Pnmp b|# pnk k`{lmpbgomc ghdklpbyk|# pkmlnbof |pxmpkfbk|#

mo` kymc{mpbgo akpng`| gi gocbok lg{x|k| mcc imcc {o`kx lg{x|k |px{lp{xk/ Agxkgykx# nk mxf{k|

pnmp pnk `k|bfo gi gocbok bo|px{lpbgomc lg{x|k| `kpkxabok| pnk k~pkop pg vnbln gocbok lg{x|k| lmo

m`mzp gx lgazcr vbpn `bykx|k ckmxokx|& okk`|/

Mllgx`bof pg Aggxk .=22="# pg hk |{llk||i{c bo gocbok `b|pmolk k`{lmpbgo |r|pka|#

mlm`kabl gxfmobtmpbgo| okk` pg akkp mp ckm|p pvg ekr kckakop|4 cmhkck` `bmcgf{k gx bopkxmlpbgo#

mo` lg{x|k |px{lp{xk/ Nk mc|g k~zcmbok` pnmp cmhkck` `bmcgf{k b| pnk bopkxmlpbgo hkpvkko

bo|px{lpgx| mo` ckmxokx| vnkxk gok zxgyb`k| bo|px{lpbgo mo` pnk gpnkx xk|zgo`|/ Bo pkxa| gi pnk

gocbok lg{x|k `k|bfo# Aggxk .=22=" m||kxpk` lg{x|k |px{lp{xk b| pnk f{b`molk pnmp pnk pkmlnbof

mo` ckmxobof koybxgoakop| zxgyb`k| bo gx`kx pg `kcbykx `bykx|k pkmlnbof |pxmpkfbk|# kiiklpbyk

koybxgoakop|# mo` xbln bo|px{lpbgomc ak`bm/

Bo m``bpbgo# Kga# Vko# mo` M|nbcc .8::9" k~zcmbok` pnmp pnk lg{x|k |px{lp{xk nm| pvg

k||kopbmc|# lg{x|k ghdklpbyk| mo` lg{x|k boixm|px{lp{xk/ Lg{x|k ghdklpbyk| bolc{`k |zklbibk`

boigxampbgo xkcmpk` pg mo gocbok lg{x|k |{ln m| pgzblmc b||{k| pg hk m``xk||k`# k~zklpk`

vgxecgm`# `k|bxk` przk| gi lcm|| zmxpblbzmpbgo# m||bfoakop|# zxgdklp|# mo` pnk cbek/ Pnk|k

kckakop| mxk ag|pcr `kcbykxk` bo pnk |rccmh{| gi mo gocbok lg{x|k/ Pnk gpnkx k||kopbmc b| lg{x|k

boixm|px{lp{xk/ Mllgx`bof pg Kga# Vko# mo` M|nbcc .8::9"# lg{x|k boixm|px{lp{xk b| xkcmpk` pg pnk

gykxmcc km|k gi {|bof pnk vkh |bpk gi mo gocbok lg{x|k mo` pnk gxfmobtmpbgo gi lg{x|k ampkxbmc|/ Bo

gpnkx vgx`|# ckmxokx| |ng{c` hk mhck pg ogp gocr {|k pnk vkh koybxgoakop gi mo gocbok lg{x|k

bopkxmlpbykcr mo` lgopk~p{mccr h{p mc|g {pbcbtk ymxbg{| lg{x|k ampkxbmc| kiiblbkopcr mo` kiiklpbykcr/


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\P[@KOP\==

Mxymo# kp mc/ .=22>" boyk|pbfmpk` m o{ahkx gi |p{`bk| bo vnbln bazxgykakop| pg pnk

gocbok lg{x|k |px{lp{xk/ Pnkr ig{o` pnmp m o{ahkx gi |bazck xk`k|bfo| gi pnk gocbok lg{x|k

|px{lp{xk xk|{cpk` bo bolxkm|bof pnk o{ahkx gi |p{`kop| koxgcck` bo mo gocbok lg{x|k/ Bazxgybof

fxm`bof |r|pka| mo` lg{opbof go zkkx |{zzgxp xk|{cpk` bo bazxgyk` ckmxokx kofmfkakop/

Dkvkpp .=22>" k~kl{pk` pnk xk|px{lp{xk gi mo gocbok lg{x|k {|bof |zklbibl pklnogcgfbk|

pg ig|pkx agxk ixk}{kop zkx|gomc bopkxmlpbgo# bazxgyk vxbpbof# mo` lxkmpk lnmcckofbof pm|e| bo mo

gocbok lg{x|k/ Pnk z{xzg|k gi pnk|k lnmofk| vm| pg lgazmxk |p{`kop|& zkxigxamolk hkpvkko mo

k~b|pbof lg{x|k |px{lp{xk mo` m xk`k|bfok` lg{x|k |px{lp{xk/ Vbpn pnb| xk|kmxln# Dkvkpp&| .=22>"

ibo`bof vm| pnmp pnk fxg{z gi |p{`kop| bo pnk xk|px{lp{xk` ykx|bgo gi pnk gocbok lg{x|k

`xmampblmccr g{pzkxigxak` pxm`bpbgomc lg{x|k lg{opkxzmxp| bo ;:+ gi pnk lxbpkxbm# vnbln b| m

|bfobiblmop bazxgykakop/

Go pnk gpnkx nmo`# m lgopxgykx|bmc mxf{akop vm| am`k hr Kga# Vko# mo` M|nbcc .8::9"/

Bo pnkbx |p{`r# pnkr lgopko`k` pnmp lnmofk| pg gocbok lg{x|k |px{lp{xk gocr xk|{cpk` bo m imygxmhck

xmpbof gi |p{`kop|& |mpb|imlpbgo gi pnk gocbok lg{x|k/ Pnkr mxf{k pnmp gocbok lg{x|k |px{lp{xk `b`

ogp |{zzgxp pnk zg|bpbyk mo` |bfobiblmop xkcmpbgo|nbz hkpvkko gocbok lg{x|k |px{lp{xk mo`

zkxlkbyk` ckmxobof g{plgak|/ Pnb| lmo hk bopkxzxkpk` pg akmo pnmp m hkppkx akm|{xk gi pnk }{mcbpr

gi ckmxobof mlpbybpbk| mxk gpnkx ckmxobof imlpgx| |{ln m| bopkxmlpbgo# ikk`hmle# mo` pnk cbek# xmpnkx

pnmo pnk {|mhbcbpr gi pnk gocbok lg{x|k/ Bo gpnkx vgx`|# akmobofi{c ikk`hmle pnmp gll{x| magof

|p{`kop| gx ixga mo bo|px{lpgx amr nmyk m fxkmpkx bazmlp go zkxlkbyk` ckmxobof g{plgak| pnmo

lg{x|k |px{lp{xk/ Bp amr hk pnmp# m| cgof m| |p{`kop| xklkbyk akmobofi{c ikk`hmle mhg{p pnk lg{x|k

lgopkop# bp vbcc lgazko|mpk igx zggxcr `k|bfok` lg{x|k |px{lp{xk/


13/51


\P[@KOP\=8

Bopkxmlpbgo

Pnb| xkybkv vbcc fmpnkx zkxpbokop z{hcb|nk` ibo`bof| xkfmx`bof pnk |p{`kop bopkxmlpbgo

pggc| mymbcmhck bo Hcmlehgmx`/ Bp vbcc xkybkv vnmp zxmlpblk| nmyk zxgyko pnkbx |{llk|| gx imbc{xk

bo pnk gocbok ckmxobof koybxgoakop/ Zmxpblbzmpbof bo mo gocbok lg{x|k xk}{bxk| 8=|p lkop{xr |ebcc|

pnmp mxk xmzb`cr mo` lgo|pmopcr lnmofbof/ Gok pnk ag|p kocbfnpkobof |{llk||k| gi gocbok

k`{lmpbgo b|# pnmp `bmcgf{k mo` ckmxobof lmo bolgxzgxmpk lgccmhgxmpbyk ag`kc| gi ckmxobof mo`

`klxkm|k bo|px{lpgx!`kzko`kolr/ Gi ogpk mxk pnk `xmvhmle| gi bopkxmlpbof gocbok/ Pklnogcgfr

lmoogp lgazko|mpk igx pnk lcmxbpr gi imlk!pg!imlk lgaa{oblmpbgo/ Ngvkykx# pnk bolgoykobkolk gi

pxmykcbof pg lmaz{| vm| nm| hkko xkzcmlk` hr morpbak# morvnkxk gocbok mllk||bhbcbpr mo`

lgoykobkolk .Ebof# 8::8"/

Pnkxk mxk |kykxmc pggc| igx hgpn |rolnxgog{| mo` m|rolnxgog{| lgaa{oblmpbgo| hkpvkko

pnk ckmxokx| mo` hkpvkko pnk ckmxokx| mo` pnk bo|px{lpgx/ Hgpn nmyk i{cc mllk|| pg |{ln ikmp{xk| m|

kambc# lnmp# mo` pnk `b|l{||bgo hgmx`|/ Mcc gi pnk|k pggc| zxgyb`k igx bo`byb`{mc lgaa{oblmpbgo|

gx lgccmhgxmpbyk fxg{z lgaa{oblmpbgo|/ Pnk bo|px{lpgx a{|p boyk|p bo |gak kiigxp| igx fxg{z

l{|pgabtmpbgo mo` ikmp{xk|# h{p pnb| xk`{lk| pnk pbak |zkop lgaa{oblmpbof pg kmln bo`byb`{mc mo`

pnk bo|px{lpgx lmo hxgm`lm|p pg |zklbibl fxg{z| gx pnk kopbxk lcm|| .Cg{hkxp# 8::0"/ M Cmo`xr#

Fxbiikpn# mo` Nmxpamo .8::9" |p{`r xkykmck` pnmp |p{`kop| ig{o` pnk kckakop| m||glbmpk` vbpn

lg{x|k lgopkop# |{ln m| pnk lcm|| `gl{akop|# cklp{xk|# moog{olkakop| mo` }{bttk| vkxk ybkvk`

m| agxk {|ki{c pnmo pnk pggc| igx bopkxmlpbgo mo` |{zzgxp# b/k/4 `b|l{||bgo hgmx`|# kambc|# iml{cpr

boigxampbgo mo` k~pkxomc |bpk|/

\p{`kop| gipko xkzgxp pnmp pnkbx imygxbpk ikmp{xk| gi pnk Hcmlehgmx` |r|pka mxk mxg{o`!

pnk!lcgle mllk|| pg lg{x|k ampkxbmc| .k|zklbmccr vnko pnkr nmyk ab|zcmlk` |gakpnbof" mo` xkm`r

mllk|| pg pnkbx fxm`k| bo m zxbympk# |kl{xk ak`b{a .Cg{hkxp# 8::0# z/ 22"/ Bo 8:==# Hcmlehgmx`


14/51


\P[@KOP\=+ gi |p{`kop vm| agxk agpbympk` vnko pmebof m imlk!pg!imlk lcm|| pnmo

pnkr mxk pmebof mo gocbok lcm||/ Vnko zmbxk` pg ;8/9+ gi |p{`kop| vng ikcp gocbok lcm||k| vkxk


18/51


\P[@KOP\=6

ck|| bazgxpmop pnmo gocbok lcm||k|/ Hklm{|k |p{`kop| vkxk ogp ibo`bof ymc{k bo pnk lcm||k| pnkr

pgge gocbok pnkr vkxk ck|| agpbympk` pg pmek pnk lcm||k| mo` ig{o` zmxpblbzmpbof bo gocbok lcm||k|

agxk `biibl{cp/ Ixga pnk cbpkxmp{xk xkybkv# Eba mo` Ixble .8:==" |pmpk` pnmp bi pnk vgxecgm` b|

ogp xkckymop pg pnk |p{`kop# agpbympbgo vbcc `klxkm|k/ Pnk |{xykr xk|{cp| |{zzgxp pnb| lgolkzp5

|p{`kop| bo pnb| |{xykr `b` ogp ibo` ymc{k bo pnk gocbok ckmxobof koybxgoakop .Eba ) Ixble#

8:=="/ Pnk |btk gi pnk vgxecgm` mo bo|px{lpgx fbyk| `{xbof pnk lcm|| vbcc bolxkm|k gx `klxkm|k pnk

agpbympbgo gi pnk |p{`kop .Eba ) Ixble# 8:=="/

Pnk |{xykr pko`| pg |{zzgxp pnb| lcmba# 9=/0+ gi |p{`kop| xkzgxpk` nmybof m `biibl{cp pbak

|pmrbof go pgz gi pnk lg{x|k vgxe `kamo`|/ Bo pnk gzko xk|zgo|k |klpbgo gi pnk |{xykr gok

|p{`kop |pmpk`4 B ig{o` ar|kci hkbof ykxr lgoi{|k` vbpn pnk gocbok lcm|| mo` xklkbyk` m cgp gi

kambc ixga gpnkx lgoi{|k` lcm||ampk| pxrbof pg ibf{xk g{p vnmp k~mlp pnk m||bfoakop vm| gx ngv

pg `g bp/ Pbak |zkop omybfmpbof pnxg{fn pnk z{xzg|k gx xk}{bxkakop| gi mo m||bfoakop lmo m`` pg

pnk gykxmcc vgxecgm` gi m lcm||/ Vbpng{p lckmx# vkcc vxbppko# vgxecgm` cb|p# |p{`kop| lmo hk |p{le

pxrbof pg ibf{xk g{p vnmp b| xk}{bxk` gi pnka/ Pnb| lgoi{|bgo lmo m`` pg# m| pnk cbpkxmp{xk xkybkv

|{ffk|p|# m cgvkx zkx|gomc lgoib`kolk ckykc bo pnk |p{`kop| gvo mhbcbpr pg lgazckpk gx

mllgazcb|n pm|e|/ Pnk|k imlpgx| mxk kyb`kop bo pnk |{xykr# m| 9


19/51


\P[@KOP\=>

Pnb| |{xykr b| |{ffk|pbof pnk imlpgx| lm{|bof |p{`kop| agpbympbgo pg `klxkm|k vnko

|p{`kop| mxk pmebof gocbok lcm||k| pnxg{fn Hcmlehgmx` mxk pnk |p{`kop k~zklpmpbgo gi m xkm|gomhck

vgxecgm` agpbympbgo mo` lckmx lg{x|k |px{lp{xk/ \p{`kop| nm` m `biibl{cp pbak omybfmpbof pnk

xk}{bxkakop| igx pnk lcm||# m``bof pg pnk mcxkm`r |{h|pmopbmc vgxecgm` xk}{bxk` hr pnk lcm||/ Hgpn

gi pnk|k b||{k| vnko pmebof mo gocbok lcm|| mxk mygb`mhck mo` lmo hk lgxxklpk`/ Gykxmcc pnk

|{xykr xkicklpk` m |zcbp ab~ vnko |p{`kop| vkxk m|ek` mhg{p pnkbx gykxmcc ckmxobof agpbympbgo

pgvmx` pnk gocbok lg{x|k|


20/51


\P[@KOP\=2

bo pnk lgopkop go Hcmlehgmx`# pnkbx ckmxobof okk`| vkxk m`k}{mpkcr m``xk||k` hr pnk l{xxkop igxa

gi Hcmlehgmx`/

Vnko m|ek` mhg{p pnkbx ckmxobof zxkikxkolk|# m cmxfk amdgxbpr gi |p{`kop| b`kopbibk`

pnka|kcyk| m| nmybof yb|{mc mo` ebok|pnkpbl ckmxobof |prck|/ Bo xk|zgo|k pg pnk }{k|pbgo# vnmp

przk gi ckmxobof |prck mxk rg{ ag|p lgaigxpmhck vbpn# pnk yb|{mc ckmxobof |prck vm| b`kopbibk`


21/51


\P[@KOP\8:

xkm`'vxbpk ckmxobof |prck7 Gok zg||bhck k~zcmompbgo b| pnmp gocbok |p{`kop| nmyk `biikxkop ckmxobof

okk`| pnmo pxm`bpbgomc |p{`kop|/

Bo pnkbx xk|kmxln# @xmfg mo` Vmfokx .8::0" |zkl{cmpk` pnmp hm|k` go pnk ckmxobof zxgibck|

pnkr lgazbck` gi gocbok |p{`kop|# png|k vng nmyk pnk gzpbgo gi lngg|bof hkpvkko pxm`bpbgomc mo`

gocbok lcm||k| amr lngg|k hm|k` go pnkbx ckmxobof zxkikxkolk|/ Vnbck ikv |p{`kop| bo g{x |{xykr

lngg|k pnk xkm`'vxbpk ckmxobof |prck m| pnkbx zxkikxkolk# pnkbx mo|vkx| bo`blmpk` pnmp pnkr vkxk

ykxr lgaigxpmhck vbpn pnk ckmxobof ixga pk~p hm|k` bo|px{lpbgomc ampkxbmc|/ \p{`kop| vng vkxk

{olgaigxpmhck vbpn pnk xkm`'vxbpk ckmxobof |prck vg{c` hk ck|| cbekcr pg pmek mo gocbok lg{x|k# .Bo

gx`kx pg agxk i{ccr m||k|| pnb| }{k|pbgo bp vg{c` hk oklk||mxr pg |{xykr |p{`kop| vng nmyk gzpk`

g{p gi pnk gocbok lg{x|k vgxe mo` `kpkxabok pnkbx agpbympbgo/" Bo m``bpbgo# @bmt mo` Lmxpomc

xkzgxpk` pnmp |p{`kop| vng koxgcc bo gocbok lcm||k| vkxk ogp m| `kzko`mop go pnkbx ckmxobof

|prck pg hk mhck pg ckmxo# .m| lbpk` bo @xmfg mo` Vmfokx# 8::0"/ Pnb| lg{c` k~zcmbo vnr |p{`kop|#

vng lckmxcr zxkikxxk` yb|{mc mo` ebok|pnkpbl ckmxobof# xkzgxpk` pnmp Hcmlehgmx` akp pnkbx ckmxobof

okk`|/ Bp| zg||bhck pnmp pnk|k |p{`kop| vkxk hkppkx mhck pnmo pxm`bpbgomc |p{`kop| pg ckmxo ixga

ampkxbmc| pnmp `b` ogp ampln pnkbx zxkikxxk` ckmxobof |prck/

M lgaagocr lbpk` xkm|go igx pmebof gocbok lcm||k| b| pnk lgoykobkolk gi pnk ick~bhck

|lnk`{ck mo` pnk mhbcbpr pg vgxe ixga ngak/ \p{`kop| amr k~zklp pg amek |gak pxm`k!gii| igx

pnk|k hkokibp|# cbek `gbof vgxe pnmp boygcyk| agxk xkm`bof mo` vxbpbof/ Pnb| vg{c` akmo pnmp

vnbck |p{`kop| amr ogp kodgr gx zxkikx pg ckmxo bo pnk xkm`'vxbpk |prck# pnkr mllkzp bp m| pnk zxblk

gi pmebof gocbok lcm||k|/

Pnk |{xykr xk|{cp| bo`blmpk pnmp vnbck Hcmlehgmx` lg{x|k| mxk `kcbykxk` bo m vmr pnmp

nkmybcr imygx| pnk xkm`'vxbpk ckmxobof |prck# pnk zcmpigxa b| akkpbof |p{`kop okk`| mo`

k~zklpmpbgo|/ Hm|k` go pnk |{xykr mo|vkx| mo` m xkybkv gi pnk cbpkxmp{xk bp b| zxgzg|k` pnmp pnb| b|


22/51


\P[@KOP\8=

zxghmhcr hklm{|k gi pnk przk |p{`kop vng pmek| gocbok lcm||k|/ M| pnk o{ahkx gi |p{`kop| vng

pmek gocbok lcm||k| lgopbo{k| pg bolxkm|k# bp b| cbekcr pnmp gocbok lcm||k| vbcc mppxmlp |p{`kop| vbpn

agxk nkpkxgfkokg{| ckmobof okk`|# ckmxokx| vng vbcc xk}{bxk agxk `bykx|k ckmxobof ampkxbmc| bo

gx`kx pg hk |{llk||i{c/ Bp mc|g cbekcr pnmp m| ckmxobof ampkxbmc| bazxgyk |p{`kop k~zklpmpbgo| vbcc

xb|k mllgx`bofcr mo` pnkr vbcc og cgofkx ibo` lcm||k| `gabompk` hr xkm`bof mo` vxbpbof

mllkzpmhck/ Pnkxkigxk `k|zbpk l{xxkop |p{`kop |mpb|imlpbgo vbpn pnk vmr Hcmlehgmx` m``xk||k|

ckmxobof |prck|# `bykx|birbof pnk przk| gi ckmxobof ampkxbmc| {|k` b| cbekcr pg hklgak bolxkm|bofcr

bazgxpmop/

Lg{x|k |px{lp{xk

Xkfmx`bof lg{x|k |px{lp{xk bolc{`bof ghdklpbyk| mo` boixm|px{lp{xk# |p{`kop vkxk m|ek` pg

xk|zgo` pg |b~ }{k|pbgo| mhg{p ngv pnkr pnboe gi lg{x|k |px{lp{xk bo pkxa| gi m`k}{mpk ick~bhbcbpr

mo` lgo|b|pkop igccgv!{z pnxg{fng{p mo gocbok lg{x|k/ Hm|k` go pnkbx xk|zgo|k|# |gak gi

|pmpb|pblmc ixk}{kolbk| |{ln m| akmo# ak`bmo# ag`k# mo` |pmo`mx` `kybmpbgo nmyk hkko momcrtk`

bopg m lnmxp hkcgv/

Ibf{xk =/ Ixk}{kolbk| gi lg{x|k |px{lp{xk


23/51


\P[@KOP\88

Gykxmcc# |p{`kop| vkxk |mpb|ibk` vbpn pnkbx gocbok lg{x|k |px{lp{xk| zxgyb`k` hr pnkbx

bo|px{lpgx|# vbpn m akmo |lgxk gi#


24/51


\P[@KOP\8'==

Bopkxybkvkk4 @khgxmn Fkokp

Bo|px{lpgx

=/ Ngv amor gocbok lg{x|k| `g rg{ pkmln bo m |kak|pkx# go mykxmfk78

8/ Ngv cgof .|kak|pkx|" nmyk rg{ hkko {|bof Hcmlehgmx` igx rg{x bo|px{lpbgomc akpng`7=: rkmx|# mhg{p


42/51


\P[@KOP\0=

@x/ Abm Vbccbma|# [obykx|bpr gi Ogxpnkxo Lgcgxm`g

M||glbmpk Zxgik||gx# K`{lmpbgomc Pklnogcgfr mo` \glbmc Ig{o`mpbgo|

Bopkxybkv @mpk =='=;'==

Bopkxybkvkk4 @khgxmn Fkokp

Bo|px{lpgx

=/ Ngv amor gocbok lg{x|k| `g rg{ pkmln bo m |kak|pkx# go mykxmfk7Pgg amor/ = gx 8 hr ar|kci# h{p 0 m``bpbgomc vbpn FM m||b|pmop|

8/ Ngv cgof .|kak|pkx|" nmyk rg{ hkko {|bof Hcmlehgmx` igx rg{x bo|px{lpbgomc akpng`7\bolk =222# mhg{p == rkmx| $ < mhg{p


43/51


\P[@KOP\08

Hcmlehgmx` K~zkxp Bopkxybkv vbpn \ma Zkoo

]=/ Vnmp ebo`| gi xk}{k|p| ixga iml{cpr akahkx| mo` |p{`kop|

M=/

Hcmlehgmx` pklnoblmc |{zzgxp `kzmxpakop ag|pcr fkp |gak xk}{k|p| gi bazxgykakop ixga iml{cpr

akahkx| mo` |p{`kop| |{ln m| hxgv|kx lgazmpbhbcbpr# {zfxm`k pbakcbok# pklnoblmc b||{k|# pxmbobof

bpka|# mo` |g go/

Hm|k` go iml{cpr |{xykr xk|{cp| .ixga pnk 8::2 Iml{cpr Pm|e Igxlk Xkybkv"# iml{cpr akahkx|

mxk ag|pcr lgolkxok` mhg{p b||{k| hkcgv/

=/Pnk bokiiblbkolr gi pnk fxm`k hgge8/Cmle gi Zxbopk` Amo{mc|'Lcm||k| Bolgoykobkop'Agxk boigxampbgo go m`ymolk` pggc|'Pbz \nkkp|


44/51


\P[@KOP\0 pnmo Hcmlehgmx`# pxmo|ikxxbof bopg Lmoym| b| m fxkmp

gzzgxp{obpr igx Hxgvo [obykx|bpr pg amek pnkbx CA\ bazxgyk` mo` |glbmccr konmolk`/ Gpnkx

{obykx|bpbk| vkxk ag|p cbekcr xkybkvbof okvkx CA\ mo` nm` `biikxkop lxbpkxbgo mo` xmpbgomc igx

pnk |kcklpbgo gi gok CA\ gykx mogpnkx/ B nmyk ogp rkp nm` pnk gzzgxp{obpr pg xkybkv Lmoym| mo`

lg{c` gocr |{ffk|p pnmp pnk cm|p pbak m xkybkv vm| lgazckpk` mp [OL# pnmp Lmoym| vm| ogp mo

mymbcmhck gzpbgo/

[OL nm| hkko fxm`{mccr {zfxm`bof bp| CA\# Hcmlehgmx`# bo ymxbg{| vmr| pnmp iml{cpr akahkx|

mo` |p{`kop| mxk |mpb|ibk` vbpn bolc{`bof bolxkm|bof i{olpbgomcbpr# xkcbmhbcbpr# mo` |pmhbcbpr gi

Hcmlehgmx` hr |{zzgxpbof bpka| mo` m`abob|pkxbof pxmbobof|/ G{x pkma gi bo|px{lpbgomc `k|bfokx|

mo` boigxampbgo pklnogcgfr lgopbo{k| pg ckmxo mhg{p mo` kymc{mpk g{x l{xxkop CA\ mo`

mcpkxompbyk CA\ pg ko|{xk pnmp vk m``xk|| pnk lnmofbof okk`| mo` k~zklpmpbgo| gi pnk lmaz{|

lgaa{obpr/

];/ I{p{xk zcmo| igx CA\ mp [OL

M;/

Xbfnp ogv# [OL `gk|o&p nmyk m amdgx lnmofk gi bp| CA\# Hcmlehgmx`# h{p nm| m {zfxm`k

|lnk`{ck gi Hcmlehgmx` vbpnbo m agopn gx |g/ Hcmlehgmx` ykx|bgo 2/= zxgyb`k| m o{ahkx gi

konmolkakop| vnbln vk nm` `b|l{||k` lg{c` hk ig{o` vbpnbo pnk lgopk~p gi pnk vkh|bpk/ Pnk

|zklbibl| pnk B@BP .Bo|px{lpbgomc @k|bfo mo` Boigxampbgo Pklnogcgfr" fxg{z zxgyb`k` mxk

bolc{`k` nkxk4

Okv Ikmp{xk|4 Hcmlehgmx` 2/= bolc{`k| pnk igccgvbof okv ikmp{xk| pnmp vbcc hk hkokiblbmc igx

[OL iml{cpr mo` |p{`kop|4

! Vbeb|

! Fxm`k` Hcgf|# Vbeb|# Dg{xomc|

! M{`bg mo` Yb|{mc lgopkop bopkfxmpbgo .`bxklp cboe pg Rg{P{hk pg bo|kxp yb`kg"

! M`ymolk` Mllk||bhbcbpr Ikmp{xk| .Fgc` Ckykc lkxpbibk` hr Ompbgomc Ik`kxmpbgo igx pnk Hcbo`"


45/51


\P[@KOP\00

! Ibck Amomfkakop .|pxkmacbok {zcgm` gi xkyb|k` lg{x|k `gl{akop|"

! @bxklp cboe ixga lgopxgc zmokc pg bpka| pnmp Okk` Fxm`bof/

! Ckmxobof Ag`{ck| mo` Ck||go Zcmo|

Bo pkxa| gi |glbmccr konmolk` CA\ cbek Lmoym| mo kymc{mpbgo lgo`{lpk` hr Iml{cpr# \pmii mo`

\p{`kop| gi mcc CA\ gzpbgo| vg{c` okk` pg hk lgo`{lpk` pg b`kopbir mo mzzxgzxbmpk CA\ |gc{pbgo

igx g{x CA\/ Ngvkykx# [OL `kibobpkcr hkolnamxe| hk|p zxmlpblk| gi CA\ ixga gpnkx

gxfmobtmpbgo| bo gx`kx pg xkicklp l{xxkop pxko`| gi CA\ pg bp| CA\# Hcmlehgmx`# igx zxgyb`bof

iml{cpr akahkx| mo` |p{`kop| vbpn hkppkx i{olpbgomcbpr# xkcbmhbcbpr# mo` |pmhbcbpr gi CA\/


46/51


\P[@KOP\0;

MZZKO@B^ L

Pnb| b|


47/51


\P[@KOP\09

zxghcka| vbpn m||bfoakop| imlk!pg!imlk/ Bp amek| pnk bo|px{lpgx ck|| |razmpnkpbl# mo` pnbof lmo

hk pmeko g{p gi lgopk~p/ Pbak` pk|p| go hcmlehgmx` okk` pg mllg{op igx m imbx mag{op gi pbak pg

lgazckpk pnk pk|p/ B zkx|gomccr cbek pg hk mhck pg pnboe gykx ar mo|vkx| m cbppck mo` vnko pnkr mxk

|g x{|nk` B pko` pg imbc pnka/ Zc{| bp b| ogp mo mll{xmpk m||k||akop gi ar eogvck`fk pg d{|p |zkk`

pnxg{fn pnbof|# png{fn B `g {o`kx|pmo` pnk |gak pkmlnkx| `g pnb| |g rg{ lmo ogp |bazcr cgge {z

mcc gi pnk mo|vkx|/ Bp b| pg ak mo bazkx|gomc vmr pg ckmxo/ B ikkc m| bi pnk pkmlnkx `gk|o&p lmxk

mhg{p ak m| m |p{`kop# mo` B ar|kci ikkc ck|| boyk|pk` bo pnk lcm||/

9/ Zckm|k zxk|kop `biikxkop igxa| gi ampkxbmc/

6/ Mcc pkmlnkx| okk` pg hk lgo|b|pkop vbpn igxamp mo` fxm`k| okk` pg hk ekzp {z pg `mpk ghdklpbyk|

|ng{c` nmyk bp| gvo pmh/

>/ @go&p amek zkgzck `g fxg{z zxgdklp|/ Vk mxk pmebof Gocbok lg{x|k| hklm{|k vk mxk h{|r m|

lmo hk/ OGHG@R CBEK\ @GBOF FXG[Z ZXGDKLP\ BO MO GOCBOK LG[X\K/

2/ Bo mcc ngok|pr# B ikkc pnmp B vg{c` nmyk ckmxok` agxk mhg{p k`{lmpbgomc pklnogcgfr bi pnb| nm`

hkko m imlk!pg!imlk lcm||/ B ma |pxgofcr gzzg|k` pg gocbok lcm||k| hklm{|k bp b| km|r pg igxfkp

mhg{p pnka vnko rg{ nmyk gpnkx imlk!pg!imlk lcm||k| pg vgxxr mhg{p/ I{xpnkxagxk# B ikkc pkxa|

mo` lgolkzp| lg{c` nmyk hkko `kago|pxmpk` pg ak .mo` gpnkx|" bo m cbyk lcm||xgga agxk

kiiklpbykcr xmpnkx pnmo xkm`bof bo|px{lpbgo| pnmp vkxk ogp mcvmr| lckmx/ gx gxfmobtk` bo mo km|bcr

mllk||bhck amookx/ Pklnogcgfr bo pnk lcm||xgga b| m hxgm` |{hdklp mo` hr nmybof vkkecr pnkak`

m||bfoakop| vbpn og znr|blmc zkx|go pg k~zcmbo pnka# vk gocr hx{|nk` pnk pbz gi pnk blkhkxf

xmpnkx pnmo m cbyk lcm|| pnmp lg{c` akkp pvg gx pnxkk pbak| m vkke/ I{xpnkxagxk# pnk lmaz{|

|{iikxk` m |ogv|pgxa m ikv vkke| hmle pnmp eoglek` g{p zgvkx bo a{ln gi Fxkkckr/ \{zzg|k

pnb| |bp{mpbgo gi bopkxx{zpk` zgvkx nm` cm|pk` igx mo k~pko`k` zkxbg` gi pbak7 Pnk lcm|| b| pgg

y{cokxmhck pg |kphmle| vnko pklnogcgfblmc ab|nmz| gi fcbplnk|# zgvkx cg||# bolgazmpbhck

lgaz{pkx |r|pka|# lgaz{pkx ybx{|k|# nmlekx|# kpl lmo mcc miiklp pnk ckmxobof gi |p{`kop|# vnkxkm|

m znr|blmc lcm|| b| ogp m| km|bcr bopkxx{zpk`/ I{xpnkxagxk# B ma |pxgofcr `b||mpb|ibk` vbpn pnk imlp

pnmp pvg gi pnk pnxkk zxgik||gx| vkxk ogp mp pnkbx zg|pk` giiblk ng{x|/ Vnbck pnk pkmlnkx| vkxk

xk|zklpi{c# xkm|gomhck mo` nkczi{c pnxg{fng{p pnk |kak|pkx# mo` kyko png{fn B lmo kambc# B zxkikx


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pg pmce imlk!pg!imlk vnko B nmyk agxk pnmo d{|p m |bazck }{k|pbgo mhg{p mo m||bfoakop/ Vnko m

zxgik||gx b| ogp mp nb|'nkx giiblk ng{x| bp |ko`| m ak||mfk pg pnk |p{`kop pnmp nk'|nk `gk|o&p lmxk/

Bi pnk pkmlnkx `gk|o&p lmxk# vnr |ng{c` pnk |p{`kop|7 B \PXGOFCR hkcbkyk pnmp k`{lmpbgo b| m

|glbmc mlpbybpr mo` m lgaz{pkx |lxkko LMOOGP mo` VBCC OGP xkzcmlk pnk kiiklpbykok|| gi

znr|blmc bopkxmlpbgo/ Mp pnk ykxr ckm|p# pnk lcm|| lg{c` hk bazxgyk` hr nmybof mcc |p{`kop| cboe {z

pnxg{fn m lnmp xgga mp m xkf{cmx pbak .zxkikxmhcr m yb`kg lnmp xgga" vnkxk pnk pkmlnkx lmo

cklp{xk pg kykxrgok mo` `kago|pxmpk pklnogcgfr lgolkzp|/ Bo m``bpbgo pg pnb|# B ma ykxr

`b||mpb|ibk` vbpn pnk lg{x|k hgge (Pklnogcgfr bo K`{lmpbgo(/ Bp b| baagxmc pg xk}{bxk lgcckfk

|p{`kop|# amor gi vnga mxk |ngxp go agokr# pg |zko` obokpr `gccmx| go m pk~phgge pnmp b| {|k`

gocr PNXKK PBAK\ bo pnk kopbxk |kak|pkx- Bp b| m hcmpmop xghhkxr mo` B |pxgofcr xk}{k|p pnk

hgge hk xkagyk` ixga pnk lg{x|k gx {|k` agxk mlpbykcr ok~p |kak|pkx pg hmcmolk g{p pnk lg|p

|zkop/ Bp vg{c` hk agxk xkm|gomhck pg zg|p xk}{bxk` lnmzpkx| gi pnk hgge gocbok# pn{| |mybof

|p{`kop| agokr mo` mp pnk |mak pbak kolg{xmfbof pnk pnkak gi {|bof pklnogcgfr/ Mo m``bpbgomc

icmv B ig{o` bo pnb| lg{x|k vm| pnk lnmgpbl omp{xk gi pnk fxg{z zxgdklp|/ Nm` pnb| hkko m imlk!pg!

imlk lcm|| bp vg{c` nmyk hkko a{ln km|bkx pg lggx`bompk mo` mxxmofk kiigxp| bo lcm|| xmpnkx pnmo

`kzko` go pnk {oxkcbmhck Hkmxambc/ Gykxmcc# vnbck pnk m||bfoakop| vkxk mcc fxm`k` imbxcr# B

ngok|pcr ikkc pnmp pnb| lcm|| lg{c` nmyk hkko agxk kiiklpbyk bi bp vkxk bo zkx|go/ B `g ogp vb|n pg

giiko` mo` B mzzxklbmpk rg{x pbak xkybkvbof ar ikk`hmle/

=:/ @g m cbppck agxk k~zcmbobof bo|px{lpbgo| mo` k~zklpmpbgo| igx m||bfoakop|/

==/ B pnboe agxk boigxampbgo mhg{p |gak gi pnk m||bfoakop| okk` pg hk go pnk |bpk# B nm` pg kambc

ar bo|px{lpgx pg lcmxbir |gak gi pnk bo|px{lpbgo| igx pnk yb`kg zxgdklp mo` B vm| lgoi{|k` mhg{p

pnk ck||go zcmo m||bfoakop/

=8/ Vbpn ar k~zkxbkolk# kykxr lcm|| b| `biikxkop# hm|k` go pnk bo|px{lpgx/ Amrhk m |bazck igxamp

igx mcc vg{c` nkcz/

=


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k|zklbmccr gok pnmp b| gocr = lxk`bp/

=;/ B pnboe bp vg{c` hk nkczi{c pg m`` |gak imlk!pg!imlk pbak vbpn zkgzck bo pnk lcm|| vng abfnp

okk` |gak agxk boigxampbgo gx m||b|pmolk/ Zkxnmz| mo gzzgxp{obpr pg akkp vbpn bo|px{lpgx|#

lcm||ampk| mo` nmyk m cgge mp |gak gi pnk 3`by?vmr| vk lmo bolgxzgxmpk mo` {|k pklnogcgfr bo

pnk lcm||xgga |kppbof/3'`by?

=9/ D{|p hkppkx bo|px{lpbgo

=6/ B `go&p pnboe pnmp pnk gxfmobtmpbgo okk`| pg hk lnmofk` hklm{|k bp b| mcc cmb` g{p bo mo km|r pg

{|k igxamp mo` rg{ eogv vnkxk pg k~zklp pnbof|/ B pnboe pnmp pnk lg{x|k| vg{c` hk hkppkx bi vk

lg{c` boygcyk amrhk yb`kg lnmp gx |gak vmr pg hk mhck pg |kk vng vk vkxk pmcebof pg mo` vng

g{x bo|px{lpgx| vkxk/ B ma mc|g m Ebok|pnkpbl ckmxokx |g ibo`bof |gak vmr pg akkp pnk okk`| gi

png|k ebo` gi ckmxokx| vg{c` hk hkokiblbmc/ B pnboe pnmp bi pnkxk vm| m vmr pg lxkmpk agxk ckmxobof

vmr| pnko d{|p vxbpbof mo` xkm`bof zg|p| bo m `b|l{||bgo hgmx` |p{`kop| vg{c` ckmxo hkppkx mo` fkp

agxk g{p gi pnkbx gocbok lg{x|k|/

=>/ Bi pnkxk b| m hgge m||bfok` pg pnk lg{x|k bp |ng{c` hk {|k` agxk gipko pnmo d{|p m ikv lnmzpkx|

g{p gi bp pg |myk g{x hmoe mllg{op| bo pnk cgof x{o/ Mc|g pnk gxfmobtmpbgo gi m||bfobof m fxg{z

zxgdklp b| {oimbx m| vkcc m| nbfncr {ocbemhck |kkbof pnmp pnk lg{x|k b| gocbok/

=2/ B vg{c` |mr pnmp pnk okk` pg igl{| go ck|| xkm`bof# igl{| agxk go `b|l{||bgo hgmx`| pnmp okk`

pg hk `gok `{xbof m |amcckx ckofpn gi pbak

8:/ K~mazck| gi vgxe vg{c` hk pnk ag|p kiiklpbyk vmr pg ko|{xk lgxxklp lgazckpbgo gi vgxe/

8=/ B cbek hkbof mhck pg `bxklpcr ckmxo |gakpnbof ixga m pkmlnkx# xmpnkx pnmo hk zxgyb`k` m cboe pg

ckmxo ngv pg `g |gakpnbof go ar gvo/

88/ Agxk pm|e momcr|b| przk gi bo|px{lpbgo/ Pnk |pkz!hr!|pkz bo|px{lpbgo igx gocbok lg{x|k| amek|

bp a{ln km|bkx pg amek |{xk vk mxk akkpbof mcc ghdklpbyk|/


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Lckmxkx ag`kc| mo` |pkz hr |pkz bo|px{lpbgo|///igx k~mazck vbpn pnk vbeb# B nm` og b`km ngv bp {|k

bp hklm{|k pnk m||bfoakop vm| hm|blmccr d{|p ibf{xk bp g{p go rg{x gvo/

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