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Study Guide 10
Physical Sciences
Karin Kelder Weedaad Nasiep
Study & Master
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-70577-6 - Study and Master Study Guide 10 Physical SciencesKarin Kelder and Weedaad NasiepFrontmatterMore information
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi
Cambridge University PressThe Water Club, Beach Road, Granger Bay, Cape Town 8005, South Africa
www.cambridge.orgInformation on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521705776
© Cambridge University Press 2007 This book is copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2007
Printed in South Africa by Creda Communications
ISBN-13 978-0-521-70577-6 paperback
Editor: Penny AdnamsDesigner: Graham ArbuckleCover design: Graham ArbuckleTypesetter: Michelle DelaneyIllustrators: Imar Krige, James Whitelaw and Michelle Delaney. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Page 85, Science Photo Library; Abrams, Bernard Basic Physics questions for GCSE; Atkins & Beran General Chemistry; Fuller, J & Coates, B Light on Physics; Hewitt Conceptual Physics; Kelder, Karin, Study & Master Physical Sciences 10, Cambridge University Press; Price, Focus on Physical Science, Heimler; Schaller, David, Passing exams; Sciences for GCSE: Assessment & resource facts Heinemann; Smoot, Smith and Price Merrill Chemistry, Merrill; Thickett, Geoffrey Pathways to Chemistry; Zwitzewitz, Neff Merrill Physics: Principles and problems, Merrill
The publisher and authors would like to thank the following individuals for contributing questions:Daleen Muller; Stellenbosch High SchoolCarla Repsold; Vredenburg High School. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
If you want to know more about this book or any other Cambridge University Press publication, phone us at (021) 412-7800, fax us at (021) 419-8418 or send an e-mail to [email protected]
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-70577-6 - Study and Master Study Guide 10 Physical SciencesKarin Kelder and Weedaad NasiepFrontmatterMore information
ContentsIntroduction ivInformation for reference viii
Module 1: Mechanics 1Unit 1: Motion in one dimension 2Unit 2: Gravity and mechanical energy 12Module 1: Questions 15
Module 2: Waves, sound and light 31Unit 1: Transverse pulses 32Unit 2: Transverse waves 35Unit 3: Geometrical optics 41Module 2: Questions 47
Module 3: Electricity and magnetism 61Unit 1: Magnetism 62Unit 2: Electrostatics 65Unit 3: Electric circuits 67Module 3: Questions 73
Module 4: Matter and materials 89
Module 4: Questions 113
Module 5: Chemical change 137Unit 1: Chemical formulae 138
Unit 3: Synthesis and decomposition 145
Module 6: Chemical systems 167Unit 1: The water cycle 168Unit 2: The nitrogen cycle 173Unit 3: The hydrosphere 177Module 6: Questions 184
Answers 201
Examination papers 266Physics examination Paper 1 266Chemistry examination Paper 2 274Memorandum of answers 282
Glossary 292
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-70577-6 - Study and Master Study Guide 10 Physical SciencesKarin Kelder and Weedaad NasiepFrontmatterMore information
Introductioniv
Introducing the Grade 10 Physical Sciences Study Guide
This study guide is designed to help you understand the content of the Grade
The Physical Sciences include the branches of natural science that involve
Outcomes-based education
you are working with Learning Outcomes and Assessment Standards that give you a framework for what you should know and how to apply that
and magnetism; matter and materials; chemical change and chemical
Learning Outcomes and Assessment Standards that are necessary for you to
construction and application of Physical Sciences knowledge
Outcomes are governed by standards called Critical Outcomes and
While understanding the interrelationship between Physical Sciences and
construction and application of Physical Sciences knowledge include:working as a teamusing science and technology responsibly towards the environment and
Using this bookThis book is written in a way that should be easy for you to understand and
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-70577-6 - Study and Master Study Guide 10 Physical SciencesKarin Kelder and Weedaad NasiepFrontmatterMore information
vIntroduction
textbook and any other reference material that you have used in class or at
Self-study is important because it will help you develop a greater sense of
The best way to use this book is to:
Summarise the information that is contained in the modules in point form
Practise drawing diagrams and adding labels in the correct way (see the
Check the accuracy of your diagrams and labels by comparing them with
return to the relevant sections in this book and your textbook and learn this
40 41Unit 3 • Geometrical opticsUnit 2 • Transverse waves
interference forms. The loops of constructive interference form antinodes with maximum amplitude. The antinodes are separated by points of destructive interference, called the nodes.
The lowest frequency produces one loop. The distance between two nodes, that is one loop, equals half a wavelength. Interference occurs only at certain discrete frequencies that are multiples of the lowest frequency.
Light rays
When light rays enter our eyes, we see objects in one of two ways:directly from the source if the object is a source of light such as an electric bulb, a fi re or the sunrefl ected from an object.
Light can travel through empty space, air and transparent objects. Optical media allow light to pass through them.Opaque objects do not allow light through them.
An arrow is used to show a light ray; the arrowhead points in the direction that the ray is travelling. Ray diagrams are used to show the way that light rays travel. Light travels in straight lines and casts shadows behind opaque objects. Light rays change direction when they are refl ected or when they travel from one medium to another.
torchray
pencil
pencil shadow
Like all waves, light waves carry energy.
Refl ection
When a beam of light meets the surface of an object, some light is refl ected.
The incident ray meets the surface of the object.
The refl ected ray moves away from the object.
The normal is the line perpendicular (at 90°) to the surface of the object.
The angle of incidence (i) is the angle between the incident ray and the normal.
The angle of refl ection (r) is the angle between the refl ected ray and the normal.
f = 1f1 node
f = 2f1 node
f = 3f1 node
f = 4f1 node
node
node
node
node
Strings attached to a fi xed point at both ends, e.g. guitar string, slinky spring
2
1 1 __ 2
1
1 __ 2
antinode
antinodeTube closed at one end, e.g. clarinet
node
node
node
antinode
antinode
antinode
1 __ 4
3 __ 4
1 1 __ 4
Tube open at both ends, e.g. fl ute
antinode
antinode
antinode
antinode
antinode
antinode
1 __ 2
1
1 1 __ 2
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-70577-6 - Study and Master Study Guide 10 Physical SciencesKarin Kelder and Weedaad NasiepFrontmatterMore information
vi Introduction
Guidelines to successful study
Attitude
Motivation
Planning your work
Examination tips
can only achieve this state of mind if you prepare yourself well ahead of
Analyse:
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-70577-6 - Study and Master Study Guide 10 Physical SciencesKarin Kelder and Weedaad NasiepFrontmatterMore information
viiIntroduction
Comment:
matter
Compare:Point out similarities and differences
Contrast:Point out the differences
Criticise:Highlight the good and bad points/characteristics and then express your
Differentiate/distinguish:Point out the characteristics that highlight differences between two (or more) things
structured way
Write an argument that looks at different sides and points of view of a
Evaluate:Estimate the importance or value of something using a set of criteria/conditions/reasons and express your opinion
Explain:Clarify with words; state the facts with reasons
Give/State/Name:Provide information or details without discussing
Identify:
Justify:Defend/support an argument or position by looking at all the points of the argument
Give facts in point form
Portfolio requirements
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-70577-6 - Study and Master Study Guide 10 Physical SciencesKarin Kelder and Weedaad NasiepFrontmatterMore information
viii Introduction
These tasks are set internally by your teacher and include at least:
Two control tests
25 % of promotion mark Two practical investigations
One research project
One midyear examination
One final examination 75% of promotion mark
Weight of Learning Outcomes in each question paper:Learning Outcome 1: Practical investigations and problem-solving skills
Study methods
examinations:
1 Glance through the material in order to get an overview of the work you
2
3
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-70577-6 - Study and Master Study Guide 10 Physical SciencesKarin Kelder and Weedaad NasiepFrontmatterMore information
ixIntroduction
4 Recite
5 CheckLook at your notes or summary to make sure that you remembered all
6 RevisionReinforce what you have learned by going through the whole chapter
It is important to revise and reinforce work that you have already learned until you have mastered all the content and concepts and made it part of
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-70577-6 - Study and Master Study Guide 10 Physical SciencesKarin Kelder and Weedaad NasiepFrontmatterMore information
x Information for reference
SI units
length (distance) in metres (m)time in seconds (s)mass in kilograms (kg)
temperature in kelvin (K)luminous intensity in candela (cd)amount of substance in mole (mol)
you will come across in this book:
Quantity Symbol SI unit
Position x metres (m)
Distance d metres (m)
Displacement x metres (m)
Acceleration a metres per second squared (m s–2)
Initial velocity vi or u metres per second (m s–1)
Final velocity vf or v metres per second (m s–1)
Average velocity v metres per second (m s–1)
Mass m kilogram (kg)
Weight w newton (N)
Gravitational acceleration g metres per second squared (m s–2)
Potential energy Ep or U joules (J)
Kinetic energy Ek or K joules (J)
Height h metres (m)
Frequency f hertz (Hz)
Period T seconds (s)
Wave speed v metres per second (m s–1)
Wavelength metres (m)
Voltage or potential difference V volt (V)
Work done W joules (J)
Energy transferred E joules (J)
Electric charge Q coulomb (C)
Electric current I ampère (A)
Resistance R ohm ( )
Other units that are sometimes used:
Quantity Symbol Other units
Displacement x kilometres (km); miles
Time t minutes (min); hour (h)
Velocity v kilometres per hour (km h–1);miles per hour (mph)
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-70577-6 - Study and Master Study Guide 10 Physical SciencesKarin Kelder and Weedaad NasiepFrontmatterMore information
xiInformation for reference
Indicating units
There are a number of ways to indicate units: metres per second is the unit of
s or m s
SI prefixes
Prefix Abbreviation Factor
giga- G 109
mega- M 106
kilo- k 103 = 1 000
hecto- h 102 = 100
deca- da 101 = 10
deci- d 10–1 = 0,1
centi- c 10–2 = 0,01
milli- m 10–3 = 0,001
micro- 10–6
nano- n 10–9
Converting units
Example: 2 h
Example:
10 10 10 10 10 10
km hm dam m dm cm mm
10 10 10 10 10 10
To convert from km h to m s :
1 km ___ h ________
1 ___
s km h ______ s
To convert from m s to km h :
1 m __ s ________
h m s h
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-70577-6 - Study and Master Study Guide 10 Physical SciencesKarin Kelder and Weedaad NasiepFrontmatterMore information
Information for referencexii
Greek symbols
Greek letter Greek name Meaning in science Example
Delta Slightly – slightly negative
Lambda Wavelength = 5 m
Delta Change in v change in velocity
Omega Ohm Unit of resistance: R = 5
Measurement and uncertainty
and an average of the measured values are taken before
Scientific notationSometimes scientists deal with numbers that are extremely large or extremely
n
n
s 8 m sdecimal point has to move 8 places to have a whole number between 1 and
Significant figuresThe number of reliable known digits in a number is called the number of
Example: 2
1 2 3 4 5 6
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-70577-6 - Study and Master Study Guide 10 Physical SciencesKarin Kelder and Weedaad NasiepFrontmatterMore information
xiiiInformation for reference
Mathematical relationshipsExperimentation in physics (and some sections in chemistry) is aimed at
all other factors that might affect the results of the experiment must be kept
Direct proportionality
__ k where k
We use the symbol
The graphical representation of a direct proportionality is a straight line k
t (s)
x (m)
Graph of x against t with constant v
2 ___ 2 k
t (s)
x (m)
Graph of x against t with constant a
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-70577-6 - Study and Master Study Guide 10 Physical SciencesKarin Kelder and Weedaad NasiepFrontmatterMore information
Information for referencexiv
Inverse proportionality
1 __ k
V (m3)
P (Pa)
Graph of P against V
1 ___ 2
2 k
r (m)
F (N)
Graph of F against r
Graphs
Sketch graphs
2
5
3 10
v (m s–1)
t (s)
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-70577-6 - Study and Master Study Guide 10 Physical SciencesKarin Kelder and Weedaad NasiepFrontmatterMore information
xvInformation for reference
Accurate graphs
The independent variable (the variable in which you determine the values) goes on the xaccordance to the chosen independent values) goes on the y
Graphs of displacement versus time
10
20
30
40
50
60
1 2 3 4 5 6t (s)
x (m)
Rearranging equations
x
v t
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-70577-6 - Study and Master Study Guide 10 Physical SciencesKarin Kelder and Weedaad NasiepFrontmatterMore information
Information for referencexvi
The scientific method
Step 3: Analyse the data and propose a possible solution to the problem by
A hypothesis is a tentative explanation of the results of experiments or a set
A theory
A law is a verbal or mathematical description of behaviour based on the
A model is a real or mental picture that results from ideas and assumptions
Symbols used in circuit diagramsComponent Symbol
Switch (open and closed)
Ammeter A
Voltmeter V
Battery or
Light bulb
Resistor
Rheostat
Identifying harmful chemicals
Precautions in handling harmful chemicals can be taken in advance to
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-70577-6 - Study and Master Study Guide 10 Physical SciencesKarin Kelder and Weedaad NasiepFrontmatterMore information
xviiInformation for reference
An oxidising substance contains oxygen that can cause
The symbol for toxic substances is the skull and
handled with great care and only under supervision of the
Some substances can cause your skin to turn red or to
Useful equations
v x ___ t
a v ___ t
vf
vi + a t or v u + a t
vf2 v
i2 + 2a x or v2 u2 + 2a x
x vi
t + 1 __ 2 a t2 or x u t + 1 __
2 a t2
x ( vi + v
f _____ 2 ) t or x ( u + v _____
2 ) t
Weightw mg
Ep
mgh
Ek
1 __ 2 mv2
Ek
Ep
1 __ 2 mv2 mgh
v____
2gh
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-70577-6 - Study and Master Study Guide 10 Physical SciencesKarin Kelder and Weedaad NasiepFrontmatterMore information
Information for referencexviii
v x ___ t
v f
nv
air _____ v
medium
n1 sin
1n
2 sin
2
V W __ Q
Current
IQ
___ t
Resistance
R V __ I
Questions 1 Correct the scrambled information in the table:
Quantity Symbol SI unit
Velocity A
Mass a
Electric current v m s–2
Acceleration R kg
Resistance I m
Wavelength m m s–1
2 A TimeB Electric currentC Amount of substance
3 Choose the incorrect notation for the unit of accelerationA m/s2
B m/sC m sD m s
4 Complete the table for the following metric multiples:
Prefix Abbreviation Factor
kilo-
d
10–2
milli-
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-70577-6 - Study and Master Study Guide 10 Physical SciencesKarin Kelder and Weedaad NasiepFrontmatterMore information
xixInformation for reference
5 Convert the following units:a b c d e 1 h 35 min to sf h to m sg s to km h
6 Write the following expressions in words:a b tc R
7 a b c d e
8 a b c d
9
a v x ___ t x
b a v ___ t t
c vf
vi + a t v
i
d vf2 v
i2 + a x a
e x vi
t + 1 __ 2 a t2 a
f Ek
1 __ 2 mv2 v
10 Give the mathematical relationship for the following graphs:
t (s)
x (m)
t (s)
x (m)
(a) (b)
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-70577-6 - Study and Master Study Guide 10 Physical SciencesKarin Kelder and Weedaad NasiepFrontmatterMore information
Information for referencexx
Answers 1 Quantity Symbol SI unit
Velocity v m s–1
Mass m kg
Electric current I A
Acceleration a m s–2
Resistance R
Wavelength m
2 D
3 B
4 Prefix Abbreviation Factor
kilo- k 103
deci- d 10–1
centi- c 10–2
milli- m 10–3
5 ab c d e (1
f h _________ s
g s h
6 ab c
7 a 4 s b 6 mc 3 m d 3 14
e 1 m
8 a b c d
9 a v x ___ t x v t
b a v ___ t t v ___
a
c vf
vi + a t v
iv
fa t
d vf2 v
i2 + a x a
vf2 v
i2
______ x
e x vi
t + 1 __ 2 a t2 a
2( x vi
t) ___________ t2
f Ek
1 __ 2 mv2 v
____
2E
k ___ m
10 a x t b x t2
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-70577-6 - Study and Master Study Guide 10 Physical SciencesKarin Kelder and Weedaad NasiepFrontmatterMore information