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Study Guide: Egypt and Kush
What was the geographic location and noteworthy
physical features of ancient Egypt ?
Egypt was the Gift of the Nile ( longest river in
world)located in NE Africa: had protective cataracts, and
a fertile deltaThe Nile flows south to
north
Nile floods on a regular cycle: upper Egypt in mid summer, lower
Egypt in fall
2/3 of farmland is in the delta area; desert
surrounds other land
Rich silted land from flood = black land, desert beyond river
valley = red land
River provided irrigation water, fish, sailing
Desert too harsh for enemies, Med Sea kept many away, cataracts stopped enemies from
south
How did ancient Egyptians manage to
become a civilization ?
Rich fertile land gave rise to farming, surplus,
diversification of labor, greater pop, control of river
water with canals; with larger population organized
govt developed and a shared and well developed culture
was seen.
Describe the two kingdoms that existed in Egypt before they
were a united Kingdom .
Upper ( southern) on west bank of Nile; white crown in
cone shape
Lower (northern) Northwest Delta; red
crown
What were the important cultural features of the Old Kingdom, Middle
Kingdom and New Kingdoms of ancient
Egypt ?
Old: govt developed pharaohs as both King and a god- he came to earth to manage Egypt for all the
gods
• Khfu best known because of monuments for him(pyramid)• Society: Pharoah, priests and govt officials (mostly nobles, rich and
powerful families)• Middle Class = scribes and craftspeople, lesser govt officials;Lower
Class – 80% people and mostly farmers – worked on pharaoh projects in off season. Slaves and servants
• Trade with Nubia and Suria – materials for building• Religion: all worship same gods, tons of them too, temples built and
they collected $ from worshippers and govt.– Pyramids as burial sites very important– Idea of afterlife important
Middle: time after a decline of pharaoh
power with nobles ruling but ineffectively –
pharaoh comes back into power; invaded by Hykos – they rule, but
Ahmose drives them out
New Kingdom: height of power
– Controlled invasion routes, built an empire ; extended from Euphraetes to Nubia – those neighboring send gifts to maintain good relations.
– Expanded trade– Queen Hatshepsut – trade and monuments
and temples– Invasions led to decline– Ramses the Great fought off many enemies– Labor: scribes, artisans, artists, architects,
merchants, traders, soldiers, farmers and peasants
Who were significant leaders of ancient Egypt
and what were their lasting legacies ?
•Khufu – pyramid•Hatsheput – increased trade•Ramses – fought invasions, massive monuments
Menes: unites Upper and Lower Egypt – from Upper; 1st Pharaoh, and first dynasty; extended
territory south
What were the religious beliefs and rituals of ancient Egyptians ?
• Many gods, afterlife• Ka must be preserved
What societal groups lived in ancient Egypt
and how were they employed ?
Scribes
• govt and temple records
B. Artisans, Artists, and Architects
– 1. sculptors builders, carpenters, jewelers• metalworkers and leatherworkers
– 2. statues, furniture, jewelry, pottery, shoes
– 3. architects designed temples and royal tombs• a. could become high govt officials
C. Merchants and Traders
– 1. few, accompanied by soldiers, scribes and• laborers
D. Soldiers
– 1. After Middle Kingdom wars E had professional• army
– 2. land as payment– 3. keep treasure captured in warj
E. Farmers and Other Peasants
– 1. bottom of social scale– 2. majority of pop– 3. crops as taxes to pharaoh to pay
for land use• a. pharaohs controlled all land in
kingdom
4. required for special duty too• a. soldier• b. projects• c. mining• d. paid in grain
• F. Slaves– 1. most equal to farmers– 2. convicted criminals– 3. pows– 4. projects, farms, workshops , households– 5. had some rights and could earn
freedom • in some cases
What were the most memorable achievements
of ancient Egyptians ?
• Arch• Hieroglyphics• Papyrus• Books and histories written• Temples, sphinx• Painting – profile and straight on• Carvings and jewelry
What led to the decline of ancient Egyptian
civilization ?
• Over taxing, invasions, not connected enough to all in empire
What were the similarities of Kush and Egypt ?
• Located along a river whose flood brought silt and fertile land to farm ( Nile)
• Cataracts were natural barrier• Rose from farming villages• Diversification of labor
What were the political, commercial and cultural relations
interactions and influences between Kush and Egypt ?
• Kush supplied slaves and raw materials to Egypt
• Egypt controls when Thumose invades• Kush then controls Egypt – but reestablishes
much of Egyptian culture• Kush defeated by Assyrians in Egypt• Kush rebuilt own civilization built iron
industry, expanded trade, very much in Egyptian stlye ; resources declined, trade weakened, military weakened lead to decline
Cataracts = rapids
Vocabulary
Delta = triangular shaped land from
deposited river soil
Menes = 1st pharaoh, dynasty, united Egypt
Pharaoh = god king
Dynasty = series of rulers from same
dynasty
Old Kingdom – 3rd period dynasty rise
Khufu – famous new kingdom pharoah
Nobles –rich and powerful
Afterlife – life after death
Mummies – specially treated bodies after embalmment; linen
wrapped
Elite –people of wealth and power
Pyramids – 4sided burial tombs
Engineering –science for practical matters
Middle Kingdom – after New Ahmose King
New Kingdom – period of greatest achievement
Trade routes – paths of traders
Queen Hatshepsut – New Kingdom – many
public works
Ramses the Great – great military leader
and King; New Kingdom
Hieroglyphics- writing system of ancient
Egypt
Papyrus – paper in ancient Egypt from
plant fiber
Rosetta Stone- discovery that
unlocked key to hieroglyphics
Sphinxes – body of lion and heads of animals or human
temple
Obelisk -4 sided pillar on side on monuments
King Tutakhamen – discovered tomb of the
boy king