Study Sheet for Honors Biology Chapter 7 Test

ANSWERS

#1

• Equation for photosynthesis

#1

CHLOROPLAST DIAGRAM

• A. Outer membrane• B. inner membrane• C. granum• D. thylakoid disk• E. stroma

#3

DIAGRAMS

• Leaf Cross Section

Answers

• A=cuticle• B=Upper epidermis• C=Vein• D=Phloem• E=xylem• F=Palisade layer• G=spongy layer• H=guard cell• I=stomata

What is the enzyme?

That is the most abundant in the world?• Amylase• Rubisco• ATP synthase• Peptidase

• ANSWER: rubisco

Leaf Structure and Function

• Gases enter – stoma• Xylem-tubes carrying

water roots, stem, leaves

• Phloem-food carrying tubes

• Cuticle-protective waxy outer layer

• Air space -area in spongy layer for gases

• Stoma-opening in leaf (usually lower)

• Guard cell -open and close to let gases in/out stoma

• Palisade layer – vertically, tightly packed cells with chloroplasts

Leaf Structure and Function

• Mesophyll = palisade layer + spongy layer

• Upper epidermis – transparent, thick cells to protect upper leaf

• Lower epidermis – transparent, thick cells to protect lower leaf

• Bundle sheath = cells around xylem and phloem, with chloroplasts

• Chloroplast = green organelles, site of photosynthesis

4. Chlorophyll a• Absorbs: blue-violet

and red• Reflects: green• Function: absorbs

photons of light and transfer that energy to e-

• When light hits it:• Resonates (flexible)

between double and single bonds + pass to P680 or P700

Where do you find chlorophyll a?

• In chloroplasts found in thylakoid disk membrane:– In palisade layer– In Spongy layer– In bundle sheath– In guard cells

Difference between xylem and phloem

• Xylem –carries water up the roots, stems, & leaves

• Phloem – carries food

Up and down the roots, stems, & leaves

5. Where are PSII and PSI?

• Found: in thylakoid disk of chloroplast• What do they produce?• PSII – high energy electron to ETC (Pq

first)• -H+ ions to collect in thylakoid lumen• -O2 to be released out stoma

• PSI –high energy e- passed to NADP+

5. Identify the Parts of the Photosystem

A B

C

D E F

G H

Identify the Parts of the Photosystem

Identify the letters

L

Identify the letters• A. PSII G. H+• B. H20 H. NADPH

• C. O2 I. Cytb6

• D. ETC J. Pq• F. NADP+ K. FNR L. Pc

L

Describe the processes at the red circles

Identify the numbers

• 1- light hit PS• 2- excited e- from P680 to primary e- acceptor• 3- water split• 4- excited e- down ETC to Pq to Ctyb6 to Pc• 5- P700 accepts e- from Pc• 6- e- to NADP+

reduced to NADPH L

#6 Photophosphorylation

•Uses sunlight to produce ATP

#6 Photophosphorylation

Cyclic Noncyclic (linear)

In Out

In Out

One light event(PSI, cytb6, Pc)

ADP ATP

2 light events(PSII, Pq, cytb6, Pc, & PSI)

Water Oxygen ADP ATPNADP+ NADPH

Photophosphorylation Chemiosmosisin photosynthesis in cellular respiration

• Uses sunlight• H+ are collected in

lumen of thylakoids• H+ formed from

splitting of water

• Starts with high energy glucose

• H+ form NADH and FADH2

• H+ passed through inner membrane of mitochondrion to intermembrane space

In both photophosphorylation and chemiosmosis in cellular respiration

• H+ pass through ATP synthase to turn it and ADP + P forms ATP

#8 Where does the oxygen come from that we breathe?

• Splitting of oxygen in LDR• (linear

photophosphorylation)

#9 What is the source of carbon for glucose?

Carbon dioxide

#10

• Carbon fixation is making an inorganic molecule (like carbon dioxide) into a useable organic molecule (like 3-PGA.

#10

• Carbon fixing occurs in the __• Calvin cycle• What happens there?• (When RuBP + RuBisCo +

CO2 to form 3 PGA)

#11 What two high energy molecules are made at the end of linear photophosphorylation?

•ATP

And NADPH

collected in the stroma

#12 Where made?

• G3P• Stroma• NADPH• Stroma• ATP • stroma

Where made?

• Oxygen• Lumen of thylakoid disk• RuBisCO• Stroma• e- excited by photons• Thylakoid disk membrane

Where made?

• RuBP• Stroma• NADP+• stroma• Water split• Lumen of thylakoid

Color Reflected

• Xanthophyll• Yellow• Carotenoid• Orange• Lycopene• red• Chlor b• Yellow-green

• Rhdopsin• purple• Canthaxanthin• Orange-yellow

#14-15• PRODUCTS OF LIR (Calvin cycle)• ADP• NADP+• G3P (can join to form glucose)• PRODUCTS OF LDR (linear

photophosphorylation)• ATP• NADPH• OXYGEN

#16• What do excited e- cause to happen as

they pass through the Cytochrome-b6?

• Pull H+ ions across from thylakoid lumen across the thylakoid membrane to the stroma.

#17

• In the Calvin cycle what two molecules join with the enzyme RuBisCO?

•RuBP and CO2

#18 What are the two fates of excited chlorophyll?

• Pass energy to excite an e- that are passed to ETC (in thylakoid membrane) like to Pq

• Fluoresce and release

the energy (photon)as red

color (if no thylakoid)

#19

• How many CO2 molecules are needed to produce one glucose molecule?

• 6• 6 turns of Calvin cycle to make one

glucose

What are the final e- acceptors?

• Final electron acceptor in cellular respiration is oxygen

• Final electron acceptor in LDR is NADP+

• H+ ions power the ATP synthase to make ATP

#20 Strongest biological oxidizing agent

• P680

#21

• What makes guard cells open and close?

• If turgid – guard cells open• If flaccid – guard cells close

Note salt concentrations in the cells and the arrows showing

• Remember: hypo to hyper• Stoma Animation flacci

dturgid

#22 Calvin Cycle

• INPUT: 6 CO2 OUTPUT: 2 G3P

• 18 ATP 18 ADP + P• 12 NADPH 12 NADP+

What is…?

• Carbon Fixation?• ANSWER: changing of

unusable atmospheric CO2 into usable organic compounds (like glucose)

3 PGA

#23

• What is formed at the end of each phase of the Calvin cycle?

• Fixation• 3 PGA• Reduction• G3P• Regeneration• Recycle RuBP

#24

• In the LDR (PSII) water splits into:

• e-• H+• oxygen

#25 Which greenhouse gas has the most affect on global

warming?•CO2

UVinfrared

Greenhouse effect

• Protects earth from: UV rays• 3 Greenhouse gases: CO2 O2 H2O

• Increases in CO2 due: to burning fossil fuels

• Negative effects: melt glaciers, increased sea levels, change to extreme weather (more hurricanes, extreme weather)

#26

• The banning of CFC’s was done because of what problem?

• CFC’s were breaking down the ozone• This allowed UV light to enter the

atmosphere at dangerous levels

#34 CFC’s

CFC’s

• Chlorofluorocarbons• Were put in aerosols, refrigerants, and

styrofoam

• Products containing CFC’s were Banned by those signing the Montreal Protocol

Ozone Thinning Over Antarctica

• Icy molecules react withCFC’s more than other particles

#27

• Write a conclusion.

#28 What is photoprotection

• Carotenoids reflect orange

#29

• What does P680 and P700 mean?• These are the wavelengths that these

chlorophyll molecules absorb.

DIAGRAM

• A. PS II• B. ETC• C. PS I• D. thylakoid interior• E. ATP synthase• F. stromaF

680 700

#30

• PRODUCT FORMED:• From fixing of carbon dioxide• 3 PGA• At the end of PSI• NADPH• As a result of photophoshorylation• ATP

#30

• Formed in the regeneration phase of the Calvin cycle

• RuBP• Formed in the reduction phase of the

Calvin cycle• G3P• Formed from the surplus of G3P• RuBP

#30

• WHERE FOUND?• H+ high concentration = lumen• Excited e - = PSII and PSI• Water splitting = lumen• NADPH and ATP = stroma• ETC = thylakoid membrane

#30 Where do these take place?

• LDR takes place in • the thylakoid disks• LIR takes place in • the stroma

8. Where does each take place?

• LIR• LDR• Calvin cycle• ETC• Chemiosmosis• Splitting of water

• Stroma• Thylakoid disks• Stroma• Thylakoid membrane• Thylakoid interior through thylakoid

membrane to stroma• Thylakoid interior

Where do the H+ collect after they are split from water?

G

Where do the H+ collect after they are split from water?

D – thylakoid interior

H+ H+

H+ H+

G

Where is the ATP synthase located?

G

Where is the ATP synthase located?

E

G

Where would NADPH and ATP be found?

G

Where would NADPH and ATP be found?

G

G

(stroma)