StudyAlong Workbook - Topic 1 Cell Biology - Black and White€¦ · opic 1!"#$$%&'(&(%)'("+,-. Your progress tracker!!!!!"#!$%&!'$() $%($!'%+'!%+!,-.)& /"#0!1)!&(2%!$3"24!!!!!5!(//!$%&'&!$!%&63

Studyalong

© Emmatheteachie 2019

GCSE BiologyW I T H

How to studyalong! Biology Topic 1


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Biology Topic 1


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Microscopy

Animal and plant cells

Specialised cells

Diffusion

Osmosis

Active transport

Mitosis and the cell cycle

Stem cells

Culturing microorganisms

Eukaryotic andprokaryotic cells

Colour Notes

Content and videos


Biology Topic 1

MICROSCOPY ANIMAL ANDPLANT CELLS

EUKARYOTIC ANDPROKARYOTIC CELLS

SPECIALISED CELLS DIFFUSION

EXAM-STYLE QUESTIONS ANSWERS35-43 44-49 BONUS ACTIVITY (WOO!) THANK YOU50-51 52

CULTURINGMICROORGANISMS

ACTIVETRANSPORT

MITOSIS ANDTHE CELL CYCLE STEM CELLSOSMOSIS

Scan the QR code using your phone or tablet camera (apple devices) or QR reader app (android devices) to load up the videos! Or visit the

Emmatheteachie YouTube channel and select the “Cell Biology” playlist.

1-2 3-5

16-18 19-21 22-25 26-30 31-34

6-8 9-12 13-15

Microscopy Biology Topic 1


1

First developed

LightMicroscope

ElectronMicroscope

Can it viewlive specimens?

Price

Magnification

Resolution

Image isformed using...

Complete this table for each type of microscope:

Biology Topic 1


Quick QuestionsMicroscopy

2

A picture of a cheek cell measures 28mm when magnified 300 times. Calculate the real size of the cheek cell in micrometres (µm).

This mitochondrion is 10 µm long. When it is magnified, it measures8mm. How many times has it been magnified?

Complete the microscopy equation triangle, then trythe questions below. Watch out for unit conversions!

Watch the Mathsin Biology video for more help on this!

Animal and plant Cells Biology Topic 1


3

Label the sub-cellular structures of this animalcell and describe the function of each.

Animal and plant Cells Biology Topic 1


4

Label the sub-cellular structures of this plantcell and describe the function of each.

Animal and plant CellsQuick Questions

Biology Topic 1


5

Cell wall

1. Complete this table by putting a tick or cross in each box to show if the cell has each sub-cellular structure.

2. State the function of a) ribosomes and b) mitochondria.

3. Root hair cells are plant cells but do not contain chloroplasts. Suggest why.

Cell membrane

Human cheek cellSub-cellular structure Leaf palisade cell

Mitochondrion

Ribosome

Chloroplast

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells

Biology Topic 1


6

State the features that alleukaryotic cells have.

Label the prokaryotic cell below and star the features that these cells ALWAYS have present.

Biology Topic 1



7

Calculate the order of magnitude comparison between this phone and A) the ant & B) the ladybird

Calculate the order of magnitude comparison between this bacterial cell and A) the virus & B) the piece of DNA

Step 1: Divide the bigger number by the smaller number

Step 2: If the answer is less than 10, they are the SAME order of magnitude.

If the answer is around 10, then it is 10 or ONE order of magnitude bigger.

If the answer is around 100, then it is 10 or TWO orders of magnitude bigger.

1

2

Read the steps, then try the questions below. Remember, Maths

makes up to 10% of the Biology Paper, so itʼs

important to practise it!

Order of magnitude

Quick Questions

Biology Topic 1



8

1. Describe the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

2. Kate says that because bacterial cells don’t have a nucleus, they have no genetic material. Explain why this is not correct.

Specialised Cells Biology Topic 1


9

Using the pictures below, describe what happens as a new organism develops. Include an explanation of what specialised cells are.

Biology Topic 1


Specialised CellsAnimaL

10

Describe how each of these animal cells is adapted for its function.

Biology Topic 1


Specialised CellsPLant

11

Describe how each of these plant cells is adapted for its function.

Quick QuestionsBiology Topic 1


Specialised Cells

12

Beta cells are found in the pancreas. Their function is to produce insulin,a protein that helps to regulate blood sugar levels.

Look at this image of a Betacell and explain how itis adapted for its function.

Diffusion Biology Topic 1


13

Write a definition for diffusion below, then describe what is happening in the beakers when a drop of food colouring is added.

Biology Topic 1


Diffusion

14

Name and describe the three factors that can affect the rate of diffusion.



Diffusion

15

1. Define diffusion.

2. Name this cell and describe how it is adapted for rapid diffusion.

3. CO diffuses out of muscle cells and into the blood to be taken to the lungs. In which muscle cell will diffusion occur the fastest and why?

Blood cells

Cells

0.3

0.8

0.4

(Arbitrary units)

Muscle cell A

Muscle cell B

Concentration of CO

2

2

Biology Topic 1


Osmosis

16

Use the images on the left of this page to describe osmosis beforewriting a perfect definition below.

Draw an arrow to show the net movement of water in the diagram below. Then give a brief explanation of why the water moved in this direction.

Biology Topic 1


Osmosis

17

Red blood cells are dropped into3 beakers of different solutions.Describe what each wordmeans, then explain whatwill happen to the redblood cells.



Osmosis

18

Movement of sucrose

Requires energy

Movement of water

A permeablemembrane is needed

From dilute to amore concentrated solution

1. Circle the statements that apply to osmosis:

2. For those that you haven’t circled, explain why they are incorrect.

3. Identify the direction of the net movement of water in A and B by drawing an arrow.

Active transport Biology Topic 1


19

Use the diagrams below to help youwrite a definition for active transport.

Describe how these plant roots are absorbingmineral ions from the soil.

Biology Topic 1


20

Active transportExplain how active transport enables the absorption of glucose in the digestive system.

Biology Topic 1


21

Quick QuestionsActive transport

Soil A 0.4

0.1

0.3

Soil B

Soil C

Concentration of Mg ions in solution (mg/l)

Method of ion absorption

1. A plant has an average Magnesium ion concentration of 0.3 mg/l in its root hair cells. Complete the table below by naming the process that would take place to absorb the Mg ions if it were placed in pots of Soil A, B and C.

2. How is this root hair cell adapted for active transport?

Mitosis and the cell cycle Biology Topic 1


22

Label the diagrams to show what is found inside the nucleus.

Biology Topic 1


23

Mitosis and the cell cycleComplete the diagram below to show what happens to the cell andchromosomes during cell division by mitosis. Then describe each stageof the cell cycle below.

Stage 12

3

Biology Topic 1


24


Explain the importance of mitosis and the cell cycle in the body.



25


Adult body cell

Daughter cells

1. What does the nucleus contain?

2. The diagram below shows an adult body cell undergoing cell division. Complete the diagram by filling in the missing chromosomes.

3. Explain the importance of mitosis in the body.

Stem cells Biology Topic 1


26

Fill in the boxes to show the functionsof a stem cell. Then using this, see if you can write a full definition for a stem cell.

Biology Topic 1


27

Stem cellsDescribe where embryonic stem cells are found and how they could potentially be used.

Describe where adult stem cells are found, then explainwhy they may not be as useful as embryonic stem cells.

Biology Topic 1


28

Stem cells


Label the diagrams below to showwhere stem cells are found in plants.

Describe the uses of plant stem cells.

Biology Topic 1


29

Stem cellsExplain the 2 main issues involved with using adult stem cellsfor medical treatment.

Outline two other issues with the use of embryos in stem cell research and medical treatment.

Explain how therapeutic cloning could in theory provide analternative solution for adult stem cell use in medicine.



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Stem cells

1. What are stem cells?

2. Explain how stem cells could provide treatment for certain conditions, naming 2 of these conditions.

3. Where are plant stem cells found?

Culturing microorganisms Biology Topic 1


31

Name and describe howbacterial cells multiply.

Biology Topic 1


32


Staphylococcus aureus divides onceevery 30 minutes. What is the population size after 3.5 hours?

Helicobacter pylori divides once every 45 minutes. Calculate the population of the colony after 9 hours. Give your answer in standard form.

Complete the example for calculating the number of bacterial cells in a population. Then try the question below yourself.

Biology Topic 1


33

Culturing microorganismsDescribe the steps involved in preparing an uncontaminated bacterial culture using aseptic technique. Include an explanation of why each step is done.



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1. Name the process by which bacteria divide.

2. A bacterial cell divides once every 30 minutes. Work out the population size of the colony after 8 hours and give your answer in standard form.

3. When preparing an uncontaminated culture of bacterial cells, the lid of the Petri dish should be secured lightly with adhesive tape and stored upside down. Explain why.

Exam-style questions Biology Topic 1


35

1. Describe 2 ways in which electron microscopes are better than light microscopes. (2)

2. A bacterial cell is viewed using an electron microscope. It is magnified 16,000 times. The image of it measures 32mm.

Use this equation to calculate the length of the actual cell. Give your answer in µm (micrometres). (2)

magnification = image size

real size

3. Describe 3 differences between plant and animal cells. (3)



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4. Label this diagram of a bacterial cell. (6)

5. Describe 2 differences between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell. (2)

6. Match the name of the sub-cellular structure to its function: (2)

7. Describe the function of the nucleus. (2)

Mitochondrion Strengthens the cell and provides support

Cell wall Releases energy in aerobic respiration

Ribosome Carries out protein synthesis

Chloroplast Carries out photosynthesis, making glucose for the plant



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8. Name the type of specialised cells responsible for transporting water in a plant. (1)

9. Name this specialised cell and explain how it is adapted for its function. (5)

10. Name the process by which cells become specialised. (1)

11. Where in the body are adult stem cells found? (1)

Mid-piece containingmitochondria

Acrosome containingdigestive enzymes

Tail formovement



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12. Embryonic stem cells are found in early embryos, pictured here. They may be able to be used to treat conditions such as Type 1 diabetes and paralysis. Explain how. (4)

13. Adult stem cells are another potential source of stem cells for medical treatment. Describe one possible issue with their use. (1)

14. Therapeutic cloning is a type of cloning that creates an embryo to provide a source of stem cells. Describe 2 potential objections some people may have to this process. (2)

Embryonicstem cells



39

15. Describe how farmers could use plant stem cells to their advantage. (1)

16. Complete the sentences below by selecting the correct word from the box below: (4)

_________________ cells can differentiate throughout their lives. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that

can _________________ to produce specialised cells. Plant stem cells are found in the _________________

tissue. New cells form by the process of _________________ .

17. Chromosomes are found inside the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Which molecules are chromosomes made of? (1)

18. How many pairs of chromosomes are found in a human body cell? (1)

animal mitosis differentiate root plant meristem all



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19. Why is it important that multicellular organisms are able to carry out mitosis? (2)

20. Describe what happens during stage 1 of the cell cycle. (3)

21. The diagram below shows the cell cycle. Use an arrow to label the part that shows mitosis taking place. (1)

Stage 12

3



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22. When a leaf is cut from a plant, the plant is able to regrow the missing leaf. When most animals lose a part of their body, they cannot regrow it. Explain why there is this difference. (2)

23. A drop of food colouring is put into a beaker of cold water. Describe and explain the observations you would expect to make. (3)

24. A drop of food colouring is put into a beaker of hot water. Explain how your observation will differ from above (in cold water). (2)



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25. Describe one difference between diffusion and osmosis. (1)

26. Give one similarity between osmosis and active transport. (1)

27. A potato chip is weighed and then placed in a beaker with a high concentration of salt. It is then left for 3 hours. What would you expect to happen to its mass? Circle your answer. (1)

Its mass will increase. Its mass will decrease. Its mass will remain the same.

28. Give an explanation for your prediction above. (3)

29. A tomato plant is potted in soil. The concentration of magnesium ions in solution in soil is 0.9 mg/l. The root hair cells of the tomato plant have a concentration of 0.5mg/l. State which process it will use to absorb the magnesium ions. (1)

30. How is the root hair cell adapted for the absorption of mineral ions? State 2 ways. (2)



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31. When preparing an uncontaminated culture of bacterial cells, which technique is used? (1)

32. In this technique, the Petri dishes and culture medium must be sterilised before use. Explain why. (1)

33. In school laboratories, cultures should generally be incubated at 25 C. Why is this temperature advised? (2)

34. State the process by which bacterial cells divide. (1)

35. A bacterial cell takes 60 minutes to divide. It is left for 10 hours. Calculate the resulting population size. Give your answer in standard form (Higher Tier). (3)

o



Answers

44

1. Electron microscopes have a higher resolution (1) and higher magnification (1) than light microscopes.

2. magnification = image size

real size

16,000 = 32 mm real size

real size = 32 / 16,000

= 0.002 mm (1)

Giving your answer in µm means you need to x 1000 Real size = 2 µm (1)

3. Plant cells have cell walls (1), vacuoles (1) and chloroplasts (1)- animal cells do not possess any of these.

4. 1 mark for each correct label: Cell wall

DNA

Cellmembrane

Ribosome

Cytoplasm

Plasmid

You could also convert mm to µm at this stage by x 1000 - so you will have 32 000 / 16 000. This will giveyou the same answer of 2 µm.

You MUST mention animal cells in youranswer or else it is not a comparison.



Answers

45

5. Prokaryotic cells have a single loop of DNA whereas eukaryotic cells have a nucleus (1) - it is also acceptable to say prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus Prokaryotic cells have cell walls whereas eukaryotic cells do not (1)

6. (2) for all matched up correctly, (1) for 2 or 3 matched up correctly (0) for 1 or none matched up.

7. The nucleus contains genetic material (1) which controls the cell’s activities (1) - it is also acceptable to say the nucleus contains “DNA” or “chromosomes” for the first mark.

8. Xylem cells (1)

9. This is a sperm cell (1) Its function is to swim to the egg cell and fertilise it (1) Having a tail is an adaptation for this function as it enables it to swim (1) Having a mid-piece containing mitochondria is an adaptation as these release the energy needed for movement (1) Having an acrosome containing digestive enzymes is an adaptaion as it allows the sperm to penetrate the egg and fertilise it (1)

Both types of cells need to be referred to in your answer to get the marks:

Notice how all three explanations of theadaptations use the word “as...” - this is

important as you are explaining the adaptation,not just repeating what was given in the diagram.

Mitochondrion Strengthens the cell and provides support

Cell wall Releases energy in aerobic respiration

Ribosome Carries out protein synthesis

Chloroplast Carries out photosynthesis, making glucose for the plant



Answers

46

10. Differentiation (1)

11. Bone marrow (1)

12. Embryonic stem cells can be cloned (1) They can be made to differentiate into certain cell types (1) - It is also acceptable to give examples of the certain cell types as long as they are correct, i.e. pancreative cells for Type 1 Diabetes and nerve cells or neurones for paralysis. These cells can then be put into a patient’s body (1) Here, they replace the non-working part of the patient’s body (1)

13. Any one from: There is a risk of viral infection (1) If they are from an unrelated person, the patient’s body may reject them (1)

14. Ehtical objection: embryos cannot give constent (1) - it is also acceptable to say that it is against their human rights Religious objection: we should not interfere with the reproduction process (1) - it is also acceptable to say that it is against some people’s religion

15. Farmers could use plant stem cells to clone plants with special features (1) - it is also acceptable to give an example of the special feature, e.g. disease resistance, large fruit, etc.

16. PLANT (1) cells can differentiate throughout their lives. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can DIFFERENTIATE (1) to produce specialised cells. Plant stem cells are found in the MERISTEM (1) tissue. New cells form by the process of MITOSIS (1).



Answers

47

17. DNA (1)

18. 23 pairs (1)

19. Any two from: growth (1), development (1) and repair (1)

20. The cell grows (1) - it is also acceptable to say the cell increases in mass The cell increases the number of sub-cellular structures (1) - it is also acceptable to say the names of the sub-cellular structures, e.g mitochondria, ribosomes, etc. or to say “organelles” instead of sub-cellular structures The cell replicates its DNA (1) - it is also acceptable to say the cell doubles the number of chromosomes

21. (1) for arrow in the correct place:

22. Animal cells differentiate at an early stage of development (1) whereas plant cells retain the ability to differentiate throughout the life of the plant (1)

Note that it is NOT acceptable to say 46 chromosomes- the question asked for pairs, so the answer must be 23!



Answers

48

23. The food colouring will spread throughout the beaker (1) This happens because of diffusion (1) The food colouring spreads out from an area of its high concentration to low concentration (1)

24. The diffusion of the food colouring will be faster / quicker (1) - it is also acceptable to say the food colouring spreads out faster / quicker This is because the higher temperature provides the particles with more energy (1) 25. Diffusion is the movement of any particles in a solution or gas, whereas osmosis is the movement of water particles only (1)

26. Active transport and osmosis both require a partially permeable membrane (1)

27. Its mass will decrease (1)

28. Water has left the potato chip (1) It has moved by osmosis (1) From the dilute salt solution inside the potato to the more concentrated salt solution in the beaker (1) - it is acceptable to say that the water has moved from where it was in higher water concentration inside the potato to where the water concentration was lower in the beaker. This can also be phrased in terms of solute (salt) concentration.

29. Active transport (1) 30. The root hair cell has an increased / large surface area (1) and it has many many mitochondria (1) to release the energy needed for active transport of mineral ions - no mark for this, as it was a “state” Q.

You MAY be allowed to say semi-permeable membrane orselectively permeable membrane, but it’s best to learn “partially”



49

31. Aseptic technique (1)

32. Sterilising them kills any microorganisms that may have been on the Petri dish or in the culture media (1)

33. This temperature prevents the growth of harmful pathogens (1) But is warm enough for bacterial colonies to grow (1)

34. Binary fission (1)

35. Number of divisions = 10 hours / 1 hour = 10 (1)

2 to the power of 10 (which is also written as 2 ) = 1024 (1)

In standard form = 1.024 x 10 (1)

Note that you had to make the unitsthe same. 60 minutes = 1 hour.

10

3

Bonus activity Biology Topic 1


50

Spot the 10 differences between these two cell parties!

Bonus activity - Answers Biology Topic 1


51

1 - Teachie has been changed to teacher

2 - Sperm cell mid-piece is missing top right mitochondrion

3 - Banner says cellebrate instead of celebrate

4 - The cellfie photo is missing a mitochondrion

5 - The root hair cell is missing its permanent vacuole

6 - The nerve cell is missing its party hat

7 - The prokaryotic cell has got a mitochondrion in it (this technically isn’t possible as bacterial cells are too small for a mitochondrion to fit inside - as you are probably aware, this picture is not to scale or wholly accurate!)

8 - The middle music note (quaver!) has a sad face instead of a happy face

9 - The animal cell is missing a ribosome

10 - The disco ball has no string holding it up - magic!

How many differences did you spot? Well done!

Differences

Thank you Biology Topic 1


52

f r o m

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Science learning!

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Documents

StudyAlong Workbook - Topic 1 Cell Biology - Black and White€¦ · opic 1!"#$$%&'(&(%)'*("+,-. Your progress tracker!!!!!"#!$%&!'$() $%($!'%*+'!%*+!,*-.)& /*"#0!1*)!&(2%!$*3"24!!!!!5!(//!$%&'&!$*!%&63

StudyAlong Workbook - Topic 1 Cell Biology - Black and White€¦ · opic 1!"#$$%&'(&(%)'("+,-. Your progress tracker!!!!!"#!$%&!'$() $%($!'%+'!%+!,-.)& /"#0!1)!&(2%!$3"24!!!!!5!(//!$%&'&!$!%&63