Successful United Nations Peacekeeping in Cambodia

SSuucccceessssffuull UUnniitteedd NNaattiioonnss PPeeaacceekkeeeeppiinngg iinn CCaammbbooddiiaa Khlok Dara Matrikel-Nr 733676 darakhlokyahoocom State Failure Crisis and Conflict Management Dr Markus Lederer MPMMGPP Summer term 2006 University of Potsdam September 2006

Table of contents

Abbreviationshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipii

1- Introductionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip1

2- Elements of Successful UN Peacekeepinghelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip3

a Background helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip3

Peacekeeping Concept helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip3

Peacekeeping Developmenthelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip4

b Elements of successful peacekeeping helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip8

Internal Factorshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip8

External Factorhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip10

Clear Mandatehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip11

Available Resourcehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip12

3- Analysis of UN Peacekeeping Operation in Cambodia helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip14

a Paris Peace Agreement Backgroundhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip14

b Successful Operation helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip16

c What Other Factors19

Strong Legal Frameworkhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip19

Strong Commitment of UNhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip20

Active Participation of Cambodian people helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip20

4- Conclusionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip21

Referenceshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip23

Appendix 1helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip24

Abbreviations FUNCINPEC National United Front for an Independent Neutral Peaceful and

Cooperative Cambodia

IPA International Peace Academy

JIM I First Jakarta Informal Meetings

JIM II Second Jakarta Informal Meetings

KPNLF Khmer Peoplersquos National Liberation Front

KR Khmer Rouge

MNF Multinational Forces

NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations

OAU Organization of African Unity

ONUC United Nations Operation in Congo

ONUSAL United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador

PDK Party of Democratic Kampuchea

PRK Peoplersquos Republic of Kampuchea

SNC Supreme National Council of Cambodia

UK United Kingdom of England

UNAMIC United Nations Advance Mission in Cambodia

UNDPKO United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations

UNEF UN Emergency Force

United Nations UN

UNTAC United Nations Transitional Authority

UNTSO UN Truce Supervision Organization

UNUMOZ UN Operation in Mozambique

US United States of America

Khlok Dara

1 Introduction Cambodia is a country that had many historical wars since the collapse of ANGKOR

Empire from seventh to Fourteenth century The most bed situation in Cambodia was

happened in 1975 to 1979 The country was ruled by Peoplersquos Republic of

Kampuchea (PRK)1 called Khmer Rouge regime (KR) During their four years in

power KR killed at least one million of their own countrymen The trauma they

inflicted is still evident in every facet of life in Cambodia After the invasion of

Vietnam military in 1979 (Ratner R Stever 1995 p 140) the civil war was

happened between the four factions of Cambodia PRK and the three other resistance

factions along Thai border such as KR National United Front for an Independent

Neutral Peaceful and Cooperative Cambodia (FUNCINPEC) and Khmer Peoplersquos

National Liberation Front (KPNLF)

With invaluable supports of the United Nations (UN) the Paris Peace Agreement

was signed by all parties in the conflict with supports from 18 countries2 This is a

historical successful of UN and other countries like Indonesia and France who are the

leading role in finding peace for Cambodian people The Paris Peace Agreement

provided more mandate to UN to form up their agency making cease-fires

repatriation organizing democratic election and reconstructing Cambodia In the

Paris Peace Agreement Peacekeeping is one of the crucial roles of UN goal which

aims at making cease-fire and organizing the democratic election United Nation

Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) is a well-organized unit of UN in

peacekeeping in Cambodia With their mandate provided by the Paris Peace

Agreement and the resolution form both Secretary General and Security Council of 1 It is a government assigned by the Vietnam government after Vietnam invaded Cambodia in 1997

The name of the People lsquos Republic of Kampuchea was changed in 1989 to State of Cambodia (SOS) and by that time economical policy of the government have been changed from planned market to free market

2 Eighteen countries who participated in the Paris Peace Agreement are Australia Brunei Darussalam Canada China France India Indonesia Japan Laos Malaysia Philippines Singapore Russia Thailand United Kingdom United States Vietnam and Zimbabwe

Successful United Nations Peacekeeping in Cambodia Page 1

UN UNTAC did their job very well in conforming to the peacekeeping plan process

UNTAC provided peaceful election and formed up the new coalition government

with democratic ideas UNTAC peacekeeping missions have helped assure a stable

situation enhance emerging democracies protect human rights end conflicts and

prevent the spread of war This is a successful peacekeeping operation of UN in the

second generation of their mission In this regard what are the factors leading UN

successful peacekeeping operation in Cambodia

This paper will try to find out the reason why UN gets successful in peacekeeping in

Cambodia The argument is that UN had played a very good role in the Cambodian

peace process In this regard UN mandate in bringing peaceful resolution for

Cambodian people and their democratically elected leader their primary

responsibility for peace stability national reconciliation and construction had been

fulfilled The four main hypotheses to test are (1) Internal supports contributed to

the successful of the UN peacekeeping in Cambodia (2) the supports from other

countries involving in the Cambodian conflict especially the main actors of

superpower assisted the UN peace process to fulfill its mandate (3) the clear and

practicable mandate of UNTAC brought its mandate to achieve the goal of

peacekeeping and (4) with the sufficient and available human logistic and financial

supports to the whole peace process in Cambodia UN fulfilled their peace mandate

for Cambodia

These four hypotheses lead UN got success in their peacekeeping With these four

hypotheses the paper will study the experiences of the peacekeeping of UN

operation and analyze the situation in Cambodia when UNTAC operated their

mission for peacekeeping Paper will illustrate more why UN got successful

peacekeeping in Cambodia situation Are there any other factors that lead UN getting

successful in their operation in Cambodia

The paper will provide researchers to get more information on the UN successful

peacekeeping operation in the world on one hand and on another hand the factors of

successful peacekeeping in Cambodia as a good experience and lessons learned for

other peacekeeping operation Moreover this is a very useful for other internal or

international organization to learn from the experiences in order to form up or

modify the peace implementation process for other places of the world In addition

the paper will provide more knowledge for interested researchers and students as

well in their field of study

In order to get more realistic the concept and the development of the peacekeeping

will be illustrated in order to find out the concept of peacekeeping and the elements

of the successful peacekeeping of UN peacekeeping operation in other countries To

do this many books and documents from different sources were collected to study in

particular from library The information from internet was used as well to get more

update information and documents related to the topic like UN and other peace

institutions websites

To make paper easier to understand the research will divide into three main chapters

The first chapter will define a very brief historical background of Cambodia situation

before the peacekeeping and some methodology of the research The second chapter

will study on the literature of the successful experiences of peacekeeping operation

of UN in other countries Indeed the paper will define a brief concept of

peacekeeping and some key words in order to make clearer The third chapter will

analyze why UN get successful peacekeeping in Cambodia In this regard the paper

will reflect the four hypotheses of successful peacekeeping operation of other

countries with the Cambodian situation This chapter will define also a brief

historical background of the roles of UN in peace finding in Cambodia The last

chapter is the conclusion part Some lesson learned will be raised also for other UN

operation

2 Elements of Successful UN Peacekeeping a Background

Peacekeeping Concept Before we go deeper into the core analysis of the topic it is very important to

understand the main key word meaning of ldquopeacekeepingrdquo The term ldquopeacekeepingrdquo

was defined by many meaning according to the context or the intention of the

implementer

Peacekeeping defined by the UN is ldquoa way to help countries torn by conflict creates

conditions for sustainable peace UN peacekeepersmdashsoldiers and military officers

civilian police officers and civilian personnel from many countriesmdashmonitor and

observe peace processes that emerge in post-conflict situations and assist ex-

combatants in implementing the peace agreements they have signed Such assistance

comes in many forms including confidence-building measures power-sharing

arrangements electoral support strengthening the rule of law and economic and

social developmentrdquo All operations must include the resolution of conflicts using

force to be considered valid under the charter of the UN

(httpenwikipediaorgwikiList_of_UN_peacekeeping_missions checked on 19

August 2006)

In this regard ldquopeacekeepingrdquo was defined by the Agenda for Peace as ldquothe

deployment of a United Nations presence in the field hitherto with the consent of all

the parties concerned normally involving United Nations military andor police

personnel and frequently civilians as wellrdquo (UN 1992 website

httpwwwunorgdocsSGagpeacehtml checked on 20 August 2006) The agenda

presented many steps of the peacekeeping Peacekeeping cannot define clearly The

meaning is very broad According to the agenda for peace it was said that

peacekeeping term is interrelated to other terms like preventive diplomacy

peacemaking and post conflict peace- building

The implementation of peacekeeping should follow some guidelines or principles

According to Diehl (1993) there are five conceptual components of distinguishing

feature of peacekeeping operation Each peacekeeping operation should follow the

five features Those five components are (1) non-enforcement (2) limited military

capacity (3) neutrality (4) permission of the hosted countries and (5) proper

function of the peacekeeping forces including task observation detection of violation

of cease-fire supervision of troop withdrawal law and order maintaining

interposition force and humanitarian activities (Diehl F Paul 1993 p 5-10)

Peacekeeping Development Peacekeeping was established by international organizations for many years ago

before the establishment of UN However it is not really the peacekeeping It is just

like observation operation when there was conflict It was happened before the

World War II by an initiative of the League of Nations which is the first initiative of

the world security By noticed that in the world there were a lot of conflict in both

internal and international arenas perception of peacekeeping for secure peace and

security was established in that time by the League of Nations After the League of

Nations failed the United Nations followed the ideas of the world security There are

many peacekeeping operation forms since then Beside the operation of the League

of Nations there are 60 peacekeeping operation of UN from its establishment in

1945 (see appendix 1) The peacekeeping operation was divided into three phases as

followed

The first phase of the peacekeeping was happened before the second Word War It

was in the time of the establishment of the League of Nations in 1920 The legal

instruments covers to the conflict resolution were derived from the two principles

constitutive sources of the League of Nations First the covenant created pronged

schemes under which members agreed to ldquo(a) respect and preserve the territorial

integrity and political independence of all members against external aggression (b)

submit all disputes to either arbitration judicial settlement or inquiry by the Council

of the League (the Leaguersquos analogue of the Security Council with permanent and

non-permanent members) the latter of which would try to settle the matters and (c)

impose economic sanctions and recommend military measure against any member of

the League that waged war in disregard of its Covenant obligationrdquo Second the

treaty of Versailles composed of many components of peace ending the Great War

These were given the League of Nations to take responsibilities (Ratner R Stever

1995 p 90-91)

According to the covenant of the League of the Nations in article 1 most of the

operation of the organizations for peace was implemented only to the members This

was mostly conducted in the way to observe conflict rather than to use force In that

time there were some operations for peace like in 1920-1921 there was a military

forces and civilian commission supervise plebiscites in Schleswig Allen stein and

Marienwerder the Klagenfurt Basin Upper Silesia and Sopron (Chopra Jarat 1999

The League of Nations did not achieve their mission to establish world organization

Since the League of Nations was abolished UN was replaced this role as a world

peace security organization in 1945 However the League of Nations left many

experiences and lesson learned for UN peace operation According to Diehl said that

there are four lessons learned for successful peacekeeping operation First there was

a successful peacekeeping when there is no direct involvement of major power in the

operation second it was much easier to arrange a ceasefire at a lower level of

military conflict third the support of all disputant parties is crucial factor leading the

League of Nations successful and fourth the neutral troops should be deployed in

the conflict (Diehl F Paul 1993 p 20) The first lesion learned is not appropriated

with the new peacekeeping generation because in order to operate peacekeeping in

one country it need unanimous agreement from all permanent member of the

security Council who are all super power states It cannot be applicable with UN

peacekeeping

The second phase of the peacekeeping was beginning from the experiences of

League of Nations It was called traditional peacekeeping which started from 1948 to

1989 During that time there are fifteen UN operations in providing the

peacekeeping to different countries in the world (see appendix 1) Historically UN

established two peacekeeping institutions in the beginning of its operation (1) UN

Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) which was responsible to stabilize the

region in the time of cold war and (2) UN Emergency Force (UNEF) which was the

first UN peacekeeping forces (UN 1996 p 4) This peacekeeping review of UN said

that ldquothis model is classical peacekeeping which required the protagonist

impartiality on the part of the UN forces and resort to arms only in self-defenserdquo

Theoretically the full concept of the peacekeeping operation was derives from the

UN Charter which has been signed by more than 180 independent states since it was

drafted in 1945 Article 1 of UN charter clearly states that the primary purpose of the

UN is to maintain international peace and security and to that end to take effective

collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace and for

the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace and to bring

about by peaceful means and in conformity with the principles of justice and

international law adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations

which might lead to a breach of the peace (httpwwwunorgaboutuncharter

checked on 20 August 2006) This being said there is no explicit reference in the UN

Charter to either peacekeeping or peace support operations

The traditional tasks or first generation of UN peacekeeping operations as they

evolved during the first phase from 1948 to 1989 of the UNs existence included

monitoring and enforcing cease-fires observing frontier lines and interposing

between belligerents is mostly influenced from the cold war These tasks were

generally carried out based on three key principles ldquothe consent of the parties the

impartiality of the peace keepers and the non-use of force in most circumstancesrdquo

(Malan Mark 1997 httpwwwisscozapubsASR6No1Malanhtml checked on 20

August 2006) UN forces can use the force only for self-defense

The third phase of the peacekeeping operation was starting from 1989 This is the

new era of the peacekeeping operation called second generation of UN peacekeeping

Mostly of scholar said that the third stage of the peacekeeping operation is a consol

dative stage of the UN (Chorpra Jarat 1999 p 32) This stage of the peacekeeping

operation is different from the first and second stage of the peace operation of the

initiator of UN and League of Nations This stage focuses very much on the

peacekeeping operations which are multifunctional with political humanitarian

social and economic components requiring civilian experts and relief specialists to

work in paralleled with soldiers In this regard to implement peacekeeping in

Mozambique El Salvador UN peacekeepers helped to regroup and mobilize the

combatants destroy weapons coordinate massive humanitarian assistances program

and monitor human rights (UN 1996 p 5)

The core objective of the third stage (second generation of UN peacekeeping) is to

make all parties in the conflict to move from violence to political reconciliation

democracy consolidation and reconstruction for the nation (UN 1996 p 5) In order

to reach the goal UN usually used forces provided by its members to deploy in the

area where conflict erupted Nevertheless some UN peacekeeping operation was not

getting its objective Some operation is an incomplete operation like Palestine

peacekeeping operation The operation was starting from the setting up of UN in

1945 until now Some is a complete operation like peacekeeping operation in

Namibia and Somalia

The second generation is a multifunctional operation which were starting when the

cold war was finished It was associated with the ending of proxy Cold War conflicts

through negotiated settlements in which the UN or other multinational organizations

guided the adversaries to political settlements based on compromise like the case in

Namibia Cambodia El Salvador Mozambique and Angola The UN process for the

peace operation after finishing cold war became involved in ending internal conflicts

through multi-dimensional processes which included activities such as ldquo

- the separation of combatants - the disarmament of irregular forces - the demobilization and transformation of regular and irregular forces into

a unified army - the establishment of new policing systems and - the monitoring of elections for new governmentsrdquo (Malan Mark 1997

httpwwwisscozapubsASR6No1Malanhtml checked on 20 August 2006)

b Elements of successful peacekeeping

Since its establishment UN played very important roles in peace process UN

provided peacekeeping operation for many countries where international and internal

conflicts erupted Historically UN got many successful experiences in its

peacekeeping operations like in Namibia and El Salvador The successful of UN

peacekeeping provides more opportunity for those countries to develop their socio-

economy and promote of human rights Practically According to the scholar and

many reports on previous UN peacekeeping operation the most important successful

of the UN in peacekeeping is detecting violation of ceasefire To get successful in

peacekeeping operation there are many features to complete However this paper

will define four important core factors variable leading UN success in the

peacekeeping since the beginning of the operation of peace process in 1945 The four

successful factors are (1) Clear mandate of UN operation (2) External factor (3)

Internal factor and available and resource

Internal Factor Internal factor is a crucial factor in supporting the UN successful in peacekeeping

The successful of the peacekeeping depends on strong commitment of all parties in

the conflict in supporting its operation for peace As said by Boutros Boutros Ghali

former Secretary General of UN that

ldquoThe United Nations can serve as catalysts framework and support mechanisms for parties to seek peace and can help when hostile factions are prepared to work toward this common goal However viable political structures or institutions cannot be imposed from outside Ultimately no instrument can bring about peace without the will of the parties to the conflict to achieve peacerdquo (UN 1996 p 7)

Indeed Ouellet (2003) agreed also that the internal factor is one crucial element of

the successful peacekeeping operation If no parties in the conflict agreed to commit

their will in supporting the peacekeeping operation of UN peace operation process

the peace agreement does not happen then the conflict is still going on (Ouellet

Julian 2003 httpwwwbeyondintractabilityorgessaypeacekeeping checked on

21 August 2006) The internal parties are a core element in the making ceasefire and

supporting peacekeeping They will assist UN in forming all suitable legal

instruments for their country Moreover those parties in the conflict in the country

know clearly the real situation of their country conflict They knew what the

obstacles of the peace finding process are They will provide clear recommendation

to UN operations agencies on how to solve the problems

To see more clear on UN successful peacekeeping operation there was a case in El

Salvador where the two parties in the conflict gave very strong commitment for

peace process They provided more supports for the United Nations Observer

Mission in El Salvador (UNUSAL) mission to operate proper peace process The

commitment of the two parties brought many opportunities for UN to finish their

mandate Practically they agreed to signed and took part actively six agreements in

implementation process of peace operation The six agreements are ldquo(1) All parties

establish common framework for negotiation under the auspices of Secretary General

in Geneva agreement in order to end arm conflict promote human rights and reunite

El Salvadoran society (2) Caracas Agreement dealing with peace negotiation

process (4) Mexico Agreement dealing with constitutional reform judicial system

reform guarantee the neutrality of election authority (5) New York Agreement

dealing with reduction of arm force in all two parties and (6) Chapultepec

Agreement dealing with establishment of the National Civil Police Judicial Reform

and the election systemrdquo(Doyle W Michael Johnstone Ian and Orr C Robert

1997 p 257-281)

Another successful peacekeeping operation of UN operation is Mozambique

peacekeeping process Lesson learned of UN raised Mozambique government played

an active diplomatic role with others to make them supporting peacekeeping

operation This action provided many critical political supports for Ajelio3 with his

home office and his Mozambique parties UN peacekeeping review clarified ldquothis is

no doubt whatsoever that we would not today be hailing success of UN Operation in

Mozambique(UNUMOZ) if on the critical nights when Dhlakama had pulled out of

election process Ajelio and a few diplomat had not shifted into overdrive outside

normal channels to put the process back in and on trackrdquo (UN peacekeeping Best

Practices website httppbpuunlborgpbpulibrarymozambiqpdf checked on 22

August 2006)

The internal factor is a crucial role in providing all peacekeeping agencies operating

their mission If there is no agreement or commitment to settle the conflict by the

internal parties in the conflict there is no agreement or legal biding to allow UN

mission for peace operation

External Factor The success of the peacekeeping in one country depended on the assistance of the

external factors especially from the developed countries and the neighboring

countries in particular those countries that supported the factions during the

conflict In experimental case very strong supporting country friends of the peace

process in El Salvador played very important roles in peace process There are four

friend states where provided more support to the peace process and let UN played a

crucial role as the facilitator in peacekeeping in El Salvador They provided UN as an

apex of their triangle in negotiation for peace process (Doyle W Michael

Johnstone Ian and Orr C Robert 1997 p 248)

3 Mr Aldo Ajello Italy Special Representative of Secretary General of United Nations for ONUMOZ

from December 1992 to January 1995 in Mozambique

Another successful case was the case of Mozambique which used the donor

coordination as an external factor The donor coordination in Mozambique is a main

factor in bringing the successful peacekeeping in UN mandate They established a

commission to be responsible for donor coordination Donor coordination was helped

to bringing all the donors into the process and multilayered commission also

established to oversee it The commission comprised United States of America (US)

France United Kingdom of England (UK) Portugal Germany Italy and the

Organization of African Unity4 (OAU) Commission had regularly met with Ajelio

on the peacekeeping process to ensure the operation being on track As well as in the

peace process Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) working in human rights

and conflict resolution in the country played very crucial role in engagement as a full

partner to support and assist the peacekeeping operation process in Mozambique

(Jett C Dennis 1995 httppbpuunlborgpbpulibrarymozambiqpdf checked on

22 August 2006)

The successful peacekeeping of UN demands the strong support and commit by all

relevant external parties in the conflict The most important one is supports from

those countries supported all internal parties in the conflict and supports from the

five permanent members of Security Council of UN

Clear Mandate Clear mandate is another factor leading peacekeeping operation successful The

mandate here is focuses on clear mission goal strategy action plan and business

plan for the peacekeeping operation According to the International Peace Academy

(IPA) and the Best Practices Unit of the UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations

(UNDPKO) seminar report stressed that the successful of UN peacekeeping

depended on the importance of establishing a clear credible and achievable mandate

which a key in their operation for ceasefire and reconciliation (seminar report 2002

httppbpuunlborgpbpulibraryDPKO20Seminar20Report202002pdf

checked on 21 August 2006) A confusing mandate only leads to confusion on the 4 The Organization of African Unity (OAU) was established in 1963 in Addis Abeba From 32

independent Member States in 1963 the independent Member States of Africa are now 53 The OAU is entering from political liberalization to phase two by focusing on the economic integration It has therefore a new mandate and new responsibilities which will by no means make it abandon its political character and its resolve to sustain peace and security in the continent which are crucial for the socio-economic development process

ground It is very important to set up the clear mandate and mission of UN operation

in order to achieve the ultimate goal of the peacekeeping The mandate must ensure

unity of effort of vision and of political control In order to achieve its goals it must

be able to count on the availability of adequately equipped troops It was noted that

some Member States especially the most powerful one do not seem willing to

accept the same risks for their troops that they do for their civilian personnel

The clear and detail mandate will influence to different ways of the peacekeeping

operation of UN Diehl (1993) said that it would cause to (1) set more expectation

from the involving actors in the peacekeeping operation and (2) ensure more public

supports to the operation because they knew exactly what the UN peacekeepers do

In contrary the vague mandate will create many problems when different actors have

variety expectations about its scope and implementation (Diehl F Paul 1993 p 72)

This case was happened in the mandate of the several deployment of Multinational

Forces (MNF) to provide interposition forces at agreed location and thereby provide

the MNF presented requested by the government of Lebanon to assist in the Beirut

area Each of the fours states (United States France Britain and Italia) contribute

troop to MNF send separated letters to Lebanonrsquos government This was interpreted

in differently Therefore each state found difficult to justify the continued

deployment of peacekeeping troop when it did not appear to serve national interest

and when troop seemed to be exposed target for hostile action (Diehl F Paul 1993

Clear and detail mandate is a very important factor in the UN peacekeeping operation

because it will provide more clear responsibility and duties of all components of UN

agencies in the peacekeeping mission to take action Indeed it provided more trust to

others supporters to continue their willing in the peace process due to the clear goal

and mission

Available Resource The available resource to spend in the peacekeeping is a crucial factor in all

operation to get success even in the small operation or big operation All the policy

implementation needs the available resources to run their project in order to complete

the polity implementation The peacekeeping operation is like a program

implementation or policy implementation Policy implementation was failed because

of lacking of resources It is a crucial factor in implementation of the policy in order

to achieve it (Hogwood W Brian and Gunn A Lewis 1984 p 200) The same

resource is very important for the peacekeeping to gain success in their mandate

Resource was identified like finance human and logistic Experimentally it was

happened in Mozambique Mozambique was a successful peacekeeping operation of

UN This success depended on the available resource for operation Although the

expense of the resource is more or less wasted in place but the resource is available

whenever needs finance process (UN peacekeeping Best Practice website

httppbpuunlborgpbpulibrarymozambiqpdf checked on 22 August 2006)

Diehl (1993) agreed also that the financial matter is rather important in the

peacekeeping operation of UN But in contrary he described that the unavailable and

insufficient fund for operation will affect to the peacekeeping in three aspects Fist is

the operation of the peacekeeping will end permanently second some area or troop

of the peacekeeping operation will decrease because of lacking of financial support

and finally maybe the operation is still implementing but the peacekeeping forces

may go without equipments or supports essential to detecting violence or ensuring

the confidence of the disputants There was happened also in UN Operation in Congo

(ONUC) operation during 1960 to 196 Several states withdrew their contribution for

the operation In that time it caused a serious financial problem Therefore it caused

to uncompleted mission (Diehl F Paul 1993 p 75-76)

The financial support is a general factor for achieving success of all program or

policy implementation If there is no financial support the process of all program or

peace operation cannot work and UN cannot operate their peacekeeping process

As mentioned above those four elements of peacekeeping operation are core factors

leading UN peacekeeping operation successful Historically most of the successful

peacekeeping of UN operation depends on very much on the four factors The four

factors are interlinked together When there is a clear mandate it requires other three

factors to complete in peace operation Experimentally all the successful

peacekeeping operation of UN requires the contribution of the four main factors So

what is the situation of peacekeeping in Cambodia comparing to these four main

factors Are there any other elements leading UN successful in its operation

With the four factors of successful peacekeeping of UN operation the paper will

reflect these factors to the real situation of peacekeeping operated by UN in

Cambodia during 1991-1992

3 Analysis of UN Peacekeeping Operation in Cambodia

a Paris Peace Agreement Background The Paris Peace Agreement was singed by the four political factions in the conflict in

1991 in Paris The result of the very important peace agreement which Cambodian

people waited for many years was coming from the huge efforts of the all parties in

the conflict international communities and regional supports and especially from the

efforts of UN since the year 1980rsquos The Agreements also known as the Paris

Agreements invited the Security Council to establish UN Advance Mission in

Cambodia (UNAMIC) and UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) and to

provide it with the mandate set out in the Agreements The Council fully supported

the Paris Agreements in its resolution 718 (1991) of 31 October 1991 and requested

the Secretary-General to prepare a detailed plan of implementation of peace process

(httpwwwunorgDeptsdpkodpkoco_missionunamicbackgrhtmlone checked

on 24 August 2006)

Before signing the vital peace agreement along with 18 countries Cambodia took

many years of internal conflict in the country since Cambodia got independence from

the colonization of France in 1953 From that time Cambodia just got a short

peaceful time Unfortunately Cambodia fall into the Vietnam War again during

1960rsquos and 70rsquos including the bombardment of the American forces From 1975-79

Cambodia was governed by the Democratic of Kampuchea regime called KR regime

which killed a lot of their own people for more than one million In 1979 the KR

regime was finished by the invasion of Vietnamese forces and they install new puppy

government called Peoplersquos Republic of Kampuchea (PRK) (Ratner R Stever 1995

p 140) The civil war continued in Cambodia between PRK and the other three

factors along the Cambodian-Thai border The three resistance parties are the Party

of Democratic Kampuchea (PDK) known as KR FUNCINPEC led by Prince

Norodom Sihanouk and KPNLF (Doyle W Michael Johnstone Ian and Orr C

Robert 1997 p 54) In 1982 the three factions formed a Coalition Government of

Democratic of Kampuchea later called the National Coalition Government of

Cambodia led by Prince Sihanuk The coalition occupied seat reserved for Cambodia

at the UN from 1982 until the singing Paris Peace Agreement (UN 1996 p 449)

In 1981 there were seventy-nine states participated including Democratic

Kampuchea in the international conference organized by UN but the conference was

boycotted by Soviet-bloc states However UN issued many resolutions for

Cambodia conflict resolution in the annual General Assembly during the year 80rsquos

The resolutions reflected the key element settlements like ldquo(a) withdrawal of

Vietnam forces (b) creation of interim administering authority (c) national

reconciliation under Prince Norodom Sihanuk (d) restoration of Cambodiarsquos

independence and territorial integrity (e) the rights of Cambodian to determine their

own destiny free of outside intervention (f) effective guarantee to achieve these

endsrdquo (Ratner R Stever 1995 p 141)

The negotiation process for Cambodian conflict settlement was beginning The first

fruitful result of the negotiation was a cocktail meeting that was taken place in Paris

suburb of Fere-en-Tardenois in December 1987 between Prime Minister Hun Sen of

PRK and Prince Sihanuk Then two Jakarta Informal Meetings (JIM) for settlement

of Cambodia conflict were organized by Indonesia (JIM I in July 1988 and JIM II in

February 1989) These meeting leaded the interests from many countries in the

region in particularly Vietnam agreed to withdraw their troops form Cambodia by

September 1989 (Ratner R Stever 1995 p 143) Then the Paris Peace Agreement

was signed by all parties in the conflict including other 18 countries

During that time UNAMIC was also created by Security Council resolution 717

(1991) of 16 October 1991 before the official signing ceremony in Paris The

UNAMIC is a first mission of UN in assisting the Cambodia for ceasefire before

creating UNTAC The mandate of the UNAMIC was just only 2 year from 1991 to

1992 At the same time Supreme National Council (SNC) was also established to

control over all the four conflict factions and to coordinate between UNTAC The

authority is a highest authority in the transitional period It was lead by Prince

Sihanuk (httpwwwunorgDeptsdpkodpkoco_missionunamicbackgrhtmlone

checked on 24 August 2006) In February 1992 UNTAC was created by the Security

Council with the vital mission for ceasefire and organization of peaceful and

democratic election in Cambodia UNTAC comprises of between 15000 and 20000

UN personnel including human rights civil administrative and military components

as well as a police component of some 3600 police monitors

(httpwwwunorgDeptsdpkodpkoco_missionuntacbackgr1html checked on 24

August 2006)

b Successful Operation

UNTAC played very important roles in Cambodia in bringing peace and

development The effort of UNTAC was noticed that it was the successful

peacekeeping experiences of the UN peacekeeping operations According to the

literature review mentioned above there are four elements leads UN successful in

their peacekeeping operations in others counties

In term of Clear mandate factor UNTAC in Cambodia worked smoothly with their

specific and detail goal mentioned in the Paris Peace Agreement (Appendix 2) signed

by all parties in the Cambodian conflict including the other 18 countries in region

and super powers countries Clear and specific of UNTAC mandate is the leading

role in the peacekeeping operation in Cambodia In their operation UNTAC divided

seven distinct components human rights electoral military civil administration

civilian police repatriation and rehabilitation Each component had their own clear

mission for their operation in keeping peace in Cambodia

The Accord of the Paris Peace gave very clear and strong mandate to UNTAC

playing role in the peacekeeping in Cambodia Its executor and guarantor

responsibilities flowed from the Paris Accordrsquos clauses delegating from the SNC to

UNTAC ldquoall powers necessary to ensure the implementation of this agreementrdquo

Moreover the Accord gave UNTAC the role of active mediator The special

Representative of UN had the power to decide in the absent of consensus (Ratner R

Stever 1995 p 153)

UNTAC can not reach their goal in ceasefire if all parties in the conflict did not

cooperate closely in their operation This will leading to the failure of the

peacekeeping process The internal factors are very important in the successful

peacekeeping process in Cambodia Each party has to participate actively in the

peace process As Ratner (1995) said that UNTAC could not make their

peacekeeping in successful if State of Cambodia withheld support as the Khmer did

It needs the closed cooperation within all factors (Ratner R Stever 1995 p 158)

With the good and closed cooperation building trust is also important in the

peacekeeping operation Trust will bring the smooth operation of all parties

especially the implementers like UNTAC which got the powers and responsibilities

from the Paris Peace Accord in 1991 and the resolution of the Security Council of

UN The success of UNTAC in peacekeeping in Cambodia was a good legacy of

trust The cooperation without level of mutual trust and political between all parties

especially from the leaders of those parties (Hun Sen Sihanuk Son San and Kiev

Samphan) will not getting success in the operation (Doyle W Michael Johnstone

Ian and Orr C Robert 1997 p 65)

Beside the internal factor it needs the strong support from all relevant parties in the

conflict The External factor is more important to make peacekeeping achievable

their mandate The factor requires all parties beside the four parties in the conflict

participating actively in supporting the peace process According to the background

mentioned above there are many external actors actively supporting from the peace

settlement finding to the peacekeeping process There are 18 countries which are the

signatory of the Paris Peace Accord supported the entire peace process plan from the

beginning of the peace negotiation to the end of peace process Extended permanent

five in Phnom Penh and the Core Group in New York including the Permanent Five

Members of the Security Council participated actively in supporting the peace

process in Cambodia (Doyle W Michael Johnstone Ian and Orr C Robert 1997

p 161)

According to the Doyle (1997) UNTAC enjoyed a very huge support from many

other countries like Japan Indonesia France Australia United States Malaysia

Vietnam and China In this framework the military for peacekeeping and civil

mandate were send by member states deployed most rapidly with 10000 troops by

early June 1992 14000 by July and nearly entire 15900 by September The troops

were coming from 11 countries (Bangladesh Bulgaria France Ghana India

Indonesia Malaysia Netherland Pakistan Tunisia and Uruguay) and including

small contingent from other 32 countries served as military observer construction

engineering demining instructors communication logistic and transportation There

are other support personnel the repatriation unit also arrived quickly (Ratner R

Stever 1995 p 166) Furthermore they had been supporting UNTAC through

different aids like peacekeeping troops including financial and materials for

peacekeeping operation The total country supported the Cambodian peacekeeping

operation comprised of 37 countries5 (UN 1996 p 481)

Beside those three factors mentioned above successful peacekeeping operation

requires the available resource for implementation It is logic in the implementation

of the any program or project In order to fulfill the program it needs the available

and sufficient resource otherwise the Operation without available and sufficient

resource or financial support it will not achievable The resource is very important in

all implementation In total the expenditure of the UNTAC operation for keeping

peace is nearly two million US dollars Cambodia is a lucky country where got he

priority for the financial supports form the UN before other country where UN

deployed their troops for peacekeeping at the same time with Cambodia According

to the Ratner (1995) said that budget for Cambodia peacekeeping was provided early

than other countries that had the same problem in peace process Those countries are

Somalia Rwanda Angola and El Salvador Furthermore he added that the promise

of UN in financial support for the peacekeeping in Cambodia is not limited even

there was a budget plan (Ratner R Stever 1995 p 193) Therefore all the activities

and program for peacekeeping was working smoothly

Are these four factors mentioned above sufficient to make UNTAC successful in its

peacekeeping operation

5 37 countries supported in the Cambodian peacekeeping operation are Algeria Argentina Australia

Austria Bangladesh Belgium Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Cameroon Canada Chile China Colombia Egypt Fiji France Germany Ghana Hungary India Indonesia Ireland Italy Japan Jordan Kenya Malaysia Morocco Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria Norway Pakistan Philippines Poland Russian Federation Senegal Sweden Thailand Tunisia United Kingdom United States and Uruguay

c What Other Factors

The four factors mentioned above are the main factors in the successful

peacekeeping operation launched by UNTAC in Cambodia in 1991 to 1993 Most of

the documents and report on the peacekeeping in Cambodia determined that UNTAC

played very vital roles in the Cambodia settlement conflict especially in the time of

the peacekeeping to assure the peaceful polling and reconstruction after the conflict

finished However the four vital factors mentioned above are not enough to lead

UNTAC successful in peacekeeping operation in Cambodia There are more factors

supported the successful peacekeeping in Cambodia Next the paper will illustrate

more elements for UN successful peacekeeping in Cambodia

Strong Legal Framework The efforts of all relevant parties to settle the Cambodian conflict established the

peace agreement for Cambodia This Peace agreement is strong legal instruments to

establish major institutions and UN agencies for peace operation like SNC

UNAMIC and UNTAC This is a final act for peace agreement in Cambodia There

are three main legal framework supported to the peace process in Cambodia The

three main legal frameworks lead UNAMIC and UNTAC successful in their work in

peacekeeping The three main legal documents are (1) Agreement on Comprehensive

Political Settlement of the Cambodia Conflict (2) the agreement concerning the

sovereignty independence Territorial Integrity and Inviolability Neutrality and

National Unity of Cambodia and (3) the Declaration on the Rehabilitation and

Reconstruction of Cambodia (UN 1996 p 454) The Paris Peace Agreement in 1991

is the core legal framework in ceasefire in Cambodia It is clear and strong basic

legal instrument in settlement of Cambodia conflict This Accord was signed by all

parties in the conflict and other 18 countries including the strong supports from all

super power counties (United States China and Russia who are the supporter of

those parties in the conflict in Cambodia) According to the Accord the mandate of

UNTAC was said clearly in the Accord (see appendix 2) All parties in the conflict

respected to the Accord even big country like Russia that used to support Vietnam in

supervision Cambodia from 1979 Beside the core legal instruments there are ten

resolution of the Security Council which supported the peace process in Cambodia

Practically all parties in the conflict did not violate the core agreement (UN 1996 p

454) All parties in the conflict including those countries that supported all the four

parties in the conflict (China US Soviet Union and ASEAN6 countries) agreed to

respect to the agreement which defined in article 9 that ldquothe cease-fire shall take

effect at the time this Agreement enters into force All forces shall immediately

disengage and refrain from all hostilities and from any deployment movement or

action which would extend the territory they control or which might lead to renewed

fighting The Signatories hereby invite the Security Council of the UN to request the

Secretary-General to provide good offices to assist in this process until such time as

the military component of UNTAC is in position to supervise monitor and verify itrdquo

Strong Commitment of UN

UN played very important role in the peace process in Cambodia from the beginning

of the year 80rsquos UN actively supports the peace plan process and encourages all

parties in the conflict to solve the problem as mentioned in their Secretary General

Resolution in the year 80rsquos on peace process in Cambodia (Ratner R Stever 1995

p 141) Even the Paris Peace Agreement did not yet sign UN prepared their peace

process plan already by focusing to establish UNAMIC and UNTAC in order to

ceasefire and organize election and restoration of Cambodia from the long term of

civil wars Diehl (1993) recognized the strong commitment of the UN in Cambodian

peace process He added that UN committed very strong efforts to finding peace

facilitating sponsoring negotiation and representing on in series of diplomatic

triumphs (Diehl F Paul 1993 p 196)

Although KR did not join the election but UNTAC organized peaceful election

dating from 23-25 May 1993 It is a great work of UNTAC in that time It was very

surprise for most of the foreign observers There was no violence marred the

election As a result nearly 90 percent of registered Cambodian turned out at fixed

1400 and 200 mobile polling election stations (Ratner R Stever 1995 p 180)

Active Participation of Cambodian People 6 ASEAN is Association of South East Asia Nations It composed of 10 countries located in South

East Asia The ten country members are Cambodia Laos Vietnam Thailand Malaysia Indonesia Philippines Brunei Darussalam Myanmar and Singapore Recently ASEAN country have been discussing on adding one more country in ASEAN This country was just get independence from Indonesia This country is East Timor ASEAN was established on 8 August 1967 in Bangkok

The strong support from the Cambodian people is a constructive factor in the

successful peacekeeping operation conducted by UNTAC in Cambodia Cambodia

people participated actively in peacekeeping with UNTAC operation There are more

than 90 percent of number of full rights for voting people was registered for election

and 90 percent of them voted Furthermore peacekeeping and election process were

gotten many supports from all people around the country even people in the KR area

(Doyle W Michael Johnstone Ian and Orr C Robert 1997 p 199)

UNTAC won the sympathy supports and trust from Cambodian people who saw

itself as a protector at the time when they had not faith in their own leader (Lao M

Hay 1994 p 218) Cambodian people considered UNTAC as a new authority in

Cambodia to serve them from war and will help their country from destructed

country to developed country When the UNTAC arrived to Cambodia many

complaints from Cambodian people on land property were send to UNTAC authority

because they are confident that UNTAC is only one authority can help them to solve

this problem

4 Conclusion

UN played a crucial role in finding peace for Cambodian people UN established

international conferences for settlement for Cambodia conflict since 1981 The

Process of peace canrsquot work without the active and strong supports from invaluable

efforts of UN Through many supports the final agreement of peace in Cambodia

was established in Paris in 1991 The Paris Peace Agreement is a fundamental legal

framework to form up all necessary UN agencies UNAMIC and then UNTAC and

SNC to make more successful peace operation in Cambodia The hypotheses of the

paper are true All the four main elements are the corner stone making UN successful

peacekeeping in Cambodia In case of Cambodia however there are other accessory

factors as well achieving peacekeeping in this country The achievements of UN in

Cambodia are the contributions of many aspects in which the most important factors

are clear and specific mandate and strong commitment of the UNAMIC and UNTAC

in peace operation Strong support from all actors including Cambodian people

themselves is a factor to push country from conflict to peace including the four

parties in the conflict However the legal framework (Paris Peace Agreement) is a

very important element for the success in Cambodian peacekeeping as well

UNTACs most notable success was the preparations for and conduct of the elections

An estimated 895 per cent of the population voted in the first real elections ever held

in the country This democratic election is a first election in Cambodia since the

Cambodia got independence from France in 1953 UNTAC also succeeded in

isolating the Khmer Rouge beginning the tortuous process of national reconciliation

and giving the Cambodian people for the first time in almost 40 years the opportunity

to choose their government in a comparatively free fair and democratic manner A

new constitution was written a new government formed and an integrated national

army was established In addition UNTAC repatriated all Cambodian refugees from

the Thai border and closed the camps there freed the press alleviated conditions in

the prisons started the gargantuan task of mine clearance imparted new skills to

thousands of Cambodians fostered the rapid growth of human rights consciousness

and other civic values and began restoring Cambodias shattered infrastructure

UNTAC achieved immense success in its hearts and minds campaign and in its use

of civilian volunteers

The successful peacekeeping in Cambodia established good experiences for other

peace operation of UN in other countries Among the experiences and lesson learned

from the successful peacekeeping there are three mains lessons learned First

support from all the factions in the conflict is very important factors for UN action to

deploy their troops and make ceasefire Indeed Cambodian people support and trust

the operation of UN is a most crucial factor to facilitate UNAMIC and UNTAC more

successful in their operation Second support from major power country is a leading

role in making UN more opportunity to get more support in both political and

economical aspects If there is no support from those major power countries (US

China and Soviet Union) the Paris Peace Agreement did not happen Third also

strong commitment and clear mandate of UN mission agency (UNAMIC and

UNTAC) is a vital factor to make the peacekeeping more successful UNAMIC and

UNTAC completed their duties with strong commitment to ceasefire and organize

peaceful election for Cambodia people

References

A- Books and legal documents Sources

Agreement on a Comprehensive Political Settlement of the Cambodia Conflict 23 October 1991 Paris France

Chopra Jarat 1999 Peace-Maintenance The Evolution of International Political Authority Routledge Advances in International Relations and Politics London and New York

Diehl F Paul 1993 International Peacekeeping With a new epilogue on Somalia Bosnia and Cambodia The John Hopkins University Press Baltimore and London

Doyle WMichael Johnstone Ian and Orr C Robert 1997 Keeping the Peace Multidimensional UN operations in Cambodia and El Salvador Cambridge University Press

Hogwood W Brian and Gunn A Lewis 1984 Policy Analysis for the Real World Implementation Oxford University Press London

Lao M Hay 1994 The UNFinished Settlement of the Cambodia Conflict Khmer Institute of Democracy (KID) Phnom Penh

Ratner R Stever 1995 The New UN Peacekeeping Building Peace in Lands of Conflicts after the Cold War St Martinrsquos Press New York

United Nations 1996 A Review of United Nations Peace-Keeping third edition United Nations New York NY 10017

B- Internet Sources Dennis C Jett 1995 Lessons Unlearned - Or Why Mozambiques Successful

Peacekeeping Operation Might Not Be Replicated Elsewhere UN website httppbpuunlborgpbpulibrarymozambiqpdf checked on 22 August 2006

Malan Mark 1997 A Concise of Conceptual History of UN peace Operation African Security Review vol 6 No1 website httpwwwisscozapubsASR6No1Malanhtml checked on 20 August 2006

Ouellet Julian 2003 Peacekeeping Beyond Intractability website httpwwwbeyondintractabilityorgessaypeacekeeping checked on 20 August 2006

Seminar Report 2002 Past Present and Future Challenges in Peacekeeping website httppbpuunlborgpbpulibraryDPKO20Seminar20Report202002pdf checked on 21 August 2006

United Nations Cambodia UNTAC Background UN Website httpwwwunorgDeptsdpkodpkoco_missionuntacbackgr1html checked on 24 August 2006

United Nations Cambodia UNAMIC Background UN website httpwwwunorgDeptsdpkodpkoco_missionunamicbackgrhtmlone checked on 24 August 2006

United Nations An Agenda for Peace Preventive diplomacy peacemaking and peace-keeping 1992 Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to the statement adopted by the Summit Meeting of the Security Council on 31 January 1992 UN website httpwwwunorgdocsSGagpeacehtml checked on 20 August 2006

United Nations United Nations Charter UN Website httpwwwunorgaboutuncharter checked on 20 August 2006

Wikipedia Website List of UN Peacekeeping mission httpenwikipediaorgwikiList_of_UN_peacekeeping_missions checked on August 19 2006

Appendix 1 United Nations Peacekeeping Operations from 1948-2005

Completed missions

Africa

Dates of operation Name of Operation Location Conflict Website

1960ndash1964

United Nations Operation in the Congo (ONUC) Congo Congo Crisis [1]

1988ndash1991

United Nations Angola Verification Mission I (UNAVEM I) Angola Angolan War of

Independence [2]

1989ndash1990

United Nations Transition Assistance Group (UNTAG) Namibia Namibian War of

Independence [3]

1991ndash1995

United Nations Angola Verification Mission II (UNAVEM II) Angola Angolan Civil War [4]

1992ndash1994

United Nations Operation in Mozambique (ONUMOZ) Mozambique Liberian Civil War [5]

1992ndash1993

United Nations Operation in Somalia I (UNOSOM I) Somalia Somali Civil War [6]

1993ndash1997

United Nations Observer Mission in Liberia (UNOMIL) Liberia Liberian Civil War [7]

Rwanda1993ndash1994

United Nations Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda (UNOMUR) Uganda

Rwandan genocide [8]

1993ndash1996

United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) Rwanda Rwandan genocide [9]

1993ndash1995

United Nations Operation in Somalia II (UNOSOM II) Somalia Somali Civil War [10]

Chad1994 United Nations Aouzou Strip Observer Group (UNASOG) Libya

Aouzou Strip dispute [11]

1995ndash1997

United Nations Angola Verification Mission III (UNAVEM III) Angola Angolan Civil War [12]

1997ndash1999

United Nations Observer Mission in Angola (MONUA) Angola Angolan Civil War [13]

1998ndash1999

United Nations Observer Mission in Sierra Leone (UNOMSIL) Sierra Leone Sierra Leone civil war [14]

1998ndash2000

United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic (MINURCA)

Central African Republic

Central African Republic mutinies [15]

1999ndash2005

United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) Sierra Leone Sierra Leone civil war [16]

Americas

1965ndash1966

Mission of the Representative of the Secretary-General in the Dominican Republic (DOMREP)

Dominican Republic Dominican Civil War [17]

11989ndash1992

United Nations Observer Group in Central America (ONUCA)

Central America

Nicaraguan Civil War [18]

1991ndash1995

United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador (ONUSAL) El Salvador El Salvador Civil War [19]

1993ndash1996

United Nations Mission in Haiti (UNMIH) Haiti 1991 coup and

military rule in Haiti [20]

1996ndash1997

United Nations Support Mission in Haiti (UNSMIH) Haiti Stabilizing Haitis new

democracy [21]

1997 United Nations Verification Mission in Guatemala (MINUGUA) Guatemala Guatemalan Civil War [22]

1997 United Nations Transition Mission in Haiti (UNTMIH) Haiti Training of the Haitian

National Police [23]

1997ndash2000

United Nations Civilian Police Mission in Haiti (MIPONUH) Haiti Training of the Haitian

1 Shown are the flags of the five countries in which ONUCA operated They are in this order (sorted alphabetically) Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras and Nicaragua

11962ndash Un1963

ited Nations Security Force in West New Guinea (UNSF)

West New Guinea

Indonesian takeover of West New Guinea [25]

India1965ndash United Nations India-Pakista1966

n Observation Mission (UNIPOM) Pakistan

Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 [26]

Afghanistan1988ndash1990

United Nations Good Offices Mission in Afghanistan and Pakistan (UNGOMAP) Pakistan

Soviet invasion of Afghanistan [27]

1991ndash1992

United Nations Advance Mission in Cambodia (UN CambodiAMIC) a Fall of the Khmer

Rouge [28]

1992ndash1993

United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) Cambodia Fall of the Khmer

Rouge [29]

1994ndash2000

United Nations Mission of Observers in Tajikistan (UNMOT) Tajikistan Tajikistan Civil War [30]

21999 United Nations Mission in East Timor (UNAMET) East Timor Indonesian invasion

and occupation [31]

21999ndash The United Nations Transitional Administration in East 2002 Timor (UNTAET)

East Timor Indonesian invasion and occupation [32]

2002ndash2005

United Nations Mission of Support in East Timor UNMISET) East Timor Indonesian invasion

and occupation [33]

1 The first West Papuaflag shown is that of the (West New Guinea) t had been the country thaarranged to succeed the Dutch colony However the Netherlands whose flag is the second shown was later forced to hand over the territory to Indonesia whose flag is last

2 Shown are the flags of the newly independent East Timor and its former occupier Indonesia (in that

Europe

1992ndash Un Former 1995

ited Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) Yugoslavia Yugoslav wars [34]

United Nations C1994ndash1996

onfidence Restoration Operation (UNCRO) Croatia Croatian War [35]

1995ndash2002

United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNMIBH)

Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnian War [36]

1995ndash1999

United Nations Preventive Deployment Force (UNPREDEP

Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Aftermath of the ) Yugoslav wars [37]

1996ndashUnited Nations Transitional Authority in Eastern Slovenia Baranja and Western Sirmium (UNTAES)

Croatia Croatian War [38]1998

21996ndash United Nations Mission of Obse2002

rvers in Prevlaka (UNMOP)

Prevlaka Peninsula

Prevlaka territorial dispute [39]

1998 United Nations Civilian Police Support Group (UNPSG) Croatia Croatian War [40]

1 This mission operated within the current successor states to the Former Yugoslavia of Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) The flags are shown in this order

2 Prevlaka Peninsula was claimed by both Croatia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) and the flags are shown in this order Upon resolution all parties accepted Croatias claim to the territory

Middle East

Egypt1956ndash1967

First Uni ted Nations EmergencyForce (UNEF I) Israel

Suez Crisis Six-Day War [41]

1958 United Nations Observation Group in Lebanon (UNOG LebanoIL) n Lebanon crisis of

1958 [42]

1963ndash1964

United Nations Yemen Observation Mission (UNYOM) Yemen

Yemen Civil War (See also Yemen Arab Republic)

Egypt1973ndash1979

Second United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF II) Israel

Yom Kippur War [44]

Iran1988ndash1991

United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group (UNIIMOG) Iraq

Iran-Iraq War [45]

Iraq1991ndash2003

United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission (UNIKOM) Kuwait

Gulf War [46]

Current deployment

Africa

Start of operation Name of Operation Location Conflict Website

1991 United Nations Mission for the Referen dum in Western Sahara(MINURSO)

Western Sahara

Moroc tion can occupaof Wes atern Sahar [47]

1999 United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC)

Democratic Republic of Congo

Second Congo War [48]

Eritrea2000 United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE) Ethiopia

Eritrean-Ethiopian War [49]

2003 United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) Liberia Second Liberian Civil

War [50]

2004 United Nations Operation in Burundi (ONUB) Burundi Burundi Civil War [51]

2004 United Nations Operation in Cocircte dIvoire (UNOCI) Cocircte dIvoire Civil war in Cocircte

dIvoire [52]

2005 United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) Sudan Second Sudanese

Civil War [53]

Americas

2004 United Nations Stabilization Mission Haiti (MINUSTAH) Haiti 2004 H ionin aiti rebell [54]

India1949

United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) Pakistan

Indo-Pakistani Wars [55]

Europe

11964 United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) Cyprus Cyprus dispute [56]

1993 United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG) Georgia Abkhazian War [57]

21999 United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK)

Kosovo Kosovo War [58]

1 The Uni ents butted Nations and all foreign governm Turkey recogni gnty ofzes the soverei the Republic of Cyprus whose flag is shown first over the whole island of Cyprus The second flag is that of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus a de facto state by virtue of controlling the northern

third of the island which is recognized only by Turkey and the Organization of the Islamic Conference

2 There is no official flag of Kosovo The top flag is the flag of Albania used by the Albanian-dominated administration and the vast majority of Kosovo Albanians The bottom flag is the flag of Serbia used by the Serb-inhabited area of north Kosovo For more see flag of Kosovo

Middle East

948 1 United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) 1

Middle East(Monitors the various ceasef sists ires and asUNDO IFIL) F and UN

United Nations Disengag 2 Golan 1974 ement Observer Force (UNDOF) Heights

Agreed withdrawal by Syrian and Israeli forces following the Yom Kippur War

LebanonLebanese Civil War and Syrian occupatio1978 United Nations Interim Force in

Lebanon (UNIFIL) n of Lebanon

1 There is ed flag of the entire re e M f the no officially recogniz gion of th iddle East Shown is a map oMiddle East

2 Various regions of the Golan Heights have been claimed by Israel Lebanon and Syria all three flags are shown in that order

Source Wikipedia website httpenwikipediaorgwikiList_of_UN_peacekeeping_missions Checked on 17 August 2006

Appendix 2 UNTAC Mandate

eral Procedures

1 In accordance with Ar

Section A Gen

ticle 6 of the Agreement UNTAC entation of this Agreement including those

will exercise the powers necessary to ensure the implem

2 y arise between the Secretary-

c e dian sovereignty is not for whatever reason in a

d e SNC by the Agreement will be exercised by consensus or failing

e advice or action of the SNC is consistent with the present

3 The the meetings of the SNC and of any subsidiary body which might be established by it

1 In accordance with Arti

relating to the organization and conduct of free and fair elections and the relevant aspects of the administration of Cambodia

The following mechanism will be used to resolve all issues relating to the implementation of this Agreement which maGenerals Special Representative and the Supreme National Council (SNC)

a The SNC offers advice to UNTAC which will comply with this advice provided there is a consensus among the members of the SNC and providthis advice is consistent with the objectives of the present Agreement

If there is no consensus among the members of the SNC despite every Endeavour of its President HRH Samdech Norodom Sihanouk the President will be entitled to make the decision on what advice to offer tUNTAC taking fully into account the views expressed in the SNC UNwill comply with the advice provided it is consistent with the objectives othe present Agreement

If HRH Samdech Norodom Sihanouk President of the SNC the legitimatrepresentative of Camboposition to make such a decision his power of decision will transfer to the Secretary-Generals Special Representative The Special Representative will make the final decision taking fully into account the views expressed in the SNC

Any power to act regarding the implementation of this Agreement conferred upon thsuch consensus by its President in accordance with the procedure set out above In the event that HRH Samdech Norodom Sihanouk President of the SNC the legitimate representative of Cambodian sovereignty is not forwhatever reason in a position to act his power to act will transfer to the Secretary-Generals Special Representative who may take the necessary action

In all cases the Secretary-Generals Special Representative will determinewhetherAgreement

Secretary-Generals Special Representative or his delegate will attend

and give its members all necessary information on the decisions taken by UNTAC

Section B Civil Administration

cle 6 of the Agreement all adminisign affairs national defense finance

trative agencies bodies and offices acting in the field of forepublic security and information will be placed under the direct control of UNTAC which will exercise it as necessary to ensure strict neutrality In this

respect the Secretary-Generals Special Representative will determine whnecessary and may issue directives to the above-mentioned administrative agencies bodies and offices Such directives may be issued to and will bind allCambodian Parties

In accordance with

2 rticle 6A of the Agreement the Secretary-Generals Special Representative in consultation with the SNC will determine which other

administrative agencies bodies and offices could directly influence the outcomeof elections These administrative agencies bodies and offices will be placunder direct supervision or control of UNTAC and will comply with any guidance provided by it

In accordance with Articl of the Agreement the Secretary-Generals Special Representative in consultation with the SNC will identify which administrative

4 cle 6

agencies bodies and offices could continue to operate in order to ensure normal day-to-day life in Cambodia if necessary under such supervision by UNTAC as it considers necessary

In accordance with Arti of the Agreement the authority of the Secretary-Generals Special Representative will include the power to

ll the Cambodian Parties United Nations personnel who will have unrestricted access to all

b personnel of such administrative agencies bodies and offices

5 a On the basis of the information provided in Article 1 paragraph 3 of annex

a Install in administrative agencies bodies and offices of a

administrative operations and information

Require the reassignment or removal of any

2 the Special Representative of the Secretary-General will determine after

b der UNTAC supervision or control in order to ensure that law and order are maintained effectively and impartially and that

6 If th epresentative deems it necessary UNTAC in consultation with the SNC will undertake investigations of complaints and

illtary Functions

1 UNTAC will supervise m f foreign forces the cease-fire and related measures in accordance with annex 2

consultation with the Cambodian Parties those civil police necessary to perform law enforcement in Cambodia All Cambodian Parties hereby undertake to comply with the determination made by the Special Representative in this regard

All civil police will operate un

human rights and fundamental freedoms are fully protected In consultation with the SNC UNTAC will supervise other law enforcement and judicial processes throughout Cambodia to the extent necessary to ensure the attainment of these objectives

e Secretary-Generals Special R

allegations regarding actions by the existing administrative structures in Cambodia that are inconsistent with or work against the objectives of this comprehensive political settlement UNTAC will also be empowered to undertake such investigation on its own initiative UNTAC will take whennecessary appropriate corrective steps

Section C M

onitor and verify the withdrawal o including

a Verification of the withdrawal from Cambodia of all categories of foreign forces advisers and military personnel and their weapons ammunition and equipment and their non-return to Cambodia

b tation of this Agreement

ut the country

in mine areness programme among the Cambodian people

2 des d upon in accordance with annex 2

Liaison with neighbouring Governments over any developments in or near their territory that could endanger the implemen

c Monitoring the cessation of outside military assistance to all Cambodian Parties

d Locating and confiscating caches of weapons and military supplies througho

e Assisting with clearing mines and undertaking training programmesclearance and a mine aw

UNTAC will supervise the regrouping and relocating of all forces to specifically ignated cantonment areas on the basis of an operational timetable to be agree

3 nnex 2

As the forces enter the cantonments UNTAC will initiate the process of arms control and reduction specified in a

on dance with annex 2

4 UNTAC will take necessary steps regarding the phased process of demobilizatiof the military forces of the parties in accor

1 UNTAC will organize and conduct Part ll

5 UNTAC will assist as necessary the International Committee of the Red Cross in the release of all prisoners of war and civilian internees

Section D Elections

the election referred to in of this Agreement in accordance with 3 this section and annex

of the

f UNTAC will include the following

the holding of a free and fair election in Cambodia including the adoption of an electoral law and

b rposes of this Agreement

ers have the opportunity to register and the subsequent preparation of verified voter

2 UNTAC may consult with the SNC regarding the organization and conduct electoral process

3 In the exercise of its responsibilities in relation to the electoral process the specific authority o

a The establishment in consultation with the SNC of a system of laws procedures and administrative measures necessary for

of a code of conduct regulating participation in the election in a manneconsistent with respect for human rights and prohibiting coercion or financiainducement in order to influence voter preference

The suspension or abrogation in consultation with the SNC of provisions of existing laws which could defeat the objects and pu

c The design and implementation of a voter education programme covering all aspects of the election to support the election process

d The design and implementation of a system of voter registration as a first phase of the electoral process to ensure that eligible vot

registration lists

e rties ates

ng in the election

s the political campaign and the balloting procedures

h e ave the opportunity to vote

servers wishing to observe the campaign and voting

k The identification and investigation of complaints of electoral irregularities

4 l esta ing the absence of fraud during the electoral process including arrangements for Cambodian

5 ined s

section The duration of the electoral process will not exceed nine months from

6 ures adopted are absolutely impartial

while the operational arrangements are as administratively simple and efficient as

In accordance with Article 16

The design and implementation of a system of registration of political paand lists of candid

f Ensuring fair access to the media including press television and radio for all political parties contesti

g The adoption and implementation of measures to monitor and facilitate the participation of Cambodians in the election

The design and implementation of a system of balloting and polling to ensurthat registered voters h

i The establishment in consultation with the SNC of coordinated arrangements to facilitate the presence of foreign ob

Overall direction of polling and the vote count

and the taking of appropriate corrective action

l Determining whether or not the election was free and fair and if so certification of the list of persons duly elected

In carrying out its responsibilities under the present section UNTAC wilblish a system of safeguards to assist it in ensur

representatives to observe the registration and polling procedures and the provision of an UNTAC mechanism for hearing and deciding complaints

The timetable for the various phases of the electoral process will be determby UNTAC in consultation with the SNC as provided in paragraph 2 of thi

the commencement of voter registration

In organizing and conducting the electoral process UNTAC will make every effort to ensure that the system and proced

possible

Section E Human Rights

UNTAC will make provisions for

an rights ights

c The investigation of human rights complaints and Where appropriate

a The development and implementation of a programme of humeducation to promote respect for and understanding of human r

b General human rights oversight during the transitional period

corrective action

rce Extraction from the Paris Peace Accord in 1991

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