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SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 Polytechnic University Mechanical Engineering

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 Polytechnic University Mechanical Engineering

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SUMMER RESEARCH 2002

Polytechnic University

Mechanical Engineering

ORIENTATION

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Introduction

• Professor Vikram Kapila• Associate Professor

• Room: RH 508Phone: (718) 260-3161/3160E-mail: [email protected]

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

• Name: Nathan (Sang-Hoon) Lee

• Room: RH 514A

• Phone: (718)260-3783

• E-mail: [email protected]

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Teaching assistants

• Name: Isaac Osei

• Room: RH 514A

• Phone: (718)260-3783

• E-mail: [email protected]

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Laboratory rule• Don’t play

– no e-mail checking, chatting, browsing web, listening music, singing, running, etc.

• Don’t touch any other experiments• No food and no drink• Keep this room clean and well organized

– after experiments, put them in original place with the same original condition

• Respect each other• Maturity• Practice safety

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Schedule

Start Date: July 1, 2002(Monday)

End Date: August 16, 2002(Friday)

Period: 7 weeks

Day: Monday - Friday

Time: 10am - 4pm

Lunch time: 12:40pm – 1:40pm

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri1 2 3 4 5

OrientationLecture2

Digital multimeterLecture1 Resistors

Lecture3 Signals

8 9 10 11 12

Presentation

15 16 17 18 19

Presentation

22 23 24 25 26

Presentation

29 30 31 1 2

Presentation

5 6 7 8 9

Presentation

12 13 14 15 16

PresentationBuilding the project

What's a microcontroller? (6) Basic analog and digital (8)

Earth measurements (6) Robotics (6)

Brain storming for a project Building the project

Building the project

Building the project

Basic electronic projects

Holiday

7th

6th

5th

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

Yes center schedule

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Writing lab report

• Prepare a lab book

• Write what you learned, what you did, what you needed

• Do this everyday

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Making presentation

• Show what you learned, what you did for a week on every Friday

• Use Microsoft power point

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

How to make a Presentation

Isaac Osei

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Five Steps

• Planning

• Introduction

• The Body

• The Conclusion

• Questions

• Presentation Tips

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

STEP 1 - Planning

• Topic/Main Idea

• Research

• Structure

• Audience

• Time

• Outline

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

STEP 2 - The INTRODUCTION

• Connection

• Attention

• Preview

• Structure

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

STEP 3 - The Body

• Information

• Speak Clearly

• Follow the Outline

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

STEP 4 - The Conclusion

• Reinforce

• Summarize

• Conclude

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

STEP 5 - Questions

• Important

• Prepare ahead of Time

• Thank your audience

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Tips for Maintaining your Audience’s Attention

• Make your presentation Interactive

• Share Stories

• Repetition

• Humor

• Never Read

• Move Around

• Eye Contact

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Ice break

• Name• School• Specialty• Hobby• Goal for this summer program• Others

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Making groups

• make 4 groups in total

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Lecture 1

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

What is current?

• A flow of charged particles

• Carried by small negatively-charged particles, called electrons

• Represented by the symbol I, and is measured in amperes, or 'amps', A.

• Most often measured in milliamps, mA

• Like water flow

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Water analogy

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

What is voltage?

• Potential difference, or voltage

• Represented by the symbol V , and is measured in volts, V

• Like potential energy at water fall

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Water analogy

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Series connection of cells

• Each cell provides 1.5 V. Two cells connected one after another, in series, provide 3 V, while three cells would provide 4.5 V

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Parallel connection of cells

• If the cells are connected in parallel, the voltage stays at 1.5 V, but the life of the battery is doubled

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

DC and AC

• A cell provides a steady voltage, so that current flow is always in the same direction. This is called direct current, or d.c

• The domestic mains provides a constantly changing voltage which reverses in polarity 60 times every second. This gives rise to alternating current, or a.c

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Power Supply

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Resistor• A dissipative element that converts electrical

energy into heat• Resistors limit current• Unit is ohms,

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

resistors of different sizes

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

How to read resistor value

1. By color code

2. By digital multi meter(DMM)

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

How to read resistor value

1. By color code

Resistor value= )%(10 tolAB C

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Resistance Color code Number Color

0 black

1 brown

2 red

3 orange

4 yellow

5 green6 blue

7 violet

8 grey9 white

Tolerance Color

±1% brown

±2% red±5% gold

±10% silver

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

example

• The first band is yellow, so the first digit is 4• Second digit is a violet band, making the second

digit 7• A red band is 2• Resistor value is )%(51047 2

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Metric Units and conversions Abbreviation Means Multiply unit by Or

p pico .000000000001 10 -12

n nano .000000001 10 -9

µ micro .000001 10 -6

m milli .001 10 -3

. Unit 1 10 0

k kilo 1,000 10 3

M mega 1,000,000 10 6

G giga 1,000,000,000 10 9

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

example

                                            

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Digital multimeter

• Voltmeter– Parallel connection

• Ammeter– Series connection

• Ohmmeter– Without any power supplied

• Adjust range(start from highest limit if you don’t know)

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Resistors in series

Rtotal=R1+R2

Rtotal=1+1=2kohm

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Resistors in parallel

kR

RR

RRR

total

total

5.02

1

11

1121

21

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Exercise

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Potentiometer

• Has a adjustable resistance• Circular potentiometer• Linear potentiometer• Use as a position sensor

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Potentiometer

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Potentiometer

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Linear potentiometer

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Linear potentiometer

                                                                                 

             

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Linear potentiometer

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Lecture 2

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Capacitors • store electric charge• consists of two plates of a conducting material

separated by a space filled by an insulator• measured in units called farads, F

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

How to read capacitor value

• The first two figures give us 10, the third figure gives us 0000, and the letter 10%. We normally express this as 0.1µF

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

LED

Light-emitting diodes

Semiconductor

Has polarity

                                                                                                                

                   

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

LEDs

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

How to connect LED

• Requires 1.5~2.5V

and 10 miliA

• To prevent overloading, use resistor(330 ohm)

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

breadboard

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

breadboard

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Digital multimeter

• A meter is a measuring instrument

• An ammeter measures current

• a voltmeter measures the potential difference (voltage) between two points

• an ohmmeter measures resistance

• A multimeter combines these functions, and possibly some additional ones as well, into a single instrument

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Digital multimeter

• Voltmeter– Parallel connection

• Ammeter– Series connection

• Ohmmeter– Without any power supplied

• Adjust range(start from highest limit if you don’t know)

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

switched range multimeter

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Auto ranging multimeter

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Ammeter connection

• Break the circuit so that the ammeter can be connected in series• All the current flowing in the circuit must pass through the

ammeter• An ammeter must have a very LOW resistance.

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Voltmeter connection

• The voltmeter is connected in parallel between the two points

• a voltmeter should have a very HIGH resistance

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Ohmmeter connection

• An ohmmeter does not function with a circuit connected to a power supply

• must take it out of the circuit altogether and test it separately

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Lecture 3

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

DC signals

• A cell provides a steady voltage, so that current flow is always in the same direction. This is called direct current, or d.c

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

AC signals

• the voltage levels change with time and alternate between positive values (above the X-axis) and negative values

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Sine waves

• A sine wave has the same shape as the graph of the sine function

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Properties of Sine waves

• Period: T : The period is the time taken for one complete cycle of a repeating waveform

• Frequency: f : This is the number of cycles completed per second. The measurement unit for frequency is the hertz, Hz

fT

1

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Properties of Sine waves

• Amplitude: – peak amplitude, Vp

– peak-to-peak amplitude, Vpp

– rms amplitude

2P

rms

VV

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

What is rms amplitude and why is it important?

• The rms amplitude is the DC voltage which will deliver the same average power as the AC signal

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Properties of Sine waves

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Audio signal and noise

• sound frequencies which can be detected by the human ear vary from a lower limit of around 20 Hz to an upper limit of about 20 kHz

• A noise signal consists of a mixture of frequencies with random amplitudes

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

waveforms of different frequency and amplitude

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Function generator

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Connection using a BNC lead

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Oscilloscope

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Oscilloscope

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Screen of a oscilloscope

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

VOLTS/DIV and TIME/DIV of a oscilloscope

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Basic electronic projects

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Micro controller

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Summer 2002 projects

SUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEESUMMER RESEARCH 2002 SANG-HOON LEE

Summer 2002 projects

• Biotronics

• Weather station

• Mobile robot

• Automobile

• Security system