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Frontiers in Solid State Sciences Vol.1 Selected Topics in Superconductivity Editors L C. Gupta and M. S. Multani Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Bombay, India Fachbereich MateriaSwissenschaft derTechn. Hochschule Darmstadt Inv.-Nr.: World Scientific Singapore New Jersey • London • Hong Kong

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Page 1: Superconductivity - external.dandelon.com › download › attachments › dandelon › i… · 2.3. Pressure Dependence of Superconductivity Transition 87 2.4. Superconductivity

Frontiers inSolid State Sciences

Vol.1

Selected Topics in

Superconductivity

Editors

L C. Gupta and M. S. MultaniTata Institute of Fundamental ResearchBombay, India

Fachbereich MateriaSwissenschaftderTechn. Hochschule Darmstadt

Inv.-Nr.:

World ScientificSingapore • New Jersey • London • Hong Kong

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CONTENTS

Foreword vii

Editorial ix

I

The First Five Years of High-Tc SuperconductivityK. Alex Miller 1

II

Different Factors which Govern the Optimisation of High-Tc

Superconductive Cuprates Involving Bi, Tl or PbB. Raveau, M. Hervieu, C. Michel, J. Provost, A. Maignan,C. Simon and D. Groult 151. Introduction 152. Brief Structural Considerations 153. The Dramatic Influence Of Oxygen Non-Stoichiometry Upon The

Critical Temperature Of The Cuprates 204. Creation Of Nuclear Tracks 265. References 34

III

Superconductivity in Cuprates and Other OxidesH.R. Ott 391. Introduction 392. Superconducting Oxides before High-Tc in Cuprates 40

2.1. SrTiO3 402.2. Tungsten Bronzes 422.3. LiTi2O4 432.4. BaPbi-sBizO, Bai_ IM IBiO3 44

3. High-Tc Superconductors 47

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3.1. Materials, Occurrence 483.2. Special Properties 61

4. Concluding Remarks 705. References 71

IV

Organic Superconductors with Tc Higher than 10 KT. hhiguro and Y. Nogami 811. Development of Organic Superconductors 812. BEDT-TTF-Based Superconductors 84

2.1. Crystal Structure and Electronic Structure 842.2. Metallic Conduction 862.3. Pressure Dependence of Superconductivity Transition 872.4. Superconductivity Transition Characteristics 892.5. Effect of Isotope Substitution 912.6. Magnetic Properties 932.7. Effect of Disorder 942.8. Tunneling Spectroscopy and Specific Heat Jump 952.9. Mechanism 962.10. Fermiology 97

3. Alkali-Metal-Doped FuUerene Superconductors 983.1. Structure and Charge Transfer 983.2. Effect of Interball Distance 993.3. Effect of Isotope Substitution 993.4. Superconducting Properties 1003.5. Relation to Intercalated Graphite 101

4. References 101

V

Fundamentals of RVB Theory and Some Applications to HighTemperature Superconductors

G. Baskaran 1071. Introduction 1072. Definition of RVB States 1083. Excitations 1124. An Approximate Method to Study RVB States 1145. Haldane's Theory of Luttinger Liquid in One Dimension 1206. Anderson's Theory of 2-Dimensional Luttinger Liquid 121

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XIII

7. Applications I-General 1238. Application II-Interlayer Tunneling Mechanism of Superconductivity 1259. Application III-NMR Relaxation Time Calculation 12610. Acknowledgement 13311. References 133

VI

Anyons and SuperconductivityS. Das Sarma 1391. Introduction and Background 1392. Properties of an Anyon Gas 1413. Experimental Status 1444. Conclusion 1475. Acknowledgements 1496. References 149

VII

Mott Transition in the Hubbard ModelB. Sriram Shastry 1531. Introduction 1532. The Mott Transition 1533. Kohn's Criterion for the Mott Transition 1544. 1-d Hubbard Model: Generalities and Curiosities 1575. 1-d Hubbard: Bethe Equations 1616. Acknowledgements 1627. References 162

VIII

Superconducting Pairing in Layered SuperconductorsSudhanshu S. Jha 1651. Introduction 1652. Mathematical Outline of the Pairing Theory in Layered Crystals . . 1673. Superconductivity with Phenomenological Intralayer and

Interlayer Couplings 1724. Concluding Remarks 1765. Acknowledgement 1776. References 177

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IX

Breaking the Log-Jam in Many-Body Physics: Fermi Surfaces withoutFermi Liquids

P. W. Anderson 1791. Introduction 1792. Successes and Failures of Conventional Theory: History and a List of

Unsolved Problems 1792.1. Low-Dimensional Physics 1802.2. Restricted Dimensional Physics in 3D Matrix 1802.3. On to 3D 181

3. Landau and Luttinger Liquids: Unified Framework 1814. Cause of Fermi Surface Anomalies 1855. Consequences of Luttinger Liquid Behaviour: Physical Effects 187

5.1. Enhanced Fermi Surface Responses 1885.2. Anomalous Transport in Luttinger Liquids 1885.3. "Confinement" 189

6. Conclusion 1907. References 191

X

Superconductivity in High Magnetic Fields from a Microscopic TheoryA.K. Rajagopal 1931. Introduction 1932. Properties of the Landau Level States 1943. Gorkov Equations and Their Properties . . 1984. Structure of the Gap Function 2005. Outline of the Solutions of the Gorkov Equations 2026. Concluding Remarks 2077. Acknowledgements 2078. References 208

XI

Nonequilibrium SuperconductivityReinhard Tidecks 2111. Introduction 2112. Theoretical Description of the Nonequilibrium State 212

2.1. Ginsburg-Landau (GL) Theory 2122.2. Quasiparticle Excitations 213

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2.3. Charge Imbalance 2162.4. Energy Mode 2192.5. Collective Excitations 2212.6. Phase-Slip Phenomena 2222.7. Time-Dependent Ginsburg-Landau (TDGL) Theory 227

3. Selected Topics on Nonequilibrium Superconductivity Research . . . . 2303.1. Generation and Detection of Charge Imbalance by

Tunneling Experiments 2303.2. Resistance of the Normal-Metal/Superconductor Interface .. . 2333.3. Stimulation and Depression of Superconductivity 2363.4. Response of a Superconductor to Time-Varying

Perturbations 2393.5. Current-Induced Resistive State of a Quasi-One-Dimensional

Superconductor 2484. Conclusions 2555. Acknowledgements 2556. References 256

XII

Neutron Scattering Study of the High-Tc Superconducting SystemJ. Rossat-Mignod, L.P. Regnault, P. Bourges, P. Burlet, C. Vettierand J. Y. Henry 2651. Introduction 2652. The Neutron Scattering Technique 268

2.1. Nuclear Neutron Scattering 2682.2. Magnetic Scattering 274

3. Phase Diagrams of High-Tc Superconductors 2803.1. General Phase Diagram 2803.2. Phase Diagram of the YBa2Cu306+x System 283

4. The Undoped AF-Doped 2864.1. Antiferromagnetic Order 2864.2. Temperature Dependence of the Correlation Length . . 2894.3. Spin Wave Excitations 290

5. The Doped AF-State 3055.1. Influence of Hole-Doping on the AF-Ordering 3055.2. Influence of Hole-Doping on the Spin Dynamics 308

6. The Weakly-Doped Metallic State 3126.1. Non-Superconducting Samples 3126.2. Superconducting Samples 314

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7. The Heavily-Doped Metallic State 3217.1. The Tc = 60K Superconducting Phase 3227.2. The Tc = 90K Superconducting Phase 325

8. The Overdoped Metallic State 3299. Discussion and Concluding Remarks 334

9.1. The AF-States 3349.2. The Metallic State 336

10. Acknowledgements 34011. References 340

XIII

Crystal-Field Excitations in High-Tc Superconducting MaterialsAlbert Farrer 3491. Introduction 3492. The Crystalline Electric Field 350

2.1. Basic Formalism 3502.2. Magnetic Properties 3532.3. Interpretation of CEF Parameters 354

3. Inelastic Neutron Scattering 3554. Experimental Results 357

4.1. HoBa2Cu307 3574.2. HoBa2Cu408 3604.3. Bi2Sr2Cao.5Hoo.5Cu208 361

5. CEF Extrapolation Scheme 3616. Oxygen Stoichiometry Dependence of the CEF Interaction 3647. Concluding Remarks 3678. Acknowledgements 3689. References 368

XIV

Superconducting Granular FilmsShun-Icki Kobayashi 3711. Introduction 3712. Small Superconducting Grains 3713. Single Junction Theories 3724. Small Josephson Junction with Dissipation 3755. Theories for Networks and Granular Films 3776. Experiments on Universal Critical Sheet Resistance 382

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XVII

7. Conclusion and Future Problems 3888. Acknowledgements 3909. References 390

XV

Transport Properties in the Mixed State of High Temperature SuperconductorsAxel Freimuth 3931. Introduction 3932. Basic Properties of the Mixed State 394

2.1. Flux-Lines in Type II Superconductors 3942.2. Origin of the Voltage 3952.3. Flux flow: Resistivity and Hall Effect 3962.4. Thermomagnetic Effects 3992.5. Flux creep 400

3. Flux Lines in High Temperature Superconductors 4013.1. Anisotropy 4013.2. Josephson and Pancake Vortices 4023.3. The Irreversibility Line: Giant Flux Creep 4053.4. Interpretations of the Irreversibility Line 4063.5. Transport Properties 408

4. Electric Resistivity 4084.1. Broadening of the Transition 4084.2. Upper Critical Fields 4104.3. Thermally Activated Resistivity 4114.4. Crossover to Diffusive Behaviour 4134.5. I-V-curves near the Irreversibility Line 4144.6. Anisotropy 4164.7. In-Plane Force Free Configuration 4184.8. Out-of-Plane Force Free Configuration 422

5. Hall Effect 4245.1. Experimental Results 4245.2. Interpretation 425

6. Transverse Thermomagnetic Effects 4276.1. Ettingshausen Effects 4276.2. Nernst Effect 4286.3. Transport Entropy 429

7. Thermopower 4307.1. Broadening of the Transition 4317.2. Thermal Hall Angle 433

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7.3. Origin of the Thermopower 4337.4. Problems with the Interpretation 436

8. Concluding Remarks 4369. Acknowledgements 43810. References 438

XVI

Physics of Josephson Effect and Recent AdvancesA. Barone and S. Pagano 4511. Introduction 4512. Josephson Effect 452

2.1. Basic Elements of the Theory of Tunneling 4522.2. Josephson Effect 4532.3. Electrodynamics of the Josephson Junctions 4562.4. Junction Devices 463

3. High Tc Junctions 4653.1. General Considerations 4653.2. Basic Aspects 4663.3. Tunneling Spectroscopy 4673.4. HTS Junctions 469

4. Acknowledgements 4745. References 474

XVII

Tunneling Spectroscopy of Copper Oxide SuperconductorsToshikazu Ekino and Jun Akimitsu 4771. Introduction 4772. Overview of Copper Oxide Superconducting Tunneling

Conductance 4783. Interpretation of Large Gap Structures 4814. Single Gap Structures 4845. Multiple Gap Structures 4916. Temperature Effects on Tunneling Conductance 4967. Definition of Gap Value at Finite Temperatures 5008. Andreev Reflection 5079. Tunneling Spectra Above Gap Energies 508

9.1. Electron-Phonon Interaction Spectra of LSCO 509

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XIX

9.2. Tunneling Spectra of YBCO and BSCCO Above the GapEnergies 513

10. Gap Determination from Low Energy Excitations 51811. Superconducting Gap from a Metal-Doped Fullerene Solid 51912. Summary 51913. Acknowledgements 52014. References 520

XVIII

Superconductivity and Magnetism in Heavy-Fermion CompoundsF. Steglich, U. Ahlheim, CD. Bredl, C. Geibel, M. Lang, A. Loidland G. Spam 5271. Introduction 527

1.1. Heavy-Fermion Compounds 5271.2. Phase Transitions in Heavy-Fermion Compounds 529

2. The Normal Heavy-Fermion State 5323. Magnetism in Heavy-Fermion Compounds 536

3.1. Transition from Local-Moment Magnetism toHeavy-Fermi-Liquid Behaviour 536

3.2. Transition from Local-Moment to Itinerant-Heavy-FermionMagnetism: Ce(Cui_INix)2Ge2 546

4. Superconductivity in Heavy-Fermion Compounds 5514.1. The Effect of Non-Magnetic Impurities on Heavy-Fermion

Superconductivity 5534.2. Heavy-Fermion Superconductivity, Magnetic Phenomena and

Lattice Instability in CeCu2Si2 5574.3. Heavy-Fermion Superconductivity and Antiferromagnetism in

UM2A13 (M: Ni, Pd) 5635. Perspective 5706. Acknowledgements 5717. References 571

XIX

Sluclear Magnetic Resonance Studies in Highly Correlated Systems:ieavy Fermions and High-Tc Superconductors

Kunisuke Asayama1. Introduction

585585

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2. Electron-Nuclear-Interaction 5862.1. Magnetic Interaction 5862.2. Electrostatic Interaction 5862.3. Knight Shift • 5862.4. Nuclear Spin-Lattice Relaxation Rate y- 587

3. Knight Shift and T\ in the Superconducting State 5883.1. Knight Shift 5883.2. Nuclear Spin-Lattice Relaxation Time 2i 589

4. Heavy Electron Superconductors 5934.1. Knight Shift 5944.2. Spin-Lattice Relaxation Time Tx 5994.3. Magnetic Order 607

5. High-Tc Cuprate Superconductors 6085.1. Knight Shift 6085.2. Spin-Lattice Relaxation Rate y- 6115.3. Electric Quadrupole Interaction 616

6. Conclusion 6177. Acknowledgements 6188. References 618

XX

Pulsed Laser and Cylindrical Magnetron Sputter Deposition of EpitaxialMetal Oxide Thin Films

T. Venkatesan, X.X. Xi, Q. Li, X.D. Wu, R. Muenchausen, A. Pique,R. Edwards and S. Mathews 6251. Introduction 6252. Film Deposition 627

2.1. Basic Requirements for Film Deposition 6272.2. Pulsed Laser Deposition 6272.3. The Emerging Metal-Oxide Materials Base 6292.4. Laser-Beam Target Interaction 6292.5. Particle Deposition 6312.6. Scaling To Larger Areas 6322.7. Future Directions 6332.8. Cylindrical Magnetron Sputtering 6382.9. Target Related Problems 6392.10. Deposition Rate • 640

3. High Temperature Superconducting Thin films 641

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XXI

4. Ferroelectrics 6445. Electro-Optics 6456. Summary 6477. Acknowledgements 6478. References 647