Superconductivity UK

Dr. Philip Sargent, Diboride Conductors Ltd.

Commercial markets forsuperconducting motors

Conectus Roadmap – 4K

pre-commercial: R&D, prototypes, field-testsemerging marketmature market

Conectus Roadmap 4K – 77K

pre-commercial: R&D, prototypes, field-testsemerging marketmature market

34%

Earlymajority

Time of adoption of innovations

Earlyadopters

2.5%Innovators

34%

Latemajority

16%Laggards

13.5%

Chasm

“Immature” solution No “killer application”

Adoption of Innovations

Large-scale Innovation

R&D

Demonstration

Pre-commercial

Supportedcommercial

Commercial

Technologypush

Marketpull

UK Innovation Systems for New and Renewable Energy Technologies, June 2003. ICCEPT

Motors?

Conectus: 2001

SuperconductivityPower Markets (ISIS)

2003

DC

Power

2015

2010

2020

$20b

ISIS 2002

$38b by 2020

MRI – but why not motors?

• NMR: MRI (software)

• Magnets, 4.2K He• 1.5T typical

(3T Siemens pictured)

$4 billion/y

Benefits of SC motors

• High power density• High partial load efficiency• Low noise (air core)• Superior negative sequence capability• Excellent transient stability• Low synchronous reactance - small load angle• Low harmonic content• Cyclic load insensitivity• Low maintenance

150kW Reliance Motor

Racetrack coils forming the rotor.

746kW Motor: July 2000

AMSC/Rockwell Demonstration of AMSC/Rockwell Demonstration of High EfficiencyHigh Efficiency Design DesignAMSC/Rockwell Demonstration of AMSC/Rockwell Demonstration of High EfficiencyHigh Efficiency Design Design

Key Product Key Product DevelopmentDevelopmentBenchmark…Benchmark…

B2223 Wire B2223 Wire 1,800 rpm1,800 rpm 97.1% Efficiency 97.1% Efficiency 1,600 hp peak load1,600 hp peak load

3.7 MW Motor: July 2001

Designed by AMSC to Designed by AMSC to Reduce Manufacturing CostsReduce Manufacturing Costs

Designed by AMSC to Designed by AMSC to Reduce Manufacturing CostsReduce Manufacturing Costs

B2223 Wire B2223 Wire 1,800 rpm1,800 rpm 97.2% Efficiency 97.2% Efficiency at full load 5,000hpat full load 5,000hp 7,000 hp peak load7,000 hp peak load

Liq.Neon motors

• AMSC motor• Siemens motor

Timeline

Targets

• Copper: 6 – 22 $/kA.m (400 to 100 A/cm2)• B2223: 100 $/kA.m (at 27K)

Device kA/cm2 T $/kA.m

Motor 105 4 10

Generator 105 4 10

Dick Blaugher, NREL

AC Power Superconductors

Refigeration Energy Consumption

Carnot Thermodynamics

0 20 40 60 80

Temp (K)

En

erg

y C

on

su

mp

tio

n

MotorOperating RangeHigher running costs,

lower wire costs

Lower running costs,uses more wire

Higher running costs = Higher cryogenic capital costs Higher magnetic field

capability

Temperatures

0 20 40 60 80

T (K)

He

H

Ne

O

N

CO

Liquid Phase at 1 atmosphere

Operating Range

Cryogen Gap

Cryogenic Cooling Costs

Ideal Energy Consumption

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

0 20 40 60 80

Temp (K)

EC

Carnot

Sterling27K

77K

10.1x

70.4x

4K

2.9x

14x 9x

30

Capital costs 1 MW machine

• Cryogenic systems are ~4-6 $/W (electric)• Cold-side losses are 50W+0.03 W/kW, so

for a 1MW motor are 80W at 27K, requires a 6kW (e) cryocooler if 8% Carnot eff.

• Thus cryogenics costs ~$40k since it must be priced to the peak load

• Energy saved > $7k a year• So a 6-year payback period. (NPV is worse)

Cryogenic arguments

• New work in neon cryogen systems seems sensible

• Conduction-cooled machine designs need exploring 20-24K and 27K-35K

• Thermal reservoirs need investigating• Reducing the capital cost of cryogenics is more

important than their efficiency for motor markets• Industrial markets for motors depend on

cryogenics costs more than on superconductor costs or properties – even at 77K.

Mulholland ORNL Model

Assumed by analogy with other fibresB2223/YBCO Wire cost ($/kA.m)

Magnesium Diboride

Mulholland ORNL Model June 2003

Assumed market growth rates

Motors >370kW

Mulholland ORNL Model

Mulholland ORNL Model

Motor Markets

• Energy efficiency argument is true, but cost savings undermined by cryogenics capital cost.

• Market will depend on size and weight benefits.

• Manufacturing benefits of reduced size: production line instead of build in-situ but early adopters will be build to order

companies

• Transport applications, self-weight issues, volume (drag) issues.

Shipping

• $2 billion market in 20MW ships motors by 2010

• Reliability of cryogenics also an issue

• Superconducting generators too in due course

Superconducting Mag-Lev Trains ?

• Best for 330 – 500 km/h, 300-500km, acceleration

• Linear electric drive..

…or TGV and Eurostar ?

• Mag-lev in Shanghai uses conventional Cu/Fe

• Maybe the next time the Eurostar is re-engined, it will be with superconducting motors.

Thankyou

Mag-Lev Train in Service 2003

• Shanghai airport

• 430 km/h

• 30 km

• Copper coils not s/c

Minesweepers

• Ray guns or trains ?

• Military uses

• Launchers

• Minesweepers System ControlsEnergy Storage

Power ConvertersLaunch Motor

Power Inverters

Electro-Magnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS)Concept

HPM & Crowd Control

• Directed Energy High Power Microwave, “progressive penalty munitions”• Eureka Aerospace proposes a novel approach for denying ground vehicles the entrance

to selected area by stopping them using a microwave system for stopping vehicles (MSSV).

• The proposed system consists of high power source, such as magnetron and suitable antenna to direct the microwave energy towards the vehicle and bring the vehicle to rest, without causing permanent damage to the vehicle or pose any danger to humans. The MSSV can be deployed in a variety of places including (1) an airborne platform such as helicopter…

• In March 2001, at its base in Quantico, Virginia, the Joint Non-Lethal Weapons Directorate (JNLWD) unveiled its latest non-lethal weapon. The Vehicle Mounted Active Denial System (VMADS) which works through a special transmitter that fires two second bursts of focused microwave energy that causes a burning sensation on the skin of people up to 700 yards away. The beam penetrates less than a millimetre under the skin, heating the skin's surface but causing no burn marks.

• High power, low volume, low weight generators; low loss electrical conductors, high Q cavities

Transformers: a big prizeCost of Ownership in $/kW

2000 ABB SPI Phase I Analysis

Cu (300 K)@ 300 A/cm2

HTS (68 K) MgB2 (25 K)

Losses 60

Cryo -

Wire 5

Total 65

5

25

50

80

5 5

34

8

48

Paul Grant EPRI

Magnets: Quench

• “Rutherford” cable

• >2000 Nb-Ti filaments

• in Copper