Superpower Rivalry and the Birth of the Cold WarCold War1. Name the two nations involved.

The Soviet Union had the world’s largest army and occupied all of Eastern Europe. The United States possessed unparalleled economic strength and the atomic bomb.

2. Why was it called the Cold War?The cold war was “cold” only in the sense that the two superpowers never confronted one another directly in open warfare.

3. It lasted from 1945 to 1989.

4. Explain the differenced between the two systems:

Western Democracies Soviet CommunismPolitical System Citizens elect

representatives and national leaders. People have the right to form their own political parties

The Soviet Union was a dictatorship controlled by Communist Party leaders. The Communist Party was the only political party permitted.

Individual Rights Citizens have basic rights, such as freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and freedom of religion.

The people had few rights. The government controlled radio, TV, and newspapers. Secret police arrested all critics of the government. Practice of religion was discouraged.

Economic System Under capitalism, people and corporation own

Private property was abolished. With state

businesses. They provide goods and services in order to make a profit. “Market or demand economy.”

ownership and central planning, the government controlled all production. Private farms became state-owned collective farms. “Command economy.”

5. Why did the Soviets take over Eastern Europe after WWII?Stalin felt that the USSR had the right to control Eastern Europe to “protect” the Soviets from invasion.

6. What was the new term for these nations and why?The Soviet army set up puppet governments in Eastern Europe, headed by local Communists, thereby turning these nations into Soviet Satellites.

7. What imaginary line separated these nations from the West?In 1946, Winston Churchill declared that an “Iron Curtain” had descended on Europe.

8. Define:a. Truman Doctrine- The US gave aid to Greece and Turkey to

prevent a Communist takeover. Truman offered to support all free peoples resisting Communism. This policy is known as the Truman Doctrine.

b. Containment- The US would not try to overturn Communism where it already existed, but would take steps to prevent it from spreading further.

c. Marshall Plan- Billions of dollars in aid was given to Western European nations in an effort to help them rebuild their war-torn economies. The aim of the Marshall Plan was to build future trading partners for the US and to help Europeans resist Communism.

9. After WWII, why was Germany divided into sectors and how many were there?

a. At the Yalta Conference in 1944, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin agreed to divide Germany into four separate zones of occupation, controlled by the US, Britain, France and USSR.

What happened to these sectors?b. In 1948, the Western allies took steps to merge their zones of

occupation in Germany. The Soviets reacted by closing all highway and railroad links to Berlin, which was in the Soviet sector.

What was the Allies effort to maintain control of Berlin called?c. The Berlin Airlift; the allies began a massive airlift to feed and

supply the city.

10. Name the two alliances that formed after WWII.The formation of NATO and the Warsaw Pact. In 1949, the US, Canada and ten Western European countries formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization to protect Western Europe from Communist aggression. NATO along with the US, pledged to defend Western Europe with its nuclear weapons. The Soviet Union responded to the formation of NATO in 1955 by creating the Warsaw Pace with its Eastern European allies.

The Cold War Reaches Asia1. Name the two opposing forces in China and their leaders.

Kuomintang (Nationalist) led by Chinag Kai-ShekCommunists led by Mao Zedong

2. Which group eventually won the support of the peasants?

After WWII, the Communists achieved control over most of the Chinese countryside by winning the support of the peasants through their land-reform programs.

3. What finally happened in 1949?In 1949, Mao Zedong and the Communists finally drove Chiang Kai-Shek and his supporter from mainland China.

4. Chinag Kai-Shek, also know as Jiang Jieshi, and his supporters fled to…

Chinag retreated to the island of Taiwan (Formosa).

5. What strange situation did this create?This created “Two Chinas:” Mao’s Communist China and Chiang’s Nationalist China on Taiwan.

6. Explain the major changes in China under MaoRe-education- Communist beliefs became required learning in

all universities and schools. Newspapers and books were controlled by the government and had to promote Communism. Even art and music came under the direct supervision of the government.

Elimination of the “Capitalist Class.”- Landowners, factory owners, village leaders, and better-off peasants were considered by Communists to be of the “Capitalist Class” which exploited poorer people. These “capitalists” were often killed.

The Family- Family authority was replaced by the authority of the Communist Party. Children were taught to obey the state, not their parents. Ancestor worship, which promoted family tradition, was forbidden. This further weakened the father’s role.

7. Korean War a. When was the Korean War?

1950 to 1953

b. Why did the Korean War begin?Korea had been divided in 1945 into two states, one Communist and one non-communist. In 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea.

c. Why did the West (the United Nations) intervene?President Truman and other Western leaders believed it was necessary to take a firm stand.

d. Who led the UN forces and what eventually happened to him?U.N. forces led by General Douglas MacArthur invaded North Korea. MacArthur thought of using nuclear weapons, but President Truman refused. This disagreement led Truman to remove MacArthur from his command.

e. How did the Korean War end and who won?In 1953, a compromise ended the war, leaving North and South Korea divided much as they had been before at the 38th parallel, but with a demilitarized zone between the two countries.

8. What was the Great leap forward?In 1956, Mao Zedong began forcing Chinese peasants onto cooperative farms where families shared the work and divided the crops. Later these farms were merged into larger communes.

The Balance of Terror: The Cold War from the 1950s to the early 1970s1. Why was there a nuclear arms race after WWII if the superpowers

didn’t want to use them?Nuclear weapons served as deterrents, prevention the superpowers from attacking one another.

2. Who took over the USSR after Stalin died?In 1953, Stalin died and Nikita Khrushchev emerged as leader of the Soviet Union.

3. Describe some of the problems and protests in Eastern Europe against communist rule.

Poland- In 1956, workers went on strike for greater freedom. Khrushchev agreed to let polish reformers handle their own

affairs so long as Poland remained Communist and continued to be a member of the Warsaw Pact.

Hungry- Students launched demonstrations in favor of reform. Unlike Poland, Hungarian leaders threatened to leave the Warsaw Pact. Soviet troops were sent into Hungary in 1956 and brutally crushed the reform government.

East Berlin- Many East German fled to the West through Berlin. In 1961, Khrushchev had a wall built to seal off East Berlin, and barriers went up along the border of East and West Germany. The Berlin Wall became a symbol of the Cold War.

Czechoslovakia- In 1968, after Czech leaders proclaimed a more liberal policy called “Communism with a human face,” the Soviets sent tanks into Prague. Czech leaders were replaced by hard-line Communists.

4. What happened in Cuba in 1959?In 1959, Fidel Castro and his guerrilla fighters overthrew Cuba’s dictatorship.

5. What actions did Castro take once in power?

Once in power Castro nationalized all businesses including American-owned and executed his opponents.

6. Describe the Bay of Pigs invasionIn 1961, Cuban exiles, trained by the US Central Intelligence Agency, invaded Cuba at the Bay of Pigs to overthrow Castro. President Kennedy refused to supply the rebels with air support to carry out the attack, and their effort failed.

7. Explain the Cuban Missile Crisis.

In 1962, American leaders discovered Cuba was secretly building bases to install Soviet missiles with nuclear warheads. Soviet nuclear missiles would now be within easy striking

distance of major US cities. President Kennedy ordered a naval blockade of Cuba, and threatened to invade if the missiles were not withdrawn. Khrushchev finally agreed to withdraw the missiles in exchange for a pledge that the US would not invade Cuba.

8. Why did Mao begin the Cultural Revolution in the 1960s?Mao’s condemnation of Khrushchev’s reforms in the Soviet Union, loss of revolutionary enthusiasm for Communism among Chinese party officials and maybe he wanted to cover up his own mistakes during the Great Lip Forward. Mao made a bold attempt to push China towards the ideal Communist society by announcing a Cultural Revolution.

9. Who were the Red Guards and what did they do?In 1966, Mao closed China’s universities and schools and invited eleven million students to gather in Beijing as Red Guards.

Red Guards traveled throughout China attacking writers, scientists, doctors, professors, factory managers, and party officials for looking down on the common people and abandoning Communist ideals.

10. In Vietnam, why was there a conflict?Nationalist leader Ho Chi Minh created a Communist stat in

North Vietnam, while South Vietnam established ties with the West. South Vietnam refused to hold elections to reunify the country. South Vietnamese Communists with North Vietnamese support launched a guerrilla war against the South Vietnamese government.

11. What was the result of the Vietnam War?At first, American soldiers acted only as advisors to the

South Vietnamese army. By 1964, American combat troops were sent to Vietnam. The US used extensive bombing, advanced technology, and as many as a half a million troops, it was never able to turn the tide against the Viet Cong. In 1973, American troops withdrew from

Vietnam in accordance with an agreement reached in Paris. In 1975, South and North Vietnamese forces and the country were reunited under Communist rule. 12. Define:

a. Détente- a relaxation of tensions with the Soviet Union. b. SALT Accord- (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) An

agreement with the Soviet Union to limit nuclear missiles.

13. In 1975, what group took control of Cambodia (Kampuchea)?Cambodian Communists, known as the Khmer Rouge seized control after American forces withdrew from Vietnam.

14. Who was their leader, what did he do, and what happened to him?

The Khmer Rouge leader Pol Pot, carried out a policy of mass murder against city dwellers and political opponents. They killed as many as four million Cambodians between 1975 and 1979. The Khmer Rouge was finally overthrown through Vietnamese intervention.

Problems of the Developing World

Define: Nonalignment- The policy called for not taking sides with either superpower so that they could receive economic aid from both. Most of these countries had recently been colonies.

Africa1. Define:

a. Single-Party State- After independence, many African countries allowed only one political party. African leaders argued that this system avoided anarchy and tribal division. In some African countries, national heroes or military leaders established dictatorships.

b. Tribalism- European powers had created colonies without regard for tribal boundaries. When these colonies became

nations, often there were rival tribes within them. Many Africans had a greater allegiance to their tribe than to their nation.

c. Subsistence farmers- Growing only enough food to meet the needs of their own families and their livestock.

d. Apartheid- Racial “separateness” South Africans were classified by race.

e. Sharpeville Massacre- In 1960, the police killed sixty-nine demonstrators.

f. Soweto Uprising- In 1976 the government tried to force the use of Afrikaners (language of the Afrikaners) in the black schools resulting in the uprising.

2. Describe the apartheid policy in South AfricaEducation- Races were schooled separately, with a superior education for whites and an inferior one for blacks.

Separate Facilities- Separate parks, beaches, and public transportation were created for each racial group.

Travel- Non-whites ere required to carry identification papers when traveling.

Marriage- Marriage or sexual relations between people of different races became illegal.

Communities- Separate areas for each race were established, and the government forced black Africans to resettle in areas that had the worst farmland.

Middle East1. Define:

a. Pan-Arabism- The belief that all Arabs should be united in a single state.

b. Zionism- Was a movement founded by Theodor Herzl, calling for a Jewish return to Israel.

c. Balfour Declaration- In 1917, the British issued the Balfour Declaration, announcing that a Jewish homeland would be created in Palestine.

d. Israel- The U.N voted to create the new State of Israel.

2. Who were the leaders and nations involved in the Camp David Accords?

In 1978, Egyptian President Anwar el-Sadat and Israel’s Prime Minister Menachim Begin were invited by US President Jimmy Carter to a meeting at Camp David.

3. What were the Camp David Accords?They agreed that Israel would return lands taken from Egypt in

exchange for peace between the tow countries, ending thirty years of warfare. Other Arab countries denounced the agreement and broke off diplomatic relations with Egypt.

4. What is the PLO and who was there leader?Palestine Liberation Organization refuses to recognize Israel and

vows to win back their homelands. The PLO was led by Yassir Arafat.

5. Explain three factors in the continuing Arab-Israeli conflict:a. The PLO Palestine Liberation Organization refuses to

recognize Israel.

b. Terrorism- The PLO used terrorism as a political weapon, believing that they had no other way to oppose Israel.

c. Intifada(“Uprising”)- In 1987, young Palestinians who grew up under Israeli occupation in the West Bank and Gaza Strip began a series of violent demonstrations.

South Asia1. When did India gain its independence and what type of government

did it set-up?India has had a democratic government since its independence in 1947.

2. Identify:a. Jawaharlal Nehru- First Prime Minister for 17 years.b. Indira Gandhi- Daughter of Nehru was Prime Minister for 15

years.c. Rajiv Gandhi- Son of Indira was prime Minister for 5 years.

Both Indira and Rajiv were assassinated.

3. Define Green Revolution- In the 1960s and 1970s, the government tried to improve agricultural production with science and technology.

4. List four social problems in India.a. Rapid population growthb. Urbanizationc. Ban discrimination against “untouchables”d. Deep cultural differences

5. Cite the significance of the following years in Bangladesh’s history.1947- Pakistan was formed consisting of two parts separated by nearly a thousand miles.

1971- East Pakistan broke away from West Pakistan to become Bangladesh.

6. List three problems that continue to plague Bangladesh:I. One of the world’s most densely populated nations.II. Periodic flooding caused by melting snows from the Himalayas.III. One-third of all children die before their fifth birthday.IV. People can’t afford basic medical careV. Economically troubled

Latin America1. List three problems many Latin American nations continue to face:

a. Military governments

2. List four nations that violate human rights and describe their violations:a. Argentina- 20,000 people disappeared during the military ruleb. Chile- The military tortured and killed suspected opponents.c. Cuba- Fidel Castro imprisoned and killed opponents.d. El Salvador- “Death Squads” gunned down advocates of reform.

3. Explain three economic problems facing Latin American today:a. Lack of capital for investmentb. Unskilled work forcec. Foreign competition

The Third World and the Oil Crisis1. What is the synonym for “third world nations”?

Developing Nations

2. When and why did OPEC originally start an oil crisis?In 1973m during a war with Israel, Arab OPEC members used oil as a “political weapon,” refusing to sell oil to countries friendly to Israel. There actions tripled world oil prices.

3. What is Islamic Fundamentalism?It is a return to the basic values of Islam as spelled out in the Qu’ran

4. Explain what happened in Iran in 1979?Iran’s religious leaders and massive public demonstrations overthrew the Shah Reza Pahlavi in 1979.

The End of the Cold War1. What year is considered the end of the Cold War?

In 1989

2. The Cold War ended as:a. The Berlin Wall came tumbling downb. The Soviet Union collapsed

The Dissolution of the Soviet Union1. Who ruled the USSR from 1985-1991?

After Brezhnev’s death Mikhail Gorbachev became leader of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

2. Define and explain Glasnost: introduced a greater “openness” to Soviet society. Restrictions on speech and the press were lifted.

3. Define and explain Perestroika: means “restructuring,” Gorbachev introduced reforms to move the economy away form central planning towards individual initiative and freer markets.

4. List the fifteen nations that were born out of the break-up of the USSR in 1991:

Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan

5. Who became the leader of Russia?In 1991, Boris Yeltsin was elected president of the Russian Republic.

6. List five actions that he has taken:a. Introduced Free Market System

b. Ended price controls on most goodsc. privatize state-owned businessesd. Suspended Parliament / Disbanded Parliamente. New Parliament elected

List 4 actions taken by Vladimir Putin since becoming President.

Russian incomes tripled and Russian became a leading exporter of oil and natural gas. He also adopted authoritarian policies, such as harassing and arresting critics and committing fraud in elections. In 2014 he annexed Crimea and threatened Eastern Ukraine.

The Liberation of Eastern Europe and the Unification of Germany1. What changes took place in Eastern Europe as the USSR was

about to collapse?Gorbachev could not reform Soviet society while continuing to repress Eastern Europe. Thus, Gorbachev had allowed a lifting of the Iron Curtain and the creation of new democracies in Eastern Europe.

2. State the specific change in:a. Poland-In the 1980s, Lech Walesa and other labor leaders

formed an independent trade union, Solidarity, despite the government’s attempts to ban it. When Gorbachev took power, the ban was lifted. In Free lections in 1989, Solidarity wan and formed the first non-Communist government in Eastern Europe since WWII.

b. Hungary and Bulgaria- In 1989, free elections were permitted in these countries, and non-Communists were elected.

c. Czechoslovakia- In 1990, Czechoslovakia divided peacefully into two nations- the Czech Republic and Slovakia.

d. Romania- A long-time Communist dictator, Nicolae Ceausescu, attempted to resist change by force. Thousands of Romanians were killed until a revolution overthrew him. He was tried and later executed by a military tribunal.

e. East Germany- In 1989, thousand s of East Germans began leaving for West Germany. To everyone’s surprise, the East German Communist government resigned. A new government lifted all travel restrictions. The Berlin Wall, the greatest symbol of the Cold War, was knocked down amid joyous celebrations. Free elections brought a non-Communist government o power that was willing to cooperate with West Germany.

3. List four problems now faced by Eastern Europeans:a. Transition to market economiesb. Fragile democraciesc. Pollutiond. Rivalries between nationalist groups resurfaced, causing

conflict and violence.

China’s Economic Reform1. Who was the new leader of China after Mao died and what was his

goal?After the death of Mao in 1976, Deng Xiaoping became China’s leader.

2. Explain some of the economic changes in China in the 1980s.Land Reform- Communes were disbanded. Peasants were allowed to rent former communal lands. This led to a surge in farm productivity, making China self-sufficient in food and elimination hunger.

Consumer Goods- Under Mao, people had few consumer products to choose from. Now China began producing more consumer goods, such as radios and television sets.

Management- Central planners lost some control to local factory managers. Managers and their workers were allowed to sell some of their production to private buyers for a profit. A bonus system provided an incentive to work harder.

Limited Capitalism- Ambitious individuals wee allowed to own small businesses and to hire a small number of workers. Private companies now account for a large proportion of China’s industrial output.

Foreign Trade and investment- Increased trade with foreign countries ended China’s economic isolation. Foreign investment was encouraged. Special Economic Zones allowed foreign companies to build factories and get lower tax rates.

3. What happened in Tiananmen Square in 1989?In 1989, students peacefully demonstrated in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square, demanding greater freedom and democracy. When the demonstrators refused to disperse, Deng ordered tanks to fire on them, killing hundreds. Student leaders were arrested and imprisoned or executed.

4. Who has taken over since Deng has died?

In 1997, Jiang Zemin became China’s leader. In 2003, Hu Jintao became President of China.

New Democracies Emerge in Asia, Africa, and Latin America1. Explain the events in the following countries:

Philippines- The Philippines became independent just after WWII. Ferdinand Marcos was president from 1965-1986. Ruling as a dictator, Marcos used government funds to enrich his family and friends. In 1886, Corazon Aquino was elected.

Panama- In 1989, the US overthrew military dictator General Manuel Noriega, and a free election was held.

Haiti- Dictator Jean-Claude Duvalier was ousted. In 1990, Jean-Bertrand Aristide became Haiti’s first democratically-elected president. In 2004, Aristide was driven from power by an armed uprising.

Progress and Regression in the Post-Cold War Period1. Throughout the 1990s, Israel and the PLO have been conducting

what?Negotiations.

2. List three of their agreements:a. Israel recognized the PLOb. Gave Palestinians self-government in the Gaza Strip and

Jericho, a city on the West Bank.c. PLO agreed to end its opposition to Israel’s existence.

3. How has Hamas hindered the peace process?Hamas is a more radical party which refuses to recognize Israel’s right to exist. Hamas is considered a terrorist organization

5. Identify 3 Israeli responses.Israel invaded Lebanon to destroy Hezbollah military bases.Israel carried out air strikes on Syria to prevent shipment of missiles to Hezbollah.Israel invaded Gaza to destroy its tunnel system and missiles.

Israeli Viewpoint Israel can’t be secure because of Palestinian groups continuing to fire missiles at civilian, while others feel that some compromise is vital to Israel’s future.

Palestinian Viewpoint Palestinians fell they were forced to move in 1948 according to the UN. They resent the Israeli occupation and oppose continued expansion of Jewish settlements in Palestinian areas.

4. Why did South Africa become interested in ending apartheid?The United States and other countries adopted economic sanctions against South Africa.

5. Which white South African President helped to end apartheid?F.W. De Klerk repealed all apartheid legislation.

6. Who became South Africa’s first black president?In 1994, South Africa held its first election in which people of all races were permitted to vote and Nelson Mandela became South Africa’s first black president.

7. What occurred in the 1970s and 1980s in Northern Ireland and why?

In 1922, Ireland was granted its independence from GB. Fighting erupted in Northern Ireland because Irish Protestants chose to remain part of the UK with Great Britain while Catholics objected to the division of Ireland.

8. What has occurred in the 1990s in this area?Negotiations between the Protestants and the Irish Republican Army (IRA) to reach a compromise and a cease-fire has been declared.

Regression- Old Hatred in New Bottles1. In a word or two, what caused the break-up of Yugoslavia?

The liberation of Europe brought a revival of age-old ethnic rivalries in Yugoslavia. Fighting occurred among orthodox Christian Serbs, Catholic Croats, and Bosnian Muslims.

2. Define ethnic cleansing:

Forced elimination of another group from a given territory on the basis of religious, ethnic or national origin. Such a policy involves violence and is very often connected with military operations. It is to be achieved by all possible means, from discrimination to extermination, and entails violations of human rights and international humanitarian law."

What happened to Slobodan Milosevic?Yugoslavia dictator fell from power in October 2000, later captured and put on trial for atrocities committed during his rule.

3. What is the present status of that area?NATO sent in peacekeeping forces.

Iraq and the Security of the Persian Gulf

4. What imperialistic move did the Iraqi leader make in 1990?Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait and annexed it.

5. What was the United Nation’s response?The UN agreed to a multinational UN coalition, led by the United States to attack.

6. Who are the Kurds and what is their problem?The Kurds are a people with their own language, traditions, and culture. After Hussein’s defeat, the Kurds in northern Iraq rebelled. Hussein moved to crush the Kurdish uprising.

7. What were 3 causes of the Iraq War 2001?Hussein expelled the UN inspectors, urged Islamic countries to oppose the US led war on terrorism and he refused to leave Iraq.

8. What were 3 results of the war?

No WMDs were found, a coalition forces remained in Iraq for another 8 years and religious and ethnic tensions continue to divide the country.

9. Who took control of Afghanistan in the early 90’sThe Taliban, a group of Islamic Fundamentalists gradually took control.

10. Identify 3 policies of this governmentThey imposed their radical religious beliefs on the nation.Women could only appear in public if accompanied by a male, head, faces and bodies completely covered. Women could not work and no school for girls.

11. Why did the U invade Afghanistan in 2001Taliban refused to surrender Osama bin Laden after the World Trade Center and Pentagon attacks.

12. What happened in Afghanistan in 2004A new constitution was approved, followed by national elections.

Civil Wars in Africa1. Who fought in Rwanda and Burundi in the 1990s and what was the

outcome?Hutu and Tutsi bitterly fought and the outcome was that 850, 000 people were slain, including half of the Tutsi population and some moderate Hutus.

2. What problem is Somalia continuing to deal with in Africa?Fighting among local warlords.

The Arab Spring, 20111. Define Arab Socialism:

Government-run economies

2. Identify 3 policies Middle Eastern governments used that caused unrest by the 1990s

Government took charge of economid development and encouraged urbanization but also created large state bureaucracies and powerful military forces. Access to resources remained based on personal relationships and patronage.

3. What was the end result of the Arab spring in the following countries:

Tunisia: President Ben Ali resigned after 24 years in power and fled to Saudi Arabia.

Egypt: President since 1981 was forced from power and Parliament and the constitution was dissolved. Mohammed Morsi of the Muslim Brotherhood was elected but since he claimed unlimited powers it triggered a second Revolution.

Libya: Colonel Muammar Gaddafi reigned as dictator since 1969, he was captured and killed in October 2011,

Yemen: Ali Abdullah Saleh fled to Saudi Arabia and surrendered power after 33 year of authoritarian rule.

Jordan: King Abdullah II promised reforms to prevent a violent uprising.

Saudi Arabia: King Abdullah arrested pro-democracy demonstrators and permitted some modest reforms. It remand an absolute monarchy however King Salman initiated reforms to reduce reliance on oil revenues and combat religious extremism.

Algeria: A constitutional state the leaders lifted its 19 year state of emergency in 2011. Demonstrations remain banned and a mix of cash and repression by security allow the ruling party to remain in power.

Kuwait: Prime Minister resigned and the parliament was dissolved.

Syria: How did dictator Bashar al-Assad contribute to civil war? Who is the civil war between? By 2014 which groups gained control over Western Syria?

Bashar favored the Alawi sect over different ethnic groups Fighting is between different Syrian factions.ISIS – Islamic State of Iraq and Syria gained control of W.Syria

4. Although the Arab Spring is a global march for democracy, why do Western leaders fear it will lead to more instability in the Middle East?

Changes in the Middle East are helping spread radical Islamic Fundamentalism under the cover of democracy

Iran and its Nuclear Program1. How have the US and the UN responded to Iran’s development of

nuclear power plants? Why?Imposed severe economic sanctions to modify Iran’s behavior

2. Explain the Iran viewPeaceful purposes- future energy, treat cancer patients

3. Explain the critics viewStockpiling refined uranium and threaten Israel and destabilize the region

4. What happened in 2013 to ease tension?Hassan Rouhani was elected President working on improving relations with the west.

New Economic Realities1. Define global interdependence:

Twentieth-century advances in technology, form the airplane to the computer, have made countries of the world much more dependent upon each other for goods, services, and ideas.

2. Which nation underwent an economic miracle?One nation that profited from the new age of global interdependence was Japan.

3. List and explain four reasons for this:Historical Factors- Japan has borrowed and adopted from other cultures, such as China and the West. Japan was therefore quick to adapt to latest technologies.

Skilled Work Force- Japan’s work force is literate, well-educated, and highly skilled. Japanese workers emphasize self-discipline, education and company loyalty.

Government Support- The government coordinates national resources, provides money, loans, and tax breaks, and encourages research. Past government also set high tariffs to keep foreign competitors out of Japan.

Effective Management- Japanese companies adopted and improved US management techniques to produce high quality goods at low prices. Managers often work with employees to improve production techniques.

4. In a word, what is now happening economically in Europe?Cooperation among Western European nations helped accelerate economic growth. This led to the formation of the European Economic Community (E.E.C.) or Common Market.

5. What is the purpose behind the Common Market?The purpose of the Common Market was to eliminate customs duties among its members. This created an immense free trade zone in which goods, money and people could move freely.

6. What is the Common Market now called and what is their latest plan?

The members replaced the Common Market with the European Union (E.U.). Most members are merging their national currencies into a single European currency, the Euro. European leaders also agreed to a Constitution for Europe but it was rejected by French and Dutch voters in 2005.

7. Define Free Trade:Is an elimination of tariffs (import taxes).

8. Define NAFTA:In 1990, Mexico propose that the US and Canada expand their treaty into a North American Free Trade Agreement.

9. Who has signed NAFTA and what is its purpose?It was signed by Mexico, Canada and the United States.