Suport Curs an 1 - Hyperion CURS – LIMBA ENGLEZ Ă, CURS PRACTIC – – ANUL 1 – (UZ INTERN) DEPARTAMENTUL DE JURNALISM – UNIVERSITATEA HYPERION LECTOR UNIV. DR. SORINA GEORGESCU

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SUPORT CURS

– LIMBA ENGLEZĂ, CURS PRACTIC –

– ANUL 1 –

(UZ INTERN)

DEPARTAMENTUL DE JURNALISM –

UNIVERSITATEA HYPERION

LECTOR UNIV. DR. SORINA GEORGESCU

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CONTENTS:

LESSON 1: I. Grammar: Tenses.........................................................................................................4 II. Vocabulary: General – Living Space..........................................................................8 III. Vocabulary : Specific – The News – Cosumer Terrorism......................................11

LESSON 2: I. Grammar: Present Perfect; Future.............................................................................14 II. Vocabulary: General – Personal Matters.................................................................19 III. Vocabulary : Specific - The News – Domestic Violence........................................22

LESSON 3:

I. Grammar: Revision – Present Tense, Past Tense, Present Perfect, Past Perfect, Future.....................................................................................................................25

II. Vocabulary: General – Family and Friends.............................................................28 III. Vocabulary : Specific - The News – Hurricanes....................................................31

LESSON 4: I. Grammar: Indirect Speech.........................................................................................34 II. Vocabulary: General – The Body and Clothes.........................................................39 III. Vocabulary : Specific - The News – Road Accidents.............................................42

LESSON 5: I. Grammar: ‘If’ Clause.................................................................................................45 II. Vocabulary: General –Everyday Problems..............................................................55 III. Vocabulary : Specific - The News – Broken Marriages.........................................57

LESSON 6: I. Grammar: Wishes – “Wish” and “If only” ...............................................................60 Passives.....................................................................................................62 II. Vocabulary: General – Interests and Free Time......................................................68 III. Vocabulary : Specific - The News – Forest Fires..................................................70

LESSON 7: I. Grammar: Modal Verbs (1) ......................................................................................73 II. Vocabulary: General – Places..................................................................................80 III. Vocabulary : Specific - The News – Drought........................................................83 LESSON 8: I. Grammar: Modal Verbs (2) ......................................................................................86 II. Vocabulary: General – Food and Drink...................................................................95 III. Vocabulary : Specific - The News – Famine..........................................................97

LESSON 9:

I. Grammar: Revision – Reported Speech, Conditionals, Wishes, Passives, Modals.................................................................................................100

II. Vocabulary: General – Work and Study.................................................................105 III. Vocabulary : Specific - The News – Floods.........................................................108

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LESSON 10: I. Grammar: Purpose...................................................................................................111 Reason and Result..................................................................................114 II. Vocabulary: General – The Natural Environment..................................................120 III. Vocabulary : Specific - The News - Earthquake..................................................122

LESSON 11: I. Grammar: Contrast...................................................................................................125 II. Vocabulary: General – Tools and Technology.......................................................129 III. Vocabulary : Specific - The News – Avalanches..................................................132 LESSON 12: I. Grammar: Relatives – who, whom, which, that, what, whose...............................135 II. Vocabulary: General – Everyday Objects..............................................................144 III. Vocabulary : Specific - The News – Volcanic Eruptions.....................................147

LESSON 13: I. Grammar: Questions (1) .........................................................................................150 II. Vocabulary: General – Travel and Holidays..........................................................155 III. Vocabulary : Specific - The News – Gas Poisoning.............................................158

LESSON 14: I. Grammar: Questions (2) .........................................................................................161 II. Vocabulary: General – Work and Employment......................................................172 III. Vocabulary : Specific - The News – Surrogate Motherhood................................176 Appendix: A. Tenses: Short Version .....................................................................................................178 B. Tenses: Long Version.......................................................................................................180 C. Sequence of Tenses ..........................................................................................................185 D. Irregular Verbs ................................................................................................................185 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………..187

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LESSON 1

*Grammar: Tenses * Vocabulary: General – Living Space * Vocabulary: Specific – The

News – Cosumer Terrorism

***

I. GRAMMAR

1 : TENSES

1. Be and have: revision test. Put the words in the right order:

1. problem/ seems/ to/ there/ be/ a/ …………………………………………………...

2. much/ soup/ is/ there/ in/ salt/ the/ too/………………………………………………

3. snow/ is/ to/ tomorrow/ there/ likely/ be/…………………………………………….

4. any/ I/ there/ don’t/ to/ want/ be/ trouble/ ……………………………………………

5. any/ for/ letters/ me/ there/ were/? …………………………………………………..

6. with/ wrong/ something/ there/ is/ car/ the/………………………………………….

7. singing/ the/ bus/ was/ a/ woman/ there/ on/…………………………………………

8. shout/ to/ there/ no/ need/ is/ ………………………………………………………...

9. must/ somebody/ be/ there/ home/ at/………………………………………………..

10. there/ an/ exam/ next/ will/ week/ be/ ?…………………………………………….

2. Be and have: revision test. Correct (v) or not (x)?

1. There might be snow tomorrow………..

2. I would like that there is good weather for my holiday. …….

3. It’s a big dog in the garden. ……….

4. Are you having a good time? ………

5. We’ve got too much work. ………….

6. Are you having any brothers or sisters? ………..

7. How much money do you have got? ……………

8. Did you have a good journey? …………..

1Michael Swan & Catherine Walter. Oxford English Grammar Course. Intermediate. OUP, 2011.

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9. I’m going to have a talk with John………

3. Present simple and Present Continuous - Choose the correct form:

1. Vegetarians are people who don’t eat/are not eating meat.

2. Look out! My husband comes/is coming.

3. Some people still think the sun goes/is going round the earth.

4. I play/’m playing tennis every weekend.

5. Who sits/’s sitting in my chair?

6. What happens/is happening in golf if you lose the ball?

7. An alcoholic is a person who drinks/is drinking too much and can’t stop.

8. Look! She wears/She’s wearing the same shoes as me.

9. ‘What are you looking/do you look at?’ ‘A strange bird’.

10. I stay/’m staying with John for a few weeks until my flat’s ready.

4. Present simple and Present Continuous - Put in the correct tense:

1. I…………………………………………………………………he’s away. (think)

2. You …………………what I ……………………………………….(know; mean)

3. Your sister………………………………………………………….you. (look like).

4. I…………………..we………………………………………a mistake. (feel; make)

5. While the butter ……………………, you ………………… three eggs and

……………………………………………. them into a bowl. (melt; take; break)

6. I…………………………………………………………about the weekend. (think)

7. Scientists…………………….the weather………………………..(believe; change)

8. I………………………………………………………what the problem is. (not see)

9. Why ……………………………………………………..at me like that? (you look)

10. Now I………………………………………………..what she wants. (understand)

5. Present simple and Present Continuous - Choose the correct form:

1. What sort of work do you do/are you doing?

2. I can’t talk now. I cook/I’m cooking dinner.

3. What shall we have? Do you like/Are you liking fish?

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4. Can I borrow this typewriter? Or do you use/are you using it?

5. What do the people here do/are the people here doing in the evenings?

6. Follow that bus. Then you turn/are turning left.

7. A lot of people think that the Sun goes/is going around the Earth.

8. Excuse me, do you read/are you reading your newspaper? Could I borrow it?

9. Do you wait/Are you waiting for the bus to Newcastle?

10. Andy builds/is building his own house in the country.

6. Past Tense – Put in the correct forms:

E.g.: At 6.00 this morning I was having a wonderful dream, but then the alarm went off.

(have; go)

This time yesterday I was lying on the beach. (lie)

1. When I walked in they ………………………………………about babies. (all talk)

2. I……………………………………………………….in Paris for a long time. (live)

3. I saw Sid when I ………………to work. He ………………………...(come; shop)

4. She ……………………..Jim while she………………………………(meet; travel)

5. While I …………………….to Mrs. Singleton, somebody …………………… into my

office and ……………………………………...the computer. (talk; walk; steal)

6. When Jake …………………in everybody……………………talking. (come; stop)

7. I ………………………. out of the window and ……………… that we …………………

…………………………… over the mountains. (look; see; fly)

8. I…………………………up to find that water………………through the bedroom ceiling.

(wake; pour)

9. He……………………….his leg while he …………………..football. (break; play)

7. Past Tense - Correct or not?

E.g.: When you woke me I had a wonderful dream. was having

This time yesterday I was playing tennis. correct

1. When I got to the party everybody had a great time. ………….

2. When Columbus left Europe, he thought he sailed to India. ………….

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3. Everybody was knowing that she was unhappy. ………….

4. We lived in New York when I was small. ………….

5. Did you want to pay now? ………….

6. I was learning the violin at school. ………….

7. Where I grew up, nobody was having a car. …………..

8. We were on the wrong road. It went to Birmingham, not to Manchester.…………

9. When I was seeing Joe, he was talking to Angela. ………….

10. I broke my leg while I was skiing. …………..

8. Past Tense – Make these sentences less direct:

E.g.: We wonder if you feel like coming out with us.

We wondered if you felt like coming out with us.

I think you will like to see my holiday photos.

I thought you would like to see my holiday photos.

1. How many days do you intend to stay? ………………………………………

2. Can you give me a hand? ………………………………………

3. We can ask Peter to help us. ………………………………………

4. I think it will be a good idea to invite Simon. ……………………………

5. I wonder if you need any help. ……………………………

9. Past Tense – Complete the text with the verbs in the box (there is one

verb too many). You will need five past continuous and three simple pasts.

ask come dance grin hold not dance order play throw

On the dance floor half a dozen couples (1)……………………themselves around. Most of

them (2)…………………...cheek to cheek, if dancing is the word. The men wore white

tuxedos and the girls wore bright eyes, ruby lips, and tennis or golf muscles. One couple

(3)……………………cheek to cheek. Mitchell’s mouth was open, he (4)…………………,

his face was red and shiny, and his eyes had that glazed look. Betty (5)………………… her

head as far as she could get away from him without breaking her neck. It was very obvious

that she had had about all of Mr. Larry Mitchell that she could take. A Mexican waiter in a

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short green jacket and white pants with a green stripe down the side (6)………………up and I

(7)……………….a double Gibson and (8)……………….if I could have a club sandwich.

10. Past Tense - Choose the correct form:

a) While Diana watched/was watching her favorite television program, there was a power-

cut.

b) Tom used to live/ would live in the house at the end of the street.

c) Who was driving/drove the car at the time of the accident?

d) I did/was doing some shopping yesterday, when I saw that Dutch friend of yours.

e) I used to like/was liking sweets much more than I do now.

f) What exactly were you doing/did you do when I came into your office yesterday?

g) Tanya would/used to be a doctor.

II. VOCABULARY: GENERAL – LIVING SPACE

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1. Complete each sentence with a word from the box:

carpet curtains cushion drawer pillow radiator

sofa socket

a) Is that chair comfortable, or would you like to use a cushion?

b) Mark couldn’t use his computer as there wasn’t a ……………………..in the room.

c) This house has central heating, and there’s a ………………………..in every room.

d) I was so tired that I fell asleep as soon as my head touched the…………………….

e) Could you draw the……………………..? Someone is staring through the window.

f) My bedroom has a fitted……………………………..which covers the whole floor.

g) The knives and forks are in the second…………………………………..on the left.

h) Come over here and sit next to me on the ………………………………………….

2Michael Vince & Paul Emmerson. Intermediate Language Practice with Key. English Grammar and

Vocabulary. Macmillan, 2003.

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2. Each sentence contains an inappropriate word or phrase. Underline this

word, and then replace it with a word or phrase from the box:

bookcase chimney fence floor gate window step towel

a) Unfortunately the ball hit the house and broke a glass. window

b) I washed my hands in the bathroom and dried them with a cloth. ………..

c) There was a small wooden door leading into the field. ………..

d) As I sat down at the kitchen table, I knocked my cup onto the ground. ………..

e) In the corner of Joe’s room was a small library for his books. ……….

f) All round the garden there was a high wooden wall. ……….

g) On the roof tops Tina could see a tall fireplace pouring out smoke. ……….

h) The floor of the kitchen is a bit lower, so mind the stair. ……….

3. Choose the correct word in each sentence:

a) Will you be at home/at house later this evening?

b) Paul’s room is at the top of the stairs/steps opposite the bathroom.

c) Can you remember to clean the wash-basin/sink in the bathroom?

d) The rooms downstairs are so low I can touch the roof/ceiling.

e) Tony is a keen cooker/cook and always uses an electric cooker/cook.

f) You’ll find plates in the cupboard/wardrobe next to the fridge.

g) Ann was sitting at/to her desk, but Chris was sitting in/on an armchair.

h) I won’t be long. I’m just going upstairs for a bath/a bathe.

i) Lisa didn’t like doing homework/housework, so she paid a cleaner.

j) Under the house there’s a cave/cellar where we keep our old things.

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4. Complete the sentences with a compound word formed from two words

in the box. One word is used twice:

arm ash basin bed bin book case chair dish down

dust flower hole key room stairs tray wash washer

a) It’s very cold in my bedroom, and I find it hard to sleep.

b) Sarah spent all afternoon sitting in a large ………………………in front of the TV.

c) I left my socks soaking in the ……………………………………...in the bathroom.

d) Do you think you could put all your rubbish outside in the ………………………..?

e) There’s a beautiful ………………………….full of roses right outside my window.

f) Don’t worry about the washing-up. We’ll put everything in the ……………………

g) I can’t open the front door. Something is stuck in the ………………………………

h) If you really insist on smoking, please use this ……………………………………..

i) Can you come………………………………? There’s someone at the door for you.

j) In this …………………………………….are the dictionaries and an encyclopedia.

5. Complete each sentence with a verb from the box in a suitable form.

You can use a verb more than once:

drop finish get look move put take turn

a) I’ve got nowhere to stay tonight. Can you put me up?

b) We’ve bought a new house but we can’t ……………………....in until next month.

c) Adrian doesn’t ……………………on with his neighbors, because they’re so noisy.

d) Jan likes cooking, but she says it……………………………….up a lot of her time.

e) Don’t forget to……………………………..off the television before you go to bed.

f) Helen has done most of the decorating and plans to ……………….it off tomorrow.

g) I have a large room, and it ……………………………..out onto a beautiful garden.

h) Karen and Mike live next door and they often…………………………in for a chat.

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III. VOCABULARY: SPECIFIC – THE NEWS – CONSUMER

TERRORISM3

1. A man was convicted today of a poison blackmail plot against a baby food manufacturer

and sentenced to 17 years’ imprisonment. He was found guilty on six counts of blackmail,

threatening to kill, attempting to obtain property by deception, and on two charges of

contaminating food products. Robert Thomas had blackmailed Babyworld last year and tried

to extort thousands of pounds by threatening to contaminate the company’s products with

toxic substances. In cases when a popular brand is targeted, the ransom money is usually

dwarfed by the potential loss in profits before consumers’ confidence in the product is

restored. Babyworld, faced with the nightmare of a huge sales slump if the news was leaked

out, decided to pay. To speed up the payments, however, the man carried out his threat,

proving that he meant business. His intricate plot involved replacing jars of baby food in

shops with those he had prepared at home, using caustic soda and cut-up razor blades. No one

was hurt, but the company was forced to go public and recall all its products from shops,

losing millions in unsold goods. After six months of exhaustive investigation Thomas was

apprehended while collecting the ransom money, traditionally the weakest point of any

blackmail or kidnap plot.

Following the publicity given to the case, other food companies and supermarkets are

now preparing for a predictable wave of copycat hoaxers. The incident has also led to the

introduction of tamper-proof wrapping on jars and bottles to prevent interference with the

product.

2. Customers were alerted today not to buy Veldonia-grown oranges following a warning of

sabotage action from a terrorist group. The group, operating in one of the largest fruit

distribution centers, poisoned oranges with mercury. Contaminated fruit is easy to spot

because of injection marks and discoloration. The announcement set of a scare across the

continent, launching a massive inspection of oranges. An official statement was issued

condemning this act of barbarism. “Poisoning children just to harm a country’s economy”,

said the statement, “is without parallel in human history”.

3Barbara & Marcin Otto. Engleza pentru jurnalişti. Here is the News. Vol 2. Bucureşti: All Educational, 2001.

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1. Match the words from column A with those from column B to form

collocations as they appear in the story:

COLUMN A COLUMN B

blackmail……………. action

copycat……………… gain

exhaustive………………. goods

political………………. hoaxers

potential……………… investigation

sabotage……………… loss

sales………………… plot

toxic………………… slump

unsold………………. Substances

2. Rearrange the words to form the headlines to the stories:

1. BABYWORLD – SENTENCE- FOR- PRISON- LONG- BLACKMAILER

………………………………………………………………………………….

2. VELDONIAN – MERCURY- OF- PANIC- ORANGES- OVER- CONTAMINATION

....................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

3. Phrases to learn:

- încercări de acaparare a bunurilor: a…………. to o………. p……………

- pierderea profitului: l……….. in p…………………

- a reda încrederea: r……………. c………………….

- a grăbi plata: s……………. u………. p………………

- a duce la îndeplinire ameninţarea: c……….. o……….. a t………………

- a trata problema serios: m…………. b…………….

- a anunţa opinia publică: g……. p………………..

- a face vâlvă, a căpăta ecou: g………….. p…………..

- a preîntâmpina manipularea: p…………. i…………….

- a crea panică: s………. o………. a s……………..

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- a da o declaraţie: i……….. a s……………..

- fără precedent: w…………. p…………

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LESSON 2

*Grammar: Present Perfect; Future * Vocabulary: General – Personal Matters *

Vocabulary: Specific - The News – Domestic Violence

***

I. GRAMMAR: PRESENT PERFECT; FUTURE

1. Present perfect and simple past: news and details: “A plane has

crashed. It came down…..” – Put in present perfect and simple past verbs4.

E.g.: The cat has eaten your supper. She took it off the table when I was out. (eat; take)

1. Anna ………… her job at the bank. She ………………...her boss. (leave; not like)

2. I………………a beautiful dress. I……………...it at Parker’s yesterday. (buy; find)

3. Cathy and Sam……………..their house. They…………..a very good price. (sell; get)

4. ‘Dad………………his glasses’. ‘Where …………..he………….them?’ ‘Under his

pillow’. (find; find)

5. Mrs Collins……………into hospital. She ………….to the doctor this morning, and he

………………………………………………..her straight in. (go; go; send)

6. Bill……………..an accident. He ………………..off his bike last night. (have; fall)

7. I…………..from Jenny. She…………………us a postcard from Peru. (hear; send)

8. ‘I……………..your mother about us’. ‘What ………….she…………? ‘She was very nice

about it.’ (tell; say)

9. Two climbers…………………in the Alps. They…………….their way in bad weather.

(die; lose)

10. John and Sue…………..yet. They………………the wrong train. (not arrive; take)


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2. Have you (ever)…..? and Did you (ever)?5

Look at each conversation and choose the best sentence a) or b).

E.g.: Have you heard about the woman walking across the US? – Yes, she’s reached the

Rockies.

a) The walk is continuing b) The walk has finished

1) Have you ever played beach volleyball? – Yes, we played it on holiday.

a) The holiday is still going on b) The holiday is over

2) Did you know old Mr. Green? – No, I never met him.

a) Mr Green is probably alive. b) Mr. Green is probably dead.

3) Wayne Johnson is a great footballer. – Yes, he’s scored 200 goals for United.

a) Wayne Johnson still plays for United. b) Wayne Johnson has left United.

3. Choose the correct word in each sentence6:

a) Did you see/Have you seen my bag anywhere? I can’t find it.

b) Larry is writing/has been writing/ has written his novel for the last two years.

c) From the minute he got up this morning Gary asked/ has asked/ has been asking silly

questions!

d) Have you given/ Did you give Helen my message when you have seen/saw her?

e) Sorry, could you say that again? I didn’t listen/haven’t listened/haven’t been listening to

you.

f) The police think that they found/have found your wallet, so call this number.

g) Did you two meet/ Have you two met before? Eric, this is Amanda.

h) Did you meet/Have you met anyone interesting at the reception?

5Eastwood, John. Oxford Practice Grammar. Intermediate. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006/2013 6 Exercises 3 and 4: Vince, Michael & Paul Emmerson. First Certificate Language Practice. English Grammar

and Vocabulary. Macmillan, 2003.

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4. Put each verb in brackets into either the past simple, the present

perfect simple, or the present perfect continuous:

It was announced in London this morning that the British Oil Corporation (1) has discovered

(discover) oil under the sea near the Welsh coast. The company, which (2)

…………………(drill) for oil in the area since 2001, (3)……………….(find) small amounts

of oil near Swansea last month, and since then (4)……………..(discover) larger amounts

under the seabed nearby. Last year the government (5)………………..(lend) over 50 million

pounds to BOC, and (6)……………….(give) permission for the company to build an oil

refinery and other facilities in South Wales. The reaction of local people to today’s news

(7)…………………(be) mixed so far. Local MPs (8) ……………………(already welcome)

the news, pointing out that the oil industry will bring badly needed jobs to the area. But local

residents are worried about the danger of pollution. ‘Nobody (9)………………(ask) us yet

what we want’, said Ann Griffiths, leader of the Keep Out The Oil Campaign. ‘Look what

(10)…………………(happen) when they (11)…………………(find) oil in Scotland in the

1960s. The oil companies (12)………………..(get) rich, not the local people. BOC

(13)………………..(not tell) us the truth about what this is going to mean for our people’. A

BOC spokesman later (14)……………………(refuse) to comment. Meanwhile local

campaigners (15) ……………………(ask) the government to hold an inquiry.

5. Present and future: Read each pair of sentences and answer the

question about them7.

E.g.: a) I’ll see you on Thursday/ b) I saw you on Thursday.

Which sentence is about the future? a)

1. a) I’m going to Manchester. I’m waiting for a connecting train.

b) I’m going to get a train to Manchester, changing at Birmingham.

Which is spoken during the journey? ………

2. a) We’ll know the results of the tests next week.

b) We might know the results of the tests next week.

7John Eastwood. Oxford Practice Grammar. Intermediate. OUP, 2006/2013.

17

Which sentence is more certain? ………..

3. a) I’m doing two exams this year.

b) I’m doing some work at the moment.

In which sentence has the action already started? ………

4. a) What time do we arrive in Swansea?

b) What time will we arrive in Swansea?

Which question is more likely if you are travelling by car? ……

5. a) I’m eating at the Thai restaurant tonight.

b) I’ll eat at the Thai restaurant tonight.

Which would you say if you’ve booked a table? ………..

6. Future in the past: “I was going to ring you yesterday”8 Complete the

sentences with expressions from the box:

was going to happen was going to ring was going to say

was catching was leaving was to change

was to regret would be terrible would be married

would spend

1. Carola and I hardly noticed each other the first evening. Two weeks later we

……………………………………………………………………………………….

2. He ……………………………………... that conversation for many years to come.

3. I ………………………………………………………...you yesterday, but I forgot.

4. She……………………………… in two hours, and she still hadn’t started packing.

5. So this was the school where I ………………………………….the next five years.

6. The letter that …………………….. ………….my life arrived one Friday morning.

7. I couldn’t decide what I ……………………………………………………to Mary.

8. I knew that the party ………………………………………………….. , and it was.

9. I got up early because I ……………………………………………….the 7.50 train.

10. John was the only person who realized what ………………………………………

8 Michael Swan & Catherine Walter. Oxford English Grammar Course. Intermediate. OUP, 2011.

18

7. Choose the most suitable future form in each sentence9:

a) Why are you going to buy/ will you buy a new mountain bike?

b) Don’t phone between 8.00 and 9.00. I’ll study/ I’ll be studying then.

c) Look out! That tree will/is going to fall!

d) Let me know as soon as Louise will get/gets there.

e) Great news! Jean and Chris will come/are coming to stay with us.

f) According to this timetable, the bus is going to arrive/arrives at 6.00.

g) Can you call me at 7.00, because I’ll leave/I’m leaving tomorrow.

8. Put each verb in brackets into a suitable form:

a) I can’t see you on Thursday afternoon. I (visit) am visiting our Birmingham branch.

b) George (not be)……………………………….back until six. Can I take a message?

c) What (you buy)…………………………….with the money you won in the lottery?

d) I don’t think you (have)………………………………...any problems at the airport.

e) (you take)…………………………………………..your dog with you to Scotland?

f) By the time we reach home, the rain (stop) will have stopped.

g) This time next week I (lie)…………………………………on the beach in Spain.

h) In ten years’ time I (work)………………………………..for a different company.

i) If we don’t get there by 6.00, Jack (leave)…………………………………………

j) In July they (be married)…………………………………………...for twenty years.

9. Put each verb in brackets into a suitable form:

Have you ever wondered what exactly (1) you will be doing (you do) in ten years time? Well,

according to computer expert Tom Vincent, computers (2)……………………….(soon be

able) to make accurate predictions about the future. Professor Vincent, from Cambridge,

(3)…………………(hold) a press conference next week to describe the computer which he

calls ‘Computafuture’. ‘This computer can tell us what life (4)……………………(be) like,

9Exercises 7,8,9: Michael Vince & Paul Emmerson. First Certificate Language Practice. English Grammar and


19

based on data describing past events’, explains Professor Vincent. For example,

Computafuture can predict how many people (5)………………..(live) in a particular area, or

whether there (6)………………..(be) a lot of rain during a particular period. Professor

Vincent also believes that by the year 2050, computers (7)…………………..(replace)

teachers, and (8) …………….. (also do) most of the jobs now being done by the police.

‘Computers are becoming more intelligent all the time’, says Professor Vincent. ‘Soon they

(9)………………………(direct) traffic and (10)………………(teach) our children. And

telling us about the future.

II. VOCABULARY: GENERAL - PERSONAL MATTERS10


a) When her bicycle was stolen, Jill became extremely angry/nervous.

b) Peter felt ashamed/embarrassed when he had to make a speech.

c) I always write thank-you letters, just to be gentle/polite.

d) You never do anything to help me! You’re so lazy/tired.

e) Penny never does anything silly. She’s very sensible/sensitive.

f) The children had to stay in the house all day and felt bored/tired.

g) Jackie doesn’t worry about anything and is always cheerful/sympathetic.

h) Mr Jackson is very annoyed/bad-tempered and often shouts at people.

i) When he heard about the accident, Alan was very damaged/upset.

j) I’ve got an important exam tomorrow and I’m a bit jealous/nervous.

2. Complete each sentence with one of the verbs from the box. Use each

verbs once only:

cheer complain cry nod shake his head shout smile whistle

a) Please look at the camera and smile. Say ‘cheese’!

b) If you agree with what I say, just…………………………………………………….

c) The food in the restaurant was terrible so we decided to…………………………… 10Michael Vince & Paul Emmerson. Intermediate Language Practice with Key. English Grammar and


20

d) I had to……………………………….Ann’s name three times before she heard me.

e) The little boy fell over and then started to ………………………………………….

f) At the end of the President’s speech, the crowd began to…………………………..

g) Paul hardly ever says ‘no’. He tends to……………………………………...instead.

h) When I try to………………………………..I put my lips together but I can’t do it!

3. Complete each sentence with a word formed from the word in italics:

a) You can’t rely on Joe. He’s very unreliable.

b) Carla has very little patience. She’s very……………………………………………

c) Jack shows no interest in this subject. He’s ………………………………………...

d) Pat is lacking in honesty. She’s ……………………………………………………...

e) Bill doesn’t act like a friend. He’s …………………………………………………..

f) Lisa doesn’t have much experience of this work. She’s …………………………….

g) Peter never acts politely. He’s ………………………………………………………

h) The official did not help us very much. She was…………………………………….

i) Graham doesn’t consider other people. He’s ……………………………………….

j) Ann refused to co-operate with the police. She was………………………………...

4. Complete each sentence with one of the adjectives from the box. Use

each adjective once only:

ashamed annoyed disappointed exhausted fascinating glad jealous

terrified

a) When her team lost the cup final, Sue felt very disappointed.

b) I was ……………….when Jack accepted my invitation to dinner but didn’t come.

c) Mark was …………………...when he saw smoke coming from the plane’s engine.

d) Thanks for your letter. I’m ……………………….to hear that you’re feeling better.

e) David was ……………………….to tell his parents that he had been sent to prison.

f) After running for fifteen kilometers, Zara felt completely…………………………..

g) Helen felt ……………………...when she saw her boyfriend talking to another girl.

h) Mrs. Hobson told us about her life. She’s a ………………………………….person.

21

5. Replace the words in italics in each sentence with one of the phrases

from the box:

are fond of fancy fed up with get on my nerves give up

let me down longing for put me off

a) I’m really looking forward to a few weeks’ holiday! longing for

b) Sarah has decided to do without eating chocolate. …………………

c) I wanted to study biology, but my teacher discouraged me. …………………

d) Sports programs on television really annoy me. ………………….

e) Do you feel like going to the cinema this evening? ………………….

f) Why can’t you tell the truth? I’m tired of your excuses! ………………….

g) Terry and I like going for walks in the country. ………………….

h) George agreed to help me, but then disappointed me. ………………….


conscience death hand heart mood tears

temper thanks trouble voice

a) The children were happy because their teacher was in a good mood.

b) ……………………….to Mr. Dawson, our car was repaired in time for our holiday.

c) Ruth was helpful, and went to a lot of …………………….to make us comfortable.

d) Harry was leaning out of the window and shouting at the top of his ……………….

e) When Alice heard the bad news, she burst into……………………………………...

f) Neil is a very kind person. His ………………………………....is in the right place.

g) If you do something bad, it will be on your ………………………...for a long time.

h) I was really angry, and lost my…………………………….., and shouted at people.

i) We need some help. Could you give us a ………………………………………….?

j) The first time I saw a horror film, I was scared to ………………………………….

22

III. VOCABULARY: SPECIFIC - THE NEWS – DOMESTIC

VIOLENCE11

1. A young mother was accused yesterday of battering her two-year-old son to death. Sue

Harlot was said to have hit the boy repeatedly with a broom. The boy died from a

haemorrhage caused by a blow to the neck. The pathologist’s report said the child showed

signs of having been regularly punched, pinched and slapped. The jury was shown pictures of

the victim’s body, covered with bruises and other marks of violence. The mother denies

killing her son or causing him unnecessary suffering. The trial continues.

2. A man battered his wife to death with a hammer in a quarrel over his drink money. Lesley

Brown, 68, lost his temper because his wife would give him only £2 for a drinking session at

the pub. The prosecution accepted his plea of manslaughter due to diminished responsibility.

Brown, who has a story of alcohol abuse, was ordered to be detained without limit under the

Mental Health Act.

3. A man appeared in court today charged with causing grievous bodily harm to his five-year-

old stepson. The man was full of remorse and bitterly regretted what he had done. Weeping in

the dock, Jack Corman, 28, described his own unhappy childhood as a battered child. The jury

heard a psychiatric report which confirmed that between forty and sixty percent of male

abusers were abused themselves as children, and that makes them vent their frustration as

adults on other children. The man could not explain what made him drag the boy about the

flat by his hair and repeatedly hit him.

The mother of the boy spoke in dramatic words of systematic violence against herself

and the boy, and of her shame and humiliation. She described how she had failed to get police

protection as often there were no visible injuries. Corman would also press her do drop

charges against him, using threats of further violence. In sentencing the man to two years’

imprisonment, the judge said that domestic violence should be treated with the same degree of

seriousness as other violence. He said that Corman had been a bad and cruel stepfather who,

instead of standing in for the absent parent, treated the child and his mother in an appalling

way.


23



COLUMN A COLUMN B

alcohol…………………. abuse

battered…………………. abusers

cruel…………………….. child

diminished……………… childhood

dramatic………………. harm

drinking………………… injuries

grievous………………….. protection

male……………………… report

police…………………….. responsibility

psychiatric…………………. session

systematic…………………. stepfather

unhappy………………….. suffering

unnecessary……………….. violence

visible…………………….. words

2.Headline – Rearrange the words to form the headlines to the stories:

1. KILLING – BATTERED – MOTHER- SON – OF - ACCUSED

………………………………………………………………………………………

2.DRINK-DOMESTIC-MANSLAUGHTER-OVER-LEADS-TO-QUARREL-MONEY

……………………………………………………………………………………….

3. REVENGE – HIS- BATTERER – FOR – IMPRISONMENT – CHILDHOOD – WHO –

FOR – TOOK

………………………………………………………………………………………


- lovit (bătut) cu coada măturii – h…………. with a b…………..

- urme de violenţă – m…………. of v……………..

24

- a face să sufere – c…………… s…………………

- a-şi pierde stăpânirea de sine – l…………. one’s t…………………

- responsabilitate limitată – d……………. r……………………..

- alcoolic cu vechi ştate – h………….. of a……….. a……………

- a produce vătămare corporală – c……………. b………….. h……………….

- a regret amarnic – b…………… r…………….

- leziuni vizibile – v…………… i…………….

- a retrage acuzaţia – d………….. c……………..

- a înlocui pe unul din părinţii absenţi – s………….. i…………. f………….. the

a………….. p…………….

- a trata într-un mod groaznic – t………….. in an a……….. w………….

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LESSON 3

*Grammar: Revision – Present Tense, Past Tense, Present Perfect, Past Perfect, Future

* Vocabulary: General – Family and Friends * Vocabulary: Specific - The News –

Hurricanes

***

I. GRAMMAR – REVISION - Present Tense, Past Tense, Present Perfect,

Past Perfect, Future

1. Choose the correct word or phrase in each sentence12:

a) When I was a child I used to ride/I was riding a tricycle.

b) That looks very heavy. Will I/Shall I help you?

c) I’m waiting for Sue. Have you seen her/Did you see her?

d) How long are you working/have you been working here?

e) I can’t come out because I haven’t finished/I didn’t finish my homework yet.

f) When the phone rang I washed/I was washing my hair in the bathroom.

g) Why do you stare/are you staring at me like that?

h) I’ve finished my exams so I’m having/ I have a party tomorrow.

i) We’d better wait here until the rain stops/will stop.

j) When did you last go/have you last been to the cinema?

2. Put each verb in brackets into the present simple or continuous, or the

past simple or continuous:

a) ‘What (you do) do you do?’ ‘I’m an engineer’.

b) The door was open so the dog (run)…………………………..into the living room.

c) When we arrived home Jan (sit)…………………………………...outside the door.

d) Can you help me? I (not understand)……………………………………….Spanish.

e) At the beginning of the film I (realize)……………………………I’d seen it before.

12Exercices 1,2,3: Michael Vince & Paul Emmerson. Intermediate Language Practice. English Grammar and


26

f) I’m sorry, I can’t talk long. I (study)……………………………for an examination.

g) At the moment of the earthquake Pat (read)…………………………………in bed.

h) I’ll phone you as soon as I (know)……………………………………….the results.

i) I (stay)………………………………….at the Hotel Tirol. Why don’t you call me?

j) ‘What (you do)…………………………………...when you saw the snake?’ ‘I ran’.

3. For each question, complete the second sentence so that it means the

same as the first, using no more than three words:

E.g.: a) Steve left before my arrival.

When I arrived, Steve had already left.

b) Do you need any help with your suitcase?

Shall……………………………………………………you with your suitcase?

c) What’s your usual time of arrival at school?

When ………………………………………………………….arrive at school?

d) Alice started playing tennis six months ago.

Alice……………………………………………………...tennis for six months.

e)I’ll wait here until it stops raining.

When it stops raining…………………………………………………….leave.

f) In the middle of my meal, the phone rang.

While I ……………………………………………….my meal the phone rang.

g) Jack has come to stay for the weekend.

Jack………………………………………………….with me for the weekend.

h) I last saw David in 1990.

I……………………………………………………………...David since 1990.

i) Are you free tomorrow evening?

Are………………………………………………..anything tomorrow evening?

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4. Look at these sentences and then tick the right answer13:

E.g.: David and Tom were talking together when a young woman spoke to them.

Which took more time, a) what David and Tom said, or b) what the woman said?

1. Mike had put up the tent, but Harriet was still unloading things from the car.

Which finished first, a) putting up the tent? or b) unloading?

2. Mark went home and switched off the computer.

What did he do first, a) go home? or b) switch off the computer?

3. When Claire arrived, Henry was walking up and down.

Which started earlier, a) Claire’s arrival, or b) Henry’s walking?

4. When Sarah had phoned the office, she drove to the hotel.

Did she phone the office a) before, or b) after driving to the hotel?

5. Past Simple, Continuous and Perfect: Daniel is telling the story of how

he forgot his passport. Put the verbs into the correct form:

It happened (it/happen) last August at the airport. A few weeks before, a group of us

(1)………………………(decide) to go to Greece together for a holiday.

(2)………………………..(we/wait) in the queue at passport control when suddenly (3)

………………………(I/realize) that (4)………………………(I/forget) my passport.

(5)…………………..(it/be) quite a shock. (6)……………………..(I/hurry) to a phone and

(7)……………………….(ring) my parents. (8)…………………….(they/work) in the garden,

but luckily my mother (9)………………………(hear) the phone.

(10)………………………(they/find) the passport and immediately (11)

……………………….(drive) to the airport with it. (12)………………….. (I/meet) them at

the information desk. (13)…………………….(we/have) no time to talk, but (14)

……………………(I/say) goodbye to them earlier that morning. (15) …………………

(I/run) all the way to the plane. I was just in time. When (16)…………………….(I/get) there,

the passengers (17)…………………… (sit) in their seats ready for take-off. When

(18)……………………….. (they/see) me, everyone (19)……………………(start) clapping.

13Exercises 4,5: John Eastwood. Oxford Practice Grammar. Intermediate. OUP, 2006/2013.

28

6. Choose the correct forms to complete the sentences14:

1. I hope your exam goes well. I will be thinking/will have been thinking/am to think of you.

2. When I finish this job I am to work/ will have been working/ will be working on it for two

years.

3. Tell the children they will be tidying/ would tidy/are to tidy their room.

4. I hope by next summer I will save/ will be saving/ will have saved enough money for a

holiday.

5. So this was the man that I would be to/ am going to/ was going to work for. I didn’t like

the look of him.

6. The Prime Minister is to open/ will have opened/ has opened the new hospital next month.

7. I didn’t go to Pete’s party, because I knew that I didn’t enjoy/wouldn’t enjoy/ wasn’t to

enjoy it.

8. I saw Carola last year. She thought she would go/ would have gone/ had gone to America,

but I don’t know if she went.

9. What time will you have got/ will you be getting/ are you to get up tomorrow?

10. ‘Is my car ready?’ ‘No, but we have finished/ would finish/will have finished by this

evening’.

II. VOCABULARY: GENERAL - FAMILY AND FRIENDS15


alike children couple elder engaged friendship housewife

husband single twin

a) Jane got married to her husband, Bob, four years ago.

b) Jane’s friends think that she and Bob are the perfect ……………………………….

c) They haven’t got any……………………………..yet, but they want a large family.

d) Jane’s ………………………….sister, Mary, was born half an hour before she was.

e) Jane and Mary look…………........................................but are not exactly the same.

14Michael Swan & Catherine Walter. Oxford English Grammar Course. Intermediate. OUP, 2011. 15Michael Vince & Paul Emmerson. Intermediate Language Practice. English Grammar and Vocabulary. Macmillan, 2003.

29

f) Mary isn’t married. She says she prefers to be………………………………………

g) She says she believes in …………………………., but doesn’t believe in marriage.

h) Diana is Jane and Mary’s ………………….sister. She calls them her ‘little sisters.’

i) Diana has been………………………….for three years, but hasn’t got married yet.

j) She has a career and doesn’t like the idea of being a ………………………………

2. Complete each sentence with a noun formed from a verb in the box:

acquaint celebrate die engage greet marry relate

resemble

a) All Sue’s friends and relatives came to her party.

b) I occasionally meet Terry, but he’s more an…………………………..than a friend.

c) When Paul arrived, he received a warm and friendly……………………………….

d) Six months after their………………………………, Michael and Lisa got married.

e) There was a great………………………in the village when their team won the cup.

f) In an ideal ……………………….., husband and wife share each other’s problems.

g) Dina and her mother look alike. There is a strong…………………...between them.

h) Tim cried when he heard about the ………………………………….of his old dog.

3. Underline the correct word in each sentence:

a) Children are not allowed to see this film. It’s for adults/old only.

b) By the time the vet arrived, the injured cat was already dead/died.

c) Unfortunately it rained on Nick and Helen’s wedding/marriage day.

d) David and Diana have two sons and one daughter/girl.

e) I think we should try to understand the problems of aged/old people.

f) There should be more facilities for youth/young people in this town.

g) More than fifty relatives/parents were invited to Jack’s party.

h) It’s my anniversary/birthday today. I’m eighteen years old.

30

4. Complete each part sentence (a-j) with an ending (1-10):

a) I’ve started going - 6 1) takes after his father.

b) When little Tina is grown 2) together again next Friday evening?

c) I wonder if you could put 3) up by an aunt after their parents died.

d) Carol doesn’t really get 4) in on Steve for a chat.

e) Everyone says that Tom 5) after my dog while I’m away?

f) Let’s have some friends 6) out with George’s younger sister.

g) Do you think you could look 7) round for dinner on Friday.

h) Why don’t we all get 8) on well with her mother-in-law.

i) Ellen and Laura were brought 9) up she wants to be an astronaut

j) If I have time I’ll drop 10) us up for a few days next week?

5) Match each sentence (a-h) with a sentence (1-8) which helps to explain

the meaning of the word in italics:

a)We’ve got a new neighbor called Helen

Wills ……5

1) I was happy that he’d invited me to his

party.

b) This is Sue. She’s a colleague of mine.

………

2) Even before she married my brother

we’d become good friends.

c) Andrew is going to be our best man.

………

3) She always offers to help in the house

when she stays with us.

d) At the end of the evening I thanked our

host. …….

4) We both work in the same department

at the bank.

e) I’m sure that Mary will be a wonderful

bride. …….

5) She moved into the house next door

yesterday.

f) Next week I’m going to stay with my

grandparents. ……..

6) They’re both in their seventies, but

they live a very full life.

g) I’ve always got on well with my sister-

in-law……..

7) When John and I get married, he’ll

stand next to John.

h) Georgiana is the ideal guest. ……… 8) She’s a dressmaker, and has designed

31

her own wedding dress.

6. Complete each sentence with a word or phrase from the box. Use each

word or phrase once only:

after against away in on on and off out over

a) It would be nice to meet again. I’ll get in touch with you next week.

b) I’m afraid Sonia isn’t here. She went ……………………………for the weekend.

c) I keep leaving and coming back. I’ve lived here………………….for several years.

d) Matthew brought up the children………………………his own after his wife died.

e) The baby was called Clare, ………………………………………..its grandmother.

f) Peter is…………………………….at the moment but he’ll be back in half an hour.

g) Ann decided to get married……………………………….the wishes of her parents.

h) After their final quarrel, Carrie told Luke their relationship was……………………

III. VOCABULARY: SPECIFIC: THE NEWS – HURRICANES16

Hurricane George, which has been sweeping across the Atlantic for the last few days,

struck the coastal areas of Jahar shortly before dawn, with winds of up 170 miles an hour. The

battering gales are said to be moving inland, causing widespread damage and devastation. As

the hurricane-force winds cut a swath across the country, they are leaving behind a trail of

destruction: downed power lines and telephone poles, torn off roofs and uprooted trees. The

fishing fleet was totally destroyed as the winds ripped boats from their moorings and tossed

them on shore.

Huge seas heavily inundated populated areas of the coastal plains, wiping out several

settlements. Coastal town residents have sought refuge in stone-built churches and on higher

ground. So far, the violent hurricane has left one hundred dead in its wake. The death toll is

still climbing as more and more bodies are recovered from under collapsed buildings. Five

hundred people are reported missing and are presumed dead, having been swept away by


32

flood waters. The casualty list and the damage statistics are still incomplete and will probably

soar as communication links with affected areas are restored.

As hardly a house in the area still has a roof, the President has declared a state of

emergency. Residents are in desperate need of food and shelter. The authorities ordered the

evacuation of people from the capital, although it is hoped that by the time the hurricane

reaches the city, it will have downgraded to a tropical storm. If so, the city will survive

relatively unscathed. However, what has not already been flattened by the winds is still likely

to be severely damaged by mudslides and floods caused by the accompanying torrential rain.

Judging by the devastation, Hurricane George is likely to be the deadliest storm on record.



COLUMN A COLUMN B

battering…………………. areas

casualty…………………… damage

coastal…………………… fleet

damage…………………… gales

fishing…………………… hurricane

flood……………………….. list

huge……………………….. rain

torrential……………………. seas

tropical……………………. statistics

violent………………………… storm

widespread………………………. waters

2. Rearrange the words to form the headline to the story:

100 – OVER- DEADLY- JAHAR – STRIKES – KILLING- GEORGE

………………………………………………………………………………………

33


- a provoca pagube şi distrugeri – c…………. d……….. and d……………………

- a rupe liniile de înaltă tensiune – d………… p………….. l…………………..

- a mătura (a distruge) o aşezare (grup de case) – w………. o……….. a s……………..

- a lăsa distrugerile – l…………….. a t………..of d……………..

- a lăsa în urmă – l…………… i…………….. its w…………………

- date incomplete – i………….. s………………

- a reface legăturile de comunicaţie – r…………. c……………… l……………

- a declara stare de calamitate – d………… a s………. of e…………………

- a da ordin de evacuare – o…………. e…………………

- faţă de suprafaţa afectată, se poate aprecia – j……….…. by the d…………..

- a fi înregistrat – be o………….. r………….

34

LESSON 4

*Grammar: Indirect Speech * Vocabulary: General – The Body and Clothes *

Vocabulary: Specific - The News – Road Accidents

***

I. GRAMMAR: INDIRECT SPEECH17

# ‘Here’ and ‘now’ words:

1. Match the direct and indirect speech expressions:

0. here 5. today A. that day…… F. the next day…..

1. now 6. tonight B. that night…… G. there 0

2. this 7. last week C. that…… H. the week before…..

3. tomorrow 8. next week D. the day before….. I. then………

4. yesterday E. the next week…..

2. Imagine these sentences were reported in another place a month later.

Put in words and expressions from the box:

right away that day that evening that morning

the the day after the day before the same night

the week before there

E.g.: ‘I’ll see you tomorrow’. She said she’d see me the day after.

1. ‘My brother’s arriving here today.’ She said her brother was arriving……………

2. ‘I’ll phone you this evening.’ He said he’d phone ………………………………..

3. ‘Do you like it here?’ She asked if I liked it ………………………………………

4. ‘My uncle died last week.’ He told me his uncle had died ………………………..

5. ‘This meat tastes funny.’ She said……………………………….meat tasted funny.


35

6. ‘I’m leaving now.’ He told us he was leaving………………………………………

7. ‘I overslept this morning.’ She told him she’d overslept……………………………

8. ‘The train leaves at 11.00 tonight.’ I was told the train left at 11.00……………….

9. ‘Pete phoned me yesterday.’ He said Pete had phoned him…………………………

#Tenses

3. Complete the table:

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

simple present ………………………

……………………… past continuous

present perfect ……………………….

simple past ……………………..

………………………. would……..

4. Complete the reported sentences with the correct tenses:

1. ‘I’m tired.’ She said she ……………………………………………………….tired.

2. ‘You play very well.’ He told me I……………………………………….very well.

3. ‘Can you help us?’ They asked if I ………………………………………help them.

4. ‘We’re leaving.’ They told us they………………………………………………….

5. ‘She hasn’t brushed her hair.’ I noticed that she …………………………...her hair.

6. ‘John’s had an accident.’ Pam rang to say that John …………………...an accident.

!!!! Tenses DON’T CHANGE #after present or future reporting verbs (there is no important

change of time)

He says he doesn’t want to play anymore. (‘I don’t want….’)

I’ll tell her your idea is great.

#after present perfect reporting verbs

The government has announced that taxes will be raised.

!!!! We often drop that after common reporting verbs:

He said (that) he was falling in love with me.

36

I knew (that) he was lying.

# ‘Say’ and ‘Tell’

TELL + personal object = we tell somebody something – Karen told us a joke.

SAY - (NO) personal object = we say something (to somebody) – We said nothing to

anybody

5. Choose the correct answer:

1. I said/told John I wanted to go home.

2. Lucy said/told that she would buy the tickets.

3. I didn’t say/tell anyone that I was leaving.

4. Why did you say/tell you were ill?

5. My father said/told he needed help.

#Present situations: He proved that the earth is/was round - a situation that is still present or

future when the words are reported


The earth is round. He proved that the earth was/is round.

‘How old are you?’ ‘What?” I asked how old you were/are.

Where does she work? I’ve often wondered where she worked/works.

It will be windy tomorrow. The forecast said it would/will be windy tomorrow.

6. Imagine these sentences were reported soon after they were said:

change them to indirect speech in two different ways:

E.g.: I’m utterly fed up! (I said)

I said I was utterly fed up. I said I’m utterly fed up.

1. What day is it? (I asked)

…………………………………………………………………………………..

37

2. What’s the dark-haired child’s name? (I asked)

…………………………………………………………………………………..

3. It’s raining. (I told you)

………………………………………………………………………………….

4. You’ll get your money. (I said)

…………………………………………………………………………………

5. There will be a strike. (This article I was reading said)

…………………………………………………………………………………

!!!! We do not keep the original speaker’s tenses if we don’t agree with what he/she said,

or if we want to show that the ideas do not come from us.

They were certain that the gods lived in the sky.

Did you hear that? She said she was fourteen!

He announced that profits were higher than forecast.

I didn’t know she was ill.

# Indirect questions – subject + verb

I asked where the trainer and the team were staying.

Nobody told me why I had to sign the paper

- yes/no questions – if/whether (= formal style)

The driver asked if/whether I wanted to go to the town centre.

- verb + subject – only informal –

He wanted to know when could I start.

7. Turn these into indirect questions, beginning I asked:

E.g.: Where are my gloves? I asked where my gloves were.

1. What’s Peter’s address? ………………………………

2. When’s the new manager coming? ………………………………

3. How does she know my name? ……………………………….

4. Why are all the windows open? ……………………………….

5. How many books does he want? ………………………………..

38

#Infinitives: He promised to write – future actions – promises, agreements, orders, offers,

advice, suggestions, requests

‘I’ll definitely write.’ He promised to write.

‘Ok, I’ll wait until 6 o’clock.’ She agreed to wait until 6 o’clock.

‘Do be careful, Andrew.’ I told Andrew to be careful.

‘Shall I babysit tonight?’ Ann has offered to babysit tonight.

‘You’d better think again.’ The manager advised me to think

again.

‘Please don’t be late.’ She asked us not to be late.

8. Change the sentences as shown:

E.g.: I won’t tell anybody. (He promised) He promised not to tell anybody.

1. I’ll cook supper. (She offered) ………………………………

2. Leave early. (He advised me) ……………………………..

3. Please don’t close the door. (She asked me) ………………………………

4. I’ll stop smoking. (She promised) ……………………………..

5. Why don’t I do the shopping? (He offered) ……………………………

#Special cases: He said I’d better go

Past tense > Past perfect – only if necessary in order to make the time relations clear


I saw Penny a couple of days ago. In his letter, he said he’d seen Penny a

couple of days before.

Dinosaurs were around for 250 million

years.

This guy on TV said that dinosaurs were

around for 250 million years.

39

9. Change these to indirect speech:

1. I saw him once before in London. (I knew)

………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Shakespeare didn’t speak French. (The professor said)

………………………………………………………………………………………

3. He died two years ago. ( When I got there, I found out)

………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Three thousand years ago there were tigers in England. (It said on this TV program)

……………………………………………………………………………………….

5. Somebody threw a bomb at the Prime Minister. (It said on this morning’s news)

……………………………………………………………………………………….

6. The ancient Romans suffered from lead poisoning. (I read in a magazine)

……………………………………………………………………………………….

II. VOCABULARY: GENERAL - THE BODY AND CLOTHES18


a) The trousers are the right length, but the stomach/waist is too small.

b) I like this watch, but the strap is too small for my palm/wrist.

c) The hand has four fingers and a thumb/toe.

d) When Robert is nervous he tends to bite his nails/joints.

e) This bag has a strap and I can carry it on my neck/shoulder.

f) Gina twisted her ankle/elbow and she can’t walk very easily.

g) Paul dropped the stone on his foot and broke two toes/fingers.

h) When you’re worried lines appear on your eyebrows/forehead.

18Michael Vince & Paul Emmerson. Intermediate Language Practice. English Grammar and Vocabulary. Macmillan, 2003.

40

2. Complete each sentence with a verb from the box. Use each verb once

only:

disguise dress up fit go with look put on suit wear

a) This dress doesn’t fit me. It’s far too big.

b) The children decided to …………………………………as astronauts for the party.

c) Sue always seems to …………………..trousers. She says they’re more comfortable.

d) I like your new haircut. It makes you………………………………………younger.

e) It’s a nice pullover, but the color doesn’t ………………………………………you.

f) The escaped prisoner managed to ………………………….himself as a policeman.

g) I got up late and had only a few minutes to …………………………….my clothes.

h) I don’t think that yellow socks………………………………………….a black suit.

3. Match the words from the box with the definitions:

blouse cap dress shorts skirt sleeve sock suit

a) part of an item of clothing for covering the arm.

sleeve

b) woman’s or girl’s clothing that covers the body from shoulders to knee or below.

……………..

c) jacket together with trousers or skirt made from the same material.

………………

d) a soft covering for the head worn by young people, and in some sports

………………

e) trousers that end above or at the knee

……………..

f) item of clothing for women or girls that hangs from the waist and covers all or part of the

legs

………………..

g) item of clothing for women or girls covering the upper half of the body

……………….

h) soft item of clothing that covers the lower leg and foot inside the shoe

41

………………

4. Complete each expression in italics with one of the parts of the body

from the box:

arms face foot hair heart tongue

a) The word is on the tip of my tongue, but I just can’t remember it.

b) Crossing the mountains on my own was a ……………………-raising adventure.

c) I know this is hard to believe, but you must ……………………………..the truth.

d) It is now over thirty years since man first set …………………………..on the moon.

e) After his long trip Tom’s parents welcomed him with open……………………….

f) Peter knows the songs by ……………………..and doesn’t need to look at a book.

5. Choose the right version:

Clothes

Choosing clothes can be difficult. Some people want to be (1) of fashion/fashioned/

fashionable/ fashion, but they don’t want to look exactly (2) alike/like/similar/same

everybody else. Not all clothes are (3) fitted/suitable/comfort/equal for work or school,

perhaps because they’re not (4) formal/strict/uniform/suited enough, or simply not (5)

comforting/ comfort/ comforted/ comfortable. It is easy to buy the (6)

false/mistake/wrong/error size, and find that your trousers are too (7) straight/close/stiff/tight,

especially if you’re a little a bit (8) slim/ overweight/ thin/ enormous. Very (9)

loose/lose/loosened/lost clothes make you feel (10) thin/ slim/ narrow/ spare, but when they

have (11) lessened/ reduced/ decreased/ shrunk in the washing machine, then you have the

same problem! If you buy light (12) of cotton/ in cotton/ cotton/ cottoned clothes, then they

might not be (13) warm/ cold/ hot/ cool enough for winter. If your shoes are not (14)

tight/enclosed/ firm/ waterproof, and if you aren’t (15) worm/ clothed/ dressed/ fitted for the

cold, you might look good, but feel terrible!

42

III. VOCABULARY: SPECIFIC – THE NEWS – ROAD ACCIDENTS19

1. Fog played its part in a ten-vehicle pile-up on a busy road yesterday, bringing traffic to a

halt and causing a five-mile tailback. Four of the cars burst into flames. Rescuers believe that

an entire family was wiped out when six people were crushed to death by an articulated lorry

that rammed their car. A bus, with school children, skidded off the road and plunged into a

ditch. Two of the children died later from their injuries. The driver of the car which started the

chain reaction collision suffered only slight bruises. He is believed to have lost control of his

car seconds before hitting the crash barriers. The road was closed for hours to traffic while

police removed the tangled wreckage.

2. Four people were seriously injured in a head-on crash when a car suddenly changed lanes

and collided with an oncoming van. The autopsy revealed that the man who caused the

accident had had a heart attack and had died at the wheel. The two cars involved were

scarcely recognizable after the collision. The driver of the van was thrown clear and

miraculously survived. His three passengers had to be cut free from the wreckage before

being rushed to hospital and treated for their sustained injuries.

3. Six people lost their lives on Friday when a car, trying to avoid an unmarked open

manhole, skidded and ran over a pedestrian who died instantly. The car then crashed into a

stationary coach and the driver and four passengers were killed on the spot. According to the

police, excessive speed was partly to blame for the tragedy and the driver was found to be

more than four times over the drink limit. The man responsible for road works in that area

will appear in court charged with negligence.

4. A camper was killed yesterday when a car hit the hard shoulder and ploughed into his tent

ten yards from the road. The car then somersaulted twice before hitting a tree. The driver and

her passenger were rushed to hospital where they died from their injuries soon after being

admitted.

19

Barbara and Marcin Otto. Engleza pentru jurnalişti. Here is the News. Vol 1. Bucureşti: All Educational, 2001.

43



COLUMN A COLUMN B

articulated…………………. barriers

busy………………………… bruises

crash……………………….. coach

entire………………………. family

excessive……………………… injuries

slight…………………………… lorry

stationary…………………….. road

sustained…………………….. speed

tangled……………………….. wreckage

2. Rearrange the words to form the headlines to the stories:

1. IN – CHAIN – 12 – DRIVER – REACTION – CAUSES- CRASH – DEATHS

…………………………………………………………………………………………

2. HEART – FOR – COLLISION – RESPONSIBLE – HEAD-ON – ATTACK

…………………………………………………………………………………………

3. OPEN – DRIVER – KILLS – MANHOLE – AVOIDING – SPEEDING – SIX

…………………………………………………………………………………………

4. BY – CAMPER – DEATH – TO – UNSUSPECTING – CAR – CRASHED –

………………………………………………………………………………………….


- a juca un rol: -p………. a p………………..

- a fi cuprins de flăcări: -b…………… i……… f…………….

- a muri din cauza leziunilor: -d…………. f……… i…………..

- a se izbi de o furgonetă care se apropia: - c………….. w………….. an o………….

v……………

- greu identificabil: -s……………. r……………..

44

- a elibera victimele din automobilele avariate: -c…………. the v…………. f………..

f…………. the t…………

w………………

- a deceda pe loc: -d………….. o……………. the s…………….

- a învinui viteza excesivă: -b………….. e…………… s…………….

- a avea alcolemia de patru ori mai mare decât limita admisă: -be f………. t………

o……………… the

d…………….. l…………..

- a fi internat la spital: - be a…………. to h……………..

45

LESSON 5

*Grammar: ‘If’ Clause * Vocabulary: General –Everyday Problems * Vocabulary:

Specific - The News – Broken Marriages

***

I. GRAMMAR- IF CLAUSE20

*Ordinary tense use

If you didn’t do much maths at school, you’ll find economics difficult.

If that was John, why didn’t he say hello?

Metals expand if you heat them.

- beginning or end of a sentence

If you have any problems, telephone 911.

Telephone 911 if you have any problems.

1. Complete the sentences with expressions from the box:

I never get anything done I’m sure I can’t say you’re with me

she was lying we can catch the early train

you don’t know what’s going on? you park near the station

you want to learn a musical instrument you won’t need to do it again

you’re not feeling up to it

1. If anybody asks you what you’re doing, …………………………………………….

2. How can you make decisions if ……………………………………………………..

3. If you did the test last week, ………………………………………………………...

4. If I don’t get up till nine, …………………………………………………………….

5. If John couldn’t fix the computer yesterday, ………………………………………..

6. If she said she didn’t know me, ……………………………………………………..

7. The shops are easy to get to if……………………………………………………….

8. We don’t have to go out if…………………………………………………………...

20Michael Swan & Catherine Walter. Oxford English Grammar Course. Intermediate. OUP, 2011

46

9. If you’re ready before eight, ………………………………………………………...

10. You have to practice if ……………………………………………………………..

*After if, we normally use a present tense to talk about the future.

If I have enough time tomorrow, I’ll come and see you.

I’ll give her your love if I see her.

If it’s fine tomorrow, I’m going to paint the windows.

2. Put the correct tenses (present or ‘ll…..):

1. If you……………………that again, I…………………………………(say; scream)

2. I ………………….surprised if she……………………to sell that car. (be; manage)

3. If the boys……………….to supper, I………………..chicken breasts. (come; cook)

4. I………………..some money if we………………………….out tonight. (need; go)

5. I………………..you if we…………………………………...to Wales. (miss; move)

*If I had a million dollars, ………

If + past tense+ would – things that are not real or not probable now.

IF + PAST TENSE WOULD+ INFINITIVE (WITHOUT

TO)

If I had a million dollars, I would build myself a big house.

If you were the boss, what would you do?

If she didn’t buy so many

clothes,

she’d have enough money for food.

If I had time, I would/should learn the saxophone.

After if, we often use were instead of was.

If I were rich, I would spend all my time travelling.

We often use the structure If I were you……to give advice.

If I were you, I’d get that car serviced.

I shouldn’t worry if I were you.

47

3. Put the correct verb forms:

1. The kitchen……………………better if we……………….red curtains. (look; have)

2. Where……………………if you……………………a picture frame? (you go; need)

3. I………………….this if I ……………………………………..to. (not do; not have)

4. If I ………………his address, I……………………round and see him. (know; go)

5. What………………….if you……………………………..the lottery. (you do; win)

*If I go and If I went

- past + would = less probable, less definite, impossible, imaginary

If I become President, I’ll………..(said by a candidate in an election)

If I became President, I’d………..(said by a schoolgirl)

If I win this race, I’ll………….(said by the fastest runner).

If I won this race, I’d………….(said by the slowest runner).

Is it all right if I invite John to supper? (direct request)

Would it be all right if I invited John to supper? (polite request)

4. Choose the correct verb forms:

1. If she comes/came late again, she’ll lose her job.

2. I’ll let you know if I find/found out what’s happening.

3. If we live/lived in a town, life would be easier.

4. I’m sure he won’t mind if we arrive/arrived early.

5. We’ll/We’d phone you if we have time.

6. If I won the lottery, I will/would give you half the money.

7. It will/would be a pity if she married Fred.

8. If I’m free on Saturday, I will/would go to the mountains.

9. She will/would have a nervous breakdown if she goes on like this.

10. I know I’ll feel better if I stop/stopped smoking.

48

5. Make these requests less definite, and so more polite:

E.g.: It will be nice if you help me a bit with the housework.

It would be nice if you helped me a bit with the housework.

1. Do you mind if I go first?

…………………………………………………………………………………..

2. If all of us come, will you have room in your car?

…………………………………………………………………………………..

3. It will be good if you spend some time with the children.

…………………………………………………………………………………..

4. Do you mind if I come round about seven o’clock?

……………………………………………………………………………..........

5. Is it all right if I use your phone?

………………………………………………………………………………….

*Could = ‘would be able to’: We could go cycling if…

If you arrived early, we could talk about the meeting.

If Joe came, he could help with the dog.

- once as a past tense (something is not real/not probable), once for would be able to.

If I could sell my car, I could buy a computer.

6. Complete the sentences with could and expressions from the box:

ask her to help get up late go and see him go for a ride

go to the cinema more often have breakfast in the garden

read the paper watch a film write to Henry

E.g.: If Alice was here, we could ask her to help.

If I could find my glasses, I could read the paper.

1. If John was at home, we……………………………………………………………

2. If the TV was working, we…………………………………………………………

3. If we had bikes, …………………………………………………………………….

49

4. If tomorrow was Saturday, I……………………………………………………….

5. If it was warmer, we………………………………………………………………..

6. If I could find my address book, …………………………………………………..

7. If we lived in a town, ……………………………………………………………….

*Unreal past situations: If Jane hadn’t helped me, ……….

- how things could have been different

- past perfect + would have + past participle

IF + PAST PERFECT WOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

If Mary had felt better, we would have gone swimming. (But she didn’t, so we

didn’t.)

If you had told me the

truth,

I would have respected you. (But you didn’t, so I didn’t.)

If Jane hadn’t helped me, I would have been in bad trouble. (But she did, so I

wasn’t.)

If she hadn’t gone

climbing,

she wouldn’t have fallen and broken her arm. (But she

did.)

- instead of would have…., we can use could have….( = ‘would have been able to’)

If he’d run a bit faster, he could have won.

7. Write the sentences with the correct verb forms:

E.g.: If I (know) you were coming, I (invite) some friends in.

If I’d known you were coming, I’d have invited some friends in.

1. We (get) better tickets if we (book) earlier.

…………………………………………………………………………………..

2. He (go) to university if his father (not be) ill.

…………………………………………………………………………………..

3. If you (say) you weren’t hungry, I (not cook) such a big meal.

…………………………………………………………………………………..

4. The team (win) if Jones (play) better.

50

………………………………………………………………………………......

5. If they (not cut) off the electricity, I (finish) my work.

…………………………………………………………………………………..

8. Write sentences chains with if to show how things could have been

different:

He bought a bicycle > went for a ride in the country > fell off > woke up in hospital >met a

beautiful nurse > wrote a bestselling novel about her > got rich > married the beautiful nurse

and had three charming children > lived happily ever after

If he hadn’t bought a bicycle, …………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..………

…………………………………………………………………………………..

Mary’s mother went out that evening>Mary cooked for herself > got interested in cooking >

opened a very successful restaurant > had the Prime Minister as a customer > the PM ordered

mussels > the mussels poisoned the PM > the PM died > Mary went to prison for life

…………………………………………………………………………………………...………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………….

*unless – Come tonight unless I phone.

- unless = if not/ except if

I’ll take the job unless the pay is too low.

- unless + affirmative

51

- unless + present tense > to talk about the future

9. Change the words in bold:

E.g.: Please don’t call the doctor at weekends if it’s not important.

– unless it’s important

Unless you come with me, I won’t go to New York.

- if you don’t come with me

1. You can’t go there if you don’t have a visa.

…………………………………………………………………………………..

2. If you don’t go now, I’ll call the police.

…………………………………………………………………………………..

3. She always sees me on Wednesdays unless she’s travelling.

…………………………………………………………………………………..

4. I don’t cook much unless I’ve got visitors.

…………………………………………………………………………………..

5. We usually go sailing at the weekend if Emma hasn’t got a handball match.

…………………………………………………………………………………..

10. Join the beginnings and ends together and write the sentences using

unless or if not:

BEGINNINGS ENDS

0. I’ll be back tomorrow A. if he doesn’t start working. …..

1. He’ll get thrown out of school B. if I don’t phone to say I can’t come. …..

2. You can’t open the door C. if you haven’t heard it before. ….

3. I always watch TV in the evenings D. if I don’t go out

4. I’ll see you at ten E. if it doesn’t rain

5. Let’s have dinner out F. if the children don’t want it.

6. I’ll tell you a good joke G.if there isn’t a change of government….

7. Things will go on getting worse H. if there isn’t a rail strike. 0

8. We’re going to have a picnic I. – if you’re not too tired. …..

52

9. You can have the last sausage J. if you don’t know the code. ……

I’ll be back tomorrow unless there’s a rail strike

1…………………………………………………………………………………………

2…………………………………………………………………………………………

3…………………………………………………………………………………………

4…………………………………………………………………………………………

5…………………………………………………………………………………………

6…………………………………………………………………………………………

7…………………………………………………………………………………………

8…………………………………………………………………………………………

9…………………………………………………………………………………………

*if only and I wish: tenses – If only I knew……

-If only….! and wish + past tenses – regrets, wishes for unlikely or impossible

things

- past tenses = talk about the present

If only I knew more people!

I wish I was better looking.

-If only….! and wish + would – things that we would like people or things (not) to

do.

I wish this damned car would start.

If only it would stop raining!

11. Write sentences with If only…..would or I wish….would…….

E.g.: Somebody won’t stop talking.

I wish/If only he would stop talking!

1. It’s not snowing. ……………………………………………………………………..

2. The phone keeps ringing. ……………………………………………………………

3. The baby won’t stop crying. …………………………………………………………

4. The kettle won’t boil. ………………………………………………………………..

5. The traffic lights won’t go green. ……………………………………………………

53

*in case: I’m taking my umbrella in case it rains.

- precautions

I wrote down her address in case I forgot it.

+ present tense> future

I’ve bought a chicken in case your mother stays to lunch.

+ should = by chance

I’ve bought a chicken in case your mother should stay to lunch.

=sentences about the past

I wrote down her address in case I should forget it.

12. A woman is packing to go on holiday in Austria. Make sentences:

SHE’S PACKING: a German phrase book a pack of cards

a tennis racket a thick sweater a swimsuit aspirins

binoculars her address book some books walking boots

IN CASE: she decides to send postcards she has time to read

she meets people who play bridge she wants to go walking

the hotel has a heated pool the hotel staff don’t speak English

the sun gives her a headache the weather is cold there is a tennis court

she wants to go bird-watching

She’s packing a German phrase book in case the hotel staff don’t speak English.

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

54

* it’s time and I’d rather: tenses – It’s time you had a haircut.

- it’s time + infinitive + to

It’s time to go out.

- would rather ( = would prefer) + infinitive (without to)

I’d rather stay in.

+ subject and verb (past)> present/future meaning

It’s time you had a haircut.

I’d rather they came tomorrow, not today.

13. Rewrite the second sentence in each conversation, starting with I’d

rather we/you etc:

E.g.: You’d better phone Judy’. ‘No, you phone her’.

I’d rather you phoned her.

1.‘Let’s talk things over’. ‘No, let’s talk tomorrow.’

…………………………………………………………………………………..

2.’Shall I come at nine?’ ‘Ten would be better.’

…………………………………………………………………………………..

3. ‘I’ll phone Sue.’ ‘No, don’t’.

…………………………………………………………………………………..

4. ‘Can she work with you?’ ‘Why doesn’t she work with Maggie?’

………………………………………………………………………………….

5. ‘I’ll cook tomorrow.’ ‘Tonight would be better.’

………………………………………………………………………………….

55

II. VOCABULARY: GENERAL - EVERYDAY PROBLEMS21

1. Complete each sentence with a verb from the box:

blocked collapsed crashed exploded flooded injured

sank trapped

a) Yesterday a lorry crashed into a bus at the traffic lights.

b) The falling roof tiles……………………...several passers-by, though not seriously.

c) The old wooden building……………………………………………in a high wind.

d) A terrorist bomb……………………………………at the railway station last week.

e) The river burst its banks and …………………………….the town during the night.

f) Rocks and mud from the mountain………………………..the main road yesterday.

g) The storm at sea………………………………………...several small fishing boats.

h) The rising water………………………….two families in their homes for six hours.


ambulance bandage blood hospital operation

patient surgeon ward

a) A long white bandage was wound around my arm.

b) This…………………………was built only two years ago, but is already too small.

c) The…………………………..in the bed next to mine was a man with a broken leg.

d) The doctor told Jim that he would have to have a/an ………………………………

e) David’s bed is in a small……………………………………………with two others.

f) Joanna was operated on by the best………………………………………in the city.

g) Some people feel faint when they see……………………………………………….

h) Stephen was hurt in an accident and a passer-by called a/an………………………..


56

3. Complete each sentence with a compound noun made from two words

from the box:

air bus car centre city failure hour jam

park parking pollution power rush shortage stop

strike ticket traffic train water

a) The roads were crowded and I was stuck in a traffic jam for hours.

b) The ……………….. …………… is bad in this city. It’s getting hard to breathe!

c) All the lights went out because there was a …………… ………………..

d) I left my car in the wrong place and the police gave me a ……………. …………..

e) I couldn’t use the railway yesterday because there was a ……………. ……………

f) I had to pay a fortune to leave my car in a multi-storey………… …..…………..

g) I waited at the …………. ……………….for hours but all the buses were full.

h) There is always a lot of traffic during the ……………… ………………..

i) It doesn’t rain a lot here, and at the moment there is a …………… …………….

j) The Government has decided to ban all cars from the………… ………………

4. Match the beginnings of the sentences (a-j) with the endings (1-10):

a) Fire-fighters managed to put 6 1. fire accidentally.

b) After a few minutes a fire ……. 2. fire to the house deliberately

c) It was believed that someone set….. 3. spark from a passing train

d) Luckily Paul carried a fire……. 4. into flames

e) The fire was started by a …… 5. heat inside the burning car

f) Metal melted from the intense …… 6. out the fire after two hours

g) I could hardly breathe because of the …… 7. thick cloud of smoke

h) The old theatre caught………. 8. -extinguisher in his car

i) The wooden hut was burnt to…… 9. a heap of ashes

j) In seconds the building burst…….. 10. engine arrived at the blaze

57

III. VOCABULARY: SPECIFIC – THE NEWS – BROKEN

MARRIAGES22

The steady rise in the incidence of marital breakdown may soon make the institution

of marriage obsolete. Single-parenthood, once uncommon, is now almost the rule in certain

communities. It is usually the father who is absent – often defaulting on his financial

responsibilities and failing to meet his moral and legal obligations to support his family. Only

a quarter of such husbands are found to contribute the awarded alimony and child support

payments, and this leads to increased poverty among divorced mothers. In rare cases,

however, courts grant custody of children to the father, stripping the mother of parental rights.

She is given limited access to her children and, in extreme cases, visits may take place only

under supervision.

One in every three marriages now ends in divorce, with teenage marriages three times

more likely to break up. These facts are partly due to changing morals. Some blame sexual

permissiveness for the alarming statistics on divorce, and for the number of children born out

of wedlock. According to statistics, ninety percent of fathers are too immature to take

responsibility for their babies. The remaining ten per cent are forced into teenage marriages,

but these are filled with frustration, tension and strife, and usually end in divorce. Unwed

mothers, burdened by their illegitimate offspring, feel trapped. They can only turn to welfare for

support, from that time on leading a life of social dependency.

A survey was recently conducted among divorced couples. It reveals that a surprising

number of divorced partners would like to reconcile and get together again. Over fifty per

cent of the men surveyed are willing to remarry their ex-spouses, as are 28% of the women. It

is now being argued that divorce gives neither partner enough time to rethink and, after

careful consideration, some couples regret splitting. An attempt to start anew should be made

for the sake of the children, whom divorce often leaves distraught and mentally scarred.

22


58



COLUMN A COLUMN B

awarded………………….. access

divorced………………….. alimony

financial…………………… breakdown

illegitimate………………… dependency

legal………………………. mothers

limited……………………… obligations

marital……………………… offspring

parental……………………. permissiveness

sexual…………………….. responsibilities

social…………………….. rights

2. Rearrange the words to form the headline of the story:

BEFORE – SHOULD – TIME – BE – MORE – COUPLES – TO – DIVORCE – GIVEN –

RECONCILE

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………


- a-şi îndeplini datoria morală: - m…………. m……………….. o……………

- a acorda custodia: - g……………. c………………..

- a lipsi de drepturi părinteşti: -s……….. o……….. p………….. r……………

- acces limitat: - l……………. a…………………

- sub supravegherea: - u…………….. s………………….

- copii născuţi în afara căsătoriei: c………… b………….. o…………. of w……………

- a-şi asuma răspunderea pentru: - t………….. r………….. f…………………

- a apela la asistenţa socială pentru ajutor: -t………….. t…………… w…………..

f………….. s……………..

- a desfăşura o anchetă: c……………. a s………………..

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- în interesul copiilor: f…………. the s………… o…… c…………….

- a o lua de la început: s…………… a…………….

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LESSON 6

*Grammar: Wishes – “Wish” and “If only”; Passives * Vocabulary: General – Interests

and Free Time * Vocabulary: Specific - The News – Forest Fires

***

I. GRAMMAR – WISHES – “WISH” AND “IF ONLY”23

*Wishes about the present: I wish + past tense simple/ would

I wish I owned a helicopter. If I owned a helicopter, I would be happy.

I wish I didn’t have to go to school!

I wish I could fly!

If only I owned a helicopter. (emphasis)

- the past simple DOES NOT REFER TO past time – a wish for things to be

different

- wish + could (not “wish” + would) – I wish I could sing (but I can’t).

* Wishes about the past: I wish + past perfect

I wish I had lived in the 18th century! If I had lived in the 18th century, I would have

been happy.

I wish I hadn’t eaten so much! I feel awful! If I hadn’t eaten so much, it would have

been better for me!

If only I hadn’t eaten so much! (emphasis)

*Hope - + present/ will

I hope you have a good time at the party.

I hope the weather will be fine tomorrow.

23Michael Vince & Paul Emmerson. Intermediate Language Practice. English Grammar and Vocabulary. Macmillan, 2003; Michael Vince & Paul Emmerson. First Certificate Language Practice. English Grammar and


61

1. Choose the correct word or phrase in each sentence:

a) I’m sunburnt. I wish I hadn’t sunbathed/ didn’t sunbathe for so long.

b) I don’t feel well. I wish I could stay/stayed at home tomorrow.

c) I’m not a good swimmer, but I wish I could swim/would swim well.

d) I wish I had/have a puppy or a kitten!

e) I wish I could see/saw you tomorrow, but it’s impossible.

f) I wish Jim didn’t sit/doesn’t sit next to me. He’s so annoying!

g) If only we had/would have some money, we could take the bus.

h) I hope you enjoyed/enjoy yourselves at the dance tomorrow.

i) I wish I can/could speak English better!

j) I hope I’ll/I’d win the lottery!

2. Choose the correct situation for each sentence:

a) I’ve got lots of work to do, and I’m tired, but I can’t stop.

1. I wish I had taken a rest. 2. I wish I could take a rest.

b) I wasn’t paying attention in class, and now I can’t do my homework.

1. I wish I listened to my teacher. 2. I wish I’d listened to my teacher.

c) Sarah painted her room green, but she doesn’t like it.

1. She wishes she’d painted it blue. 2. She wishes she painted it blue.

d) This is a very puzzling problem!

1. I wish I’d known the answer. 2. I wish I knew the answer.

e) It’s really cold and miserable here in the winter.

1. I wish we lived in a warm place. 2. I hope we live in a warm place.

f) I can’t repair my bike because I haven’t got any tools.

1. If only I would have a screwdriver. 2. If only I had a screwdriver.

g) I’m worried about my basketball team. Perhaps they won’t win!

1. I wish they play well. 2. I hope they play well.

h) You promised not to tell anyone my secrets but you did!

1. I wish I hadn’t told you. 2. I wish I didn’t tell you.

i) I’ve been feeling ill all week.

1. I hope I feel better soon. 2. I hope I’d feel better soon.

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j) I want to see my sister. I haven’t seen her for ages.

1. I wish I could speak to her. 2. I wish I spoke to her.

3. Complete each sentence with a suitable form of the verb in brackets:

a) I’m soaked to the skin! If only I (bring) had brought an umbrella!

b) This pullover was cheap. I wish I (buy)………………………………..two of them!

c) I like your school. I wish I (go)…………………………………………….there too.

d) I must get in touch with Sue. If only I (know)…………………...her phone number!

e) This bus is really slow! I wish we (take)……………………………………the train.

f) I’m disappointed in this camera. I wish I (not buy)………………………………...it.

g) I answered three questions well. If only I (finish)……………………the whole test!

h) I can’t understand Marie! I wish I (speak)…………………………………...French.

8. Complete the sentences. Use these words: accepted, caught, found,

played, saved, stayed:

Ex: I spent all my money. I wish now that I had saved it.

1. I missed the train. I really wish………………………………………………………

2. Rita left the party early. Nick wishes………………………………………………...

3. Emma refused the offer. But her parents wish ……………………………………..

4. I looked everywhere for the keys. I wish …………………………………………..

5. The injured player could only watch. He wishes……………………………………

GRAMMAR – PASSIVES24

*Active and passive

ACTIVE PASSIVE

My sister makes these toys. These toys are made by my sister.

Two boys stole my car. My car was stolen by two boys.

They sent him to America. He was sent to America.


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The government will open three new

prisons next year.

Three new prisons will be opened next

year.

#The subject of a passive verb corresponds to the object of an active verb.

SUBJECT SUBJECT

Passive: This house was built in 1846. German is spoken in Austria.

Active: They built this house in 1846. Austrians speak German.

OBJECT OBJECT

#Sometimes we make passives with get instead of be, especially in spoken English.

I get paid on Fridays. My window got broken by the wind.

1. Put the expressions from the box in the right places:

is made was made had been made was being made

has been made will be made is being made

ACTIVE PASSIVE

SIMPLE PRESENT makes is made

PRESENT CONTINUOUS is making ……………..

FUTURE will make ……………..

SIMPLE PAST made ……………..

PAST CONTINUOUS was making ………………

PRESENT PERFECT has made ………………

PAST PERFECT had made ……………..

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2. Make passive sentences:

E.g.: A Roman pavement has just been found under Oxford Street. (just find: present perfect)

1. Chinese………………………………………in Singapore. (speak: simple present)

2. The Taj Mahal……………………………………around 1640. (build: simple past)

3. The new hospital…………………………………………..next year. (open: future)

4. She……………………………………………now. (interview: present continuous)

5. I realised I …………………………………………………(watch: past continuous)

6. Who …………………………………….to Andy’s party? (invite: present perfect)

7. He found that all his money…………………………………….(steal: past perfect).

8. Passengers…………………………not to speak to the driver. (ask: simple present)

9. The village church…………………………in a fire last year. (destroy: simple past)

10. You ………………………………………………by Dr. Chapel. (examine: future)

#With a passive, we only use by + noun if we need to say who does the action.

This house was built in 1846 by Sir John Latton.

My computer was made in China. (NOT…..by Chinese people)

3. Cross out the expression in italics if you feel it gives no useful

information:

E.g.: A 54-year-old accountant was arrested for drunk driving last night by the police.

1. ‘Romeo and Juliet’ was written by Shakespeare.

2. All of these birds have been seen in Britain by people who watch birds.

3. Everest was first climbed in 1953 by mountain climbers.

4. This house was built by Franck Lloyd Wright.

5. My sister’s books have been translated into thirty languages by translators.

6. Sugar is made from sugar cane and sugar beet by sugar companies.

7. This letter wasn’t written by an English person.

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* Passive infinitives and –ing forms: to be seen; being seen

PASSIVE INFINITIVES: (to) be watched, seen, made….

PASSIVE –ING FORMS: being watched, seen, made….

I want to be told the truth. Those people mustn’t be forgotten.

I don’t like being ignored. She loves being photographed.

Note the position of prepositions in these structures.

I want to be listened to. I don’t like being talked about behind my back.

Modal verbs can be followed by passive infinitives (without to).

This mustn’t be washed in hot water.

The papers can be sent to my office.

4. Write sentences using want with passive infinitives:

E.g.: ‘Invite me!’ He wants to be invited.

1. ‘Remember me!’ He…………………………………………………………………

2. ‘Respect me!’ She……………………………………………………………………

3. ‘Elect us!’ They……………………………………………………………………...

4. ‘I hope you’ll listen to me’. She……………………………………………………..

5. ‘Please look at me!’ He………………………………………………………………

5. Write sentences beginning I like/ I don’t mind/ don’t like/ hate, with some

of the verbs in the box. Use passive –ing forms:

admire ask for money correct criticise forget ignore

interrupt invite to parties kiss laugh at listen to look at

photograph shout at talk about talk to (by strangers) undervalue wake

up

I don’t like being criticised. I don’t mind being photographed.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………….

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…………………………………………………………………………………………..

*Passives: verbs with two objects: Susan was given a prize

ACTIVE PASSIVE

They gave Susan a prize. Susan was given a prize.

They gave a prize to Susan. A prize was given to Susan.

#The structure with the person as subject – very common

6. Change the structure:

E.g.: Nothing was sent to me. I was sent nothing.

1. Papers were brought to us to sign. ……………………..

2. A clock was given to Henry when he retired. ……………………..

3. Stories were read to the children. …………………….

4. $ 5,000 is owed to me. …………………….

5. A new job has been offered to me. …………………….

7. Make passive sentences. Use the words in italics as subjects and verbs:

E.g.: Somebody sent application forms to all the students. (send)

All the students were sent application forms.

Somebody sent application forms to all the students. (send)

Application forms were sent to all the students.

1. All the passengers received meal tickets. (give)

………………………………………………………………………………......

2. All the passengers received meal tickets. (give)

…………………………………………………………………………………..

3. Ellen has seen the plans for the new building. (show)

…………………………………………………………………………………..

4. Ellen has seen the plans for the new building. (show)

…………………………………………………………………………………………

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5. Someone has promised all the office workers a week’s holiday. (promise)

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

6. Someone has promised all the office workers a week’s holiday. (promise)

………………………………………………………………………………………..

*Prepositions with passives: Ted likes being read to

-verb + preposition = stay together

ACTIVE: The doctors operated on her yesterday morning.

PASSIVE: She was operated on yesterday morning.

8. Take words from each box to complete the sentences. More than one

answer may be possible:

heard looked operated paid played read sat shouted

slept spoken talked

about at at for in of on on to to with

E.g.: She was taken into hospital today, and she’s going to be operated on tomorrow.

1. The children like to be ………………………………...when they’re going to sleep.

2. I don’t like being………………………………………………… behind my back.

3. The new secretary’s working very badly. He’ll have to be…………………………

4. I don’t think he came home last night. His bed hasn’t been………………………..

5. That antique chair’s not really meant to be …………………………………………

6. It’s not really our house yet. It hasn’t been………………………………………….

7. He left for America in 1980, and he hasn’t been………………………………since.

8. The cat loves being…………………………………………………………………..

9. He’s so shy: it even upsets him to be ……………………………………………….

10. Please talk calmly. I don’t like being……………………………………………….

#To ask who did something in passive questions, we usually prefer Who…..by?,

especially in spoken English.

Who was this cathedral built by? Who were you invited by?

By whom…..? is also possible, especially in writing.

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II. VOCABULARY: GENERAL – INTERESTS AND FREE TIME25

1. Choose the most suitable word in each sentence:

a) United managed to beat/win City in the last minute of the match.

b) At the end of the play, everyone in the theatre exploded/applauded.

c) If you want to enter for/sign on the competition, you’ll need a form.

d) The cycling club is doing/holding a meeting next Thursday.

e) The youth orchestra has acted/performed all over Europe.

f) I’m doing/going fishing next week. Do you want to come?

g) The final score was 2-2, so Rovers drew/equalled the game.

h) David passes/spends an hour every day playing computer games.

i) Did you enjoy/please yourself at the folk festival?

j) We were late and so we lost/missed the beginning of the film.

2. Match each word from the box with one of the explanations:

athletes audience cast competitors fans group members

spectators team viewers

a) People who watch a sporting performance.

Spectators

b) People who exercise and take part in games of speed and strength.

………………….

c) People who support a sport, or a famous person.

…………………

d) People who together take part in a sport.

………………….

e) People who all belong to the same club.

…………………..

f) People who play rock music together.

………………….

25Michael Vince & Paul Emmerson. Intermediate Language Practice. English Grammar and Vocabulary. Macmillan, 2003

69

g) People who listen to or watch a play or performance.

…………………

h) People who watch television.

………………….

i) People who act together in a play.

…………………..

j) People who are all trying to win the same prize.

…………………..


exhibition line medal prize queue rod

screen ticket tyre whistle

a) Helen won first prize in the competition.

b) When Steve won the race, he was given a gold ……………………………………..

c) We had to wait in a …………………………...before we could get into the cinema.

d) Rachel had to push her bike after she got a flat ……………………………………..

e) There was so much shouting that no one heard the referee’s ……………………….

f) I’ve got a spare…………………….for tomorrow’s concert. Do you want to come?

g) Have you seen the new………………………..of paintings at the National Gallery?

h) I’m going fishing tomorrow. I’ve just bought a new ……………………………….

i) Kate was the first runner to cross the finishing ……………………………………..

j) We didn’t enjoy the film because we were too close to the ………………………...


drop go join knock live make stand turn

a) Lenny ‘The Fist’ Smith, the boxer, said he would knock out his opponent.

b) Carol won the match because the other player failed to ……………………………….up.

c) The singer asked the audience to……………………………………in and all sing together.

d) It was a reasonable film, but it didn’t really…………………………up to my expectations.

e) Tom and Sue used to ………………………………………………………..out together.

f) From my seat, I couldn’t…………………………out what was happening on the stage.

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g) The referee made it clear that he would not …………………………for bad behaviour.

h) Peter had to……………………………………..out of the race after his car broke down.

5. Match each activity (a-h) with a place (1-8):

a) Sunbathing and wearing swimming costumes 8 1. a stage

b) Watching elephants dancing. ………. 2. a running track

c) Doing keep fit exercises. ………….. 3. a party

d) Crossing the finishing line. ……….. 4. a funfair

e) Taking a dog for a walk. …………. 5. a circus

f) Celebrating someone’s birthday. ………. 6. a park

g) Riding a ghost train or a big wheel. ……… 7. a gym

h) Speaking clearly so the audience can hear. …… 8. a beach

III. VOCABULARY: SPECIFIC – THE NEWS - FOREST FIRES26

More than 1 million acres of forests have gone up in flame this year. This represents

the worst loss of timber in Norwood this century. Millions of dollars-worth of damage has

been caused, with beautiful woodland areas and natural reserves being reduced to ashes.

Following a severe drought for the third year in succession, a series of lightning storms

ignited a wave of fires which were almost impossible to contain. In just one National Park, the

inferno got out of control and seared 700,000 acres in 5 months. When one raging fire is put

out, firemen move on to another outbreak, often caused by airborne embers.

“Fire spreads so quickly”, said one firefighter, his eyes swollen, his face covered with

grime, “that you can easily be cut off by the flames”. Indeed, 20 fire-fighters have died

battling this year’s forest fires: some were overcome by smoke and flames before they could

reach the safety of fire-resistant shelters, while several were taken to hospital with burns and

injuries from falling trees. One was killed when a water bombing aircraft accidentally emptied

its 1,000 gallon load over him.

At the scene, it is impossible to endure the heat; in some areas the fire reaches 2,000

degrees Fahrenheit – hot enough to melt metal traffic signs and vaporize small streams. Dense

smoke cuts visibility by half. The ashes at each smouldering spot have to be checked to make

26Barbara and Marcin Otto. Engleza pentru jurnalişti. Here is the News. Vol 1. Bucureşti: All Educational, 2001. Print.

71

reignition impossible. In an effort to prevent the fire from spreading further, helicopters and

planes dump fire retardants. At night, an eerie orange glow can be seen in the sky from many

miles away and the conflagration was detected by weather satellites.

Forests, with the exception of some very old and large trees, will regenerate quickly –

although it could take 300 years before the worst-burnt areas return to their full majesty.



COLUMN A COLUMN B

cause…………………… damage

dense…………………… eyes

eerie……………………. fire

fire…………………….. glow

lightning………………… reserves

natural………………….. retardants

raging…………………. satellites

smouldering………………… smoke

swollen……………………. spot

weather……………………… storms


IN – FORESTS – DESTROYED – MORE – BLAZES- UNCONTROLLABLE

……………………………………………………………………………………..


-a arde, a se mistui: – g................... u.................. i……………….. f…………………….

- a constitui o pierdere: – r…………….. a l…………………..

- a da foc, a aprinde focul: – i..................... f......................

- imposibil de a fi stăpânit: – i..................... to c..............................

- a stinge incendiul: – p.................. o.................... a f........................

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- a suporta căldura: – e..................... the h........................

- topit şi vaporizat: – m....................... and v..........................

- a limita vizibilitatea la jumătate: – c...................... v....................... by h....................

- a preveni extinderea focului: – p........................ the f................... f………………..

s………………

- a verifica locurile fumegânde: – c……………. s……………… s………………..

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LESSON 7

*Grammar: Modal Verbs (1) * Vocabulary: General – Places * Vocabulary: Specific -

The News – Drought

***

I. GRAMMAR – MODAL VERBS

27 (1)

*can, could may, might shall, should will, would must ought to

*before other verbs, in tags and short answers

You can speak Japanese, can’t you? Yes, I can.

You shouldn’t be here, should you? No, I shouldn’t.

1.Compare the modal verbs and the ordinary verbs in the examples, and

answer the questions:

MODAL VERBS ORDINARY VERBS

I may see him.

He must be happy.

Shall we stop?

I can’t sing.

He ought to tell her.

I hope to see him.

He seems to be happy.

Do you want to stop?

She doesn’t like to sing.

He plans to tell her.

a. Which sort of infinitive is used after modal verbs? ……………………………….

b. Which is the exception? ……………………………………………………………

c. What is special about the third person present (he/she/it…….) of modals?

………………………………………………………………………………….

d. What is special about the question and negative forms of modals?

………………………………………………………………………………….


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2. Use some of the infinitives from the box to complete the sentences:

be to be do to do get to get go to go leave to leave

make to make move to move pass to pass phone to phone

play to play

1. Can you………………the piano? 6. She hopes……………...a new car.

2. She seems…………better today. 7. Must you…………so much noise?

3. I want…………...some shopping. 8. Could you……………….the salt?

4. We may………….to France soon. 9. We ought………………….Angela.

5. When will you…………...school? 10. I’d like………….to another house.

# no infinitives or participles; instead - be able to, have to, be allowed to

He’d like to be able to travel abroad more.

I’ve never been able to understand maths.

I’m sorry to have to tell you this…..

We’ve had to get new shoes for both the kids.

She has always been allowed to go out alone.

3. Choose the best word (s):

1. …………………………………………………………you swim? (may, can, shall)

2. I really ………………………………………………...go now. (shall, would, must).

3. We………………………………………..see Ann tomorrow. (might, ought, would)

4. You…………………………………………to see the doctor. (should, could, ought)

5. I ……………………………………….understand him. (couldn’t, mustn’t, be able)

6. You……………………..be here at exactly 10.00. Don’t be late. (must, may, might)

7. …………………………………………………..I carry your bag? (might, will, can)

8. It………………………………………………....rain tomorrow. (may, would, shall)

9. It……………………………..be 10 o’clock already! (might not, can’t, oughtn’t to)

10. You …………………………..be very tired after your journey. (would, must, can)

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*must, should and ought to

- must = orders, strong suggestions, advice and opinions

You must stop smoking or you’ll die.

You must not park here.

People must realise that the world is in trouble.

- should = less strong suggestions, advice and opinions

I really think you should stop smoking.

You shouldn’t park here; somebody will steal your car.

People should do more to help others.

- in questions – we’re wondering what to do

Should I change my job or stay where I am?

- ought to = should – People ought to do more to help others.

4. Put in the best word: must or should:

1. You know, I think you………………………………………………..take a holiday.

2. Tell Mark he…………………………………………………..tidy his room at once.

3. Visitors are reminded that they ………………………….keep their bags with them.

4. I’m sorry, but you……………………………………...go. We don’t want you here.

5. I really………………………………………………….go on a diet. I’ll start today!

6. I suppose I………………………………….write to Aunt Rachel one of these days.

7. You absolutely…………………..check the tyres before you take the car out today.

8. All officers ………………………….report to the Commanding Officer by midday.

9. You ………………………………………...have your hair cut at least once a week.

10. I think everybody……………………………………know two or more languages.

*have to and must

- have (got) to = must

I have to/must finish this report before tomorrow.

Do you have to / Must you make all that noise?

We’ve got to/must check in before six o’clock.

- must – the feelings and wishes of the speaker/hearer.

I must stop smoking. (I want to)

Must you wear those dirty jeans? (Is that what you want?)

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- have (got) to – obligations that come from somewhere else.

I’ve got to stop smoking – doctor’s orders.

Do you have to wear a tie at work? (Is there a rule?)

You have to drive on the left in England. (sounds more natural)

5. Complete the sentences with expressions from the box and must or

have/ has (got) to:

do military service do some shopping get a haircut

give my love hold a general election pay pay income tax

phone him take more exercise try to get work

E.g.: In some countries, men have (got) to do military service.

1. I’m getting very unfit. I ……………………………………………………………..

2. I haven’t heard anything from James for a long time. I……………………………..

3. Nearly everybody……………………………………………………………………

4. In Britain, we ………………………………………………every five years or less.

5. You……………………………………………………to Gareth when you see him.

6. Jack’s really upset. He ………………………………………...all of next weekend.

7. There’s nothing to eat in the house. We really………………………………………

8. You………………………………………... You’re beginning to look very strange.

9. Children can get into the museum free, but adults………………………………….

10. I’m getting very tired. I…………………………………………………more sleep.

*must not; do not have to; do not need to/ needn’t

- must not = prohibition

Students must not leave bicycles in front of the library.

Passengers must not speak to the driver.

- do not have to; do not need to/ needn’t = unnecessary

Friday’s holiday – I don’t have to work.

You needn’t pay now – tomorrow’s OK.

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6. Complete the sentences, using must not/ mustn’t or do not/ don’t have

to:

1. Campers…………………………………………………………....play music after 10 p.m.

2. Students ………………………………………ask permission to stay out after midnight.

3. Bicycles ……………………………………………….be parked in the front courtyard.

4. Residents …………………………………………….hang washing out of the window.

5. British subjects…………………………………………….get visas to travel to Europe.

6. Passengers ……………………………………………………..lean out of the window.

7. You …………………………………………………………..pay for your tickets now.

8. It’s rained a lot, so we ……………………………………………….water the garden.

9. You ……………………………………………disturb your sister while she’s working.

*had better – You’d better take your umbrella

= This is a good thing to do now.

= strong advice to people (including ourselves)

You’d better stop that, young lady.

I’ d better not stay any longer; I’ve got work to do.

- had better and should – both say “This is a good thing to do now”

- only should - “This is a good thing to do in general”

We’re late (now). We’d better/should phone Mum.

You should always drive very carefully near schools.

= quite direct – NOT in polite requests

Could you help me if you’ve got time?

You’d better help me or there’ll be trouble.

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7. Put the beginnings and ends together. Use ‘d better with the verbs in the

box:

do not drink give go invite phone phone

remember see not sit stop

0 My husband worries if I’m late. B A. I………………………………....it.

1. This milk smells bad. ….. B. I’d better phone him. 0

2. That chair looks very dirty. ….. C. We ……………………..the doctor.

3. The baby’s temperature is 40°. ….. D. We …………………and get some.

4. You have to get up early tomorrow. …. E. You ………………………..to bed.

5. There’s almost no petrol in the car. ….. F. You………………………….on it.

6. Sheila forgot my birthday last year. ….. G. We …………………….him round.

7. There’s somebody at the door. ….. H. I …………………...some washing.

8. Helen needs her camera. ….. I. You………………….it back to her.

9. We haven’t got anything to wear. …. J. I…………………………..who it is.

10. We haven’t seen John for ages. …. K. She ……………………it this time.

*supposed to – You’re supposed to start work at 8.30.

= talk about rules

You’re not supposed to park on double yellow lines.

= what people believe or expect

This stuff is supposed to kill flies.

He’s supposed to be rich.

She was supposed to be here an hour ago. Where is she?

That’s a strange picture. What’s it supposed to be?

8. Complete the sentences with (be) supposed to and the expressions in

the box:

be be come cure headaches do go go to church

have pay for phone smoke

E.g.: Is this supposed to be coffee? It tastes like dishwater.

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1. Aspirins ……………………………………………………………………………..

2. Catholics ………………………………………………………………..on Sundays.

3. Wasn’t Jack ……………………………………………………………….us today?

4. The computer …………………………an instruction manual, but I couldn’t find it.

5. What am I ………………………………………………with all this chicken salad?

6. You …………………………………………………………..and see me yesterday.

7. You’re not …………………………………………..into the shower with shoes on.

8. You ……………………………………good at geography – where the hell are we?

9. You ……………………………………everything at the cash desk on the way out.

10. You’re not …………………………………………………………...in food shops.

*must/can’t: certainty – She must be in. He can’t be hungry.

- must = something seems sure/ certain

Anna’s gone to bed. She must be tired. (= I am certain that she is tired)

Look at her clothes. She must have plenty of money. (= I feel sure that

she has plenty of money.)

If A is bigger than B, and B is bigger than C, then A must be bigger

than C.

- can’t – negative of must – for certainty

It can’t be true. (= It’s certainly not true)

‘There’s the doorbell. It must be Roger.’ ‘No, it can’t be Roger – it’s

too early.’

She always wears old clothes. She can’t have much money.

9. Rewrite the sentence in italics with must:

E.g.: Her light’s on. She’s certainly in. She must be in.

1. John’s coming to see me. I’m sure he wants something. He……………………….

2. Listen to her accent. I feel sure she’s French. …………………………..

3. Look at all those books. He certainly reads a lot. …………………………..

4. So you’re studying politics. I’m sure that’s interesting. …………………………..

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5. Are those his shoes? He certainly has very big feet. …………………………..

10. Rewrite the sentence in italics with can’t:

E.g.: Her light’s out. I’m sure she’s not at home. She can’t be at home.

1. Listen to his accent. He is certainly not American. ……………………….

2. He has a very expensive car. I’m sure he’s not a teacher. …...…………………..

3. She’s very bad-tempered. I feel sure she doesn’t have many friends.

…………………………………………………………………………………..

4. I filled up the car yesterday. I’m sure we don’t need petrol. ………………………..

5. He had lunch an hour ago. He’s not hungry: it’s impossible. ……………………

II. VOCABULARY: GENERAL – PLACES28

1. Choose the most suitable word in each sentence:

a) We arranged to meet in the centre of town in the main place/ square.

b) Their cottage is in the heart of some beautiful country/countryside.

c) The children spent all day playing on the sandy beach/seaside.

d) I dropped my ice-cream on the earth/ground, so I couldn’t eat it.

e) This footpath/pavement leads across the fields to the village.

f) There was a wonderful scenery/view from my hotel room.

g) You can’t stop here. Car-park/Parking is not allowed in this street.

h) Helen decided to leave the country/land and work abroad.

28Michael Vince & Paul Emmerson. Intermediate Language Practice. English Grammar and Vocabulary. Macmillan, 2003

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block centre crossing hall junction part

place station traffic zone

a) The police officer asked me to come with him to the police station.

b) When you reach the road………………………………………………….turn right.

c) The mayor’s office is in the town……………………………………………………

d) Margaret lives on the top floor of a …………………………………………of flats.

e) Cars have to stop for you if you use a pedestrian……………………………………

f) Which ………………………………………………………of town do you live in?

g) You can buy fresh fish in the market………………………………….every Friday.

h) Take the first turning on the left after the next set of…………………………lights.

i) The centre of town is now a traffic-free………………………..and cars are banned.

j) A new shopping………………………….has been opened on the edge of the town.

3. Replace the words in italics with one of the words from the box:

capital crowded international isolated local

neighboring rural urban

a) It’s much healthier to live in a country area, far away from the city.

rural

b) Sue has just moved to a nearby town.

…………………….

c) We lived in the middle of nowhere in an out of the way cottage.

……………………..

d) Paris is the most important city of France.

……………………

e) There is not a lot of world news in this newspaper.

……………………

f) I do my shopping at the neighborhood shops, not in the town centre.

……………………

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g) At weekends the town centre is always full of people.

……………………

h) There is far too much pollution nowadays in city areas.

……………………

4. Complete each compound noun with a word from the box:

about bridge ground path park roads

side skirts

a) Our children spend a lot of time having fun at the local playground.

b) When you reach the cross…………………………………………., take the road to Linton.

c) You have to turn left when you reach the next round…………………………………..

d) We can’t leave the car here. We’ll have to look for a car……………………………….

e) Follow this foot……………………………………………until you reach the main road.

f) There was an old woman selling fruit at the road………………………………………..

g) Paula lives on the out……………………….of the town, where the countryside begins.

h) You can cross the railway line by walking over a foot…………………………………..

5. Match the words from the box with the explanations:

bridge bungalow caravan castle cottage

semi-detached house terraced house tower

a) A strong building made in the past to defend people against enemies.

castle

b) A small house on wheels which is pulled by a car.

…………………….

c) A house which is one of a pair of houses joined together.

…………………..

d) A house with only one floor.

……………………

e) This carries a road or railway over a river.

………………………

f) A house which is part of a row of houses all joined together.

……………………….

g) A small house in the country.

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………………………

h) A tall building standing alone, or as part of a castle or church.

………………………

III. VOCABULARY: SPECIFIC – NEWS - DROUGHT29

A conference was held today in Agunda’s capital, Barnaros, to discuss possible

measures for averting the major food crisis caused by this year’s drought. Reports show that

the autumn grain stockpiles will fall to little more than a month’s supply. Several factors

combined to contribute to the disaster. First, the rainless summer and scorching sun parched

the land damaging wheat, corn, and peanut crops, and killing millions of chickens and

turkeys. Second, last winter, the driest in nearly a century, left areas bare of their normal snow

cover and vulnerable to high winds. Subsoil moisture was depleted and the insufficient winter

rain and snow failed to restore it. Fertile topsoil has thus eroded faster than it has been

renewed. It cannot be improved even with the heavy use of chemical fertilizers. These two

facts have resulted in the drastically diminished yield of crops.

Drought has brought other problems, too. Water shortages in many areas limit the

amount of land that can be converted to agriculture by irrigation methods. Also, getting rid of

weeds, which suck up the remaining water, poses yet another problem; turning up the soil

causes it to lose even more moisture. To add to the drought damage, uncontrollable fires

swept through coffee plantation bringing massive devastation.

Drought has also seriously cut the country’s hydroelectric potential bringing about

cuts in electricity. It has virtually emptied the smaller reservoirs and produced water

emergencies. Formerly roaring rivers have been turned into trickles. Water restrictions have

been imposed and city residents have been banned from using hosepipes for domestic

purposes. In some areas, low river levels concentrate chemical pollutants to such an extent

that the water is unsafe to drink. According to weather forecasts, there is little prospect of a

steady rainfall in the foreseeable future. As last year’s rain was also sparse, it looks as if the

climatic pattern is changing for the worse.

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COLUMN A COLUMN B

chemical………………. crisis

climatic……………….. devastation

fertile…………………. fertilizers

foreseeable…………….. future

grain…………………… pattern

insufficient……………….. rain

major……………………. rainfall

massive………………….. rivers

rainless………………….. shortages

roaring……………………. stockpiles

scorching…………………… summer

steady…………………….. sun

water………………………. topsoil


WATER – DROUGHT – REDUCED – SEVERE – RESERVES – DRAMATICALLY – BY

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………


- a preîntâmpina criza: -a……………… a c…………………

-factori care contribuie la catastrofă: -f................. c.................. to the d.....................

- ploi insuficiente: -i...................... r………………..

-a recâştiga pământul pentru agricultură: -c........................ the l................. to a...............

- a provoca distrugeri însemnate: -b.................... m...................... d..........................

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-a diminua puterea hidrocentralelor: -c.................... h........................... p.....................

- a impune restricţii: -i..................... r..........................

- într-o asemenea măsură: -t....................... s.............. an e.................... that

- o şansă redusă de: -l.................. p................. of

- schimbare în rău: -c.................. f……………. the w……………..

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LESSON 8

*Grammar: Modal Verbs (2) * Vocabulary: General – Food and Drink * Vocabulary:

Specific - The News – Famine

***

I. GRAMMAR – MODAL VERBS30

(2)

- may and might – It may rain. It might even snow

= things are possible = perhaps they are true, or perhaps they will happen

‘Who’s that?’ ‘I’m not sure. It may be Celia.’

I might go and see Dad at the weekend.

The company might lose money this year.

= perhaps things are not true – may/might not

I may/might not get that new job after all.

- might – sometimes – smaller possibility

She may be at home. (50% chance)

Tina might be there too. (smaller chance)

According to the radio, it may rain today. It might even snow.

- difference – may/might not and can’t

The game may/might not finish before ten. (Perhaps it won’t)

The game can’t finish before ten – it only started at 9.30. (It’s not possible)

- sometimes – could = might

The company could lose money this year.

It could rain today.

1. Put in may/may not or can’t:

1. I’ll go to the supermarket, but it……………………………………………..be open.

2. Their car’s not outside. They………………………………be at home; I’m not sure.

3. ‘Can I see you tomorrow?’ ‘Perhaps, I…………………………have time – I’ll see.’


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4. ‘You’ve won first prize in the lottery.’ ‘No, it………………………………be true!’

5. ‘They’ve found giraffes in Scotland.’ ‘That………………………………..be right’.

6. We can try to see that play, but they …………………………have any tickets left.

7. He’s got a strong French accent. He……………………………………..be English.

8. I ………………………………………...pass the exam, but I’m hoping for the best.

9.I’m going to see my old primary school teacher tomorrow, but she

………………………………………………………………………..remember me.

10. You………………………..want more to eat – you’ve just had an enormous meal.

-can, could, may = permission, requests

- can, could = more formal, polite

- may = very formal, less common

Can I ask you a question?

Could I look at your newspaper?

May I sit here?

- can, may = offer to do things for people

Can I get you a drink?

May I help you, sir?

-can’t/cannot, may not = give or refuse permission

You can use my car if you want to.

I’m sorry, you can’t come in here.

Visitors may park in Elm Road.

Visitors may not park in front of the hospital.

2. Give or refuse permission, using the words in the box:

come into have make park ride use

E.g.: you/here (can) You can park here.

1. students / this lift (may not) ...………………….

2. you / these tickets (may) …………………….

3. nobody/ my horse (can) ……………………

4. you/ my room (can’t) ……………………

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5. employees/ personal phone calls (may not) ..…………………..

- can, could = ask people to do things

Can you put the children to bed?

Could you help me for a few minutes?

- could you possibly….? and I wonder if you could….are very polite.

Could you possibly help me?

I wonder if you could give me some advice.

3. Make sentences, using the words in the box:

luggage supper the dogs the TV this letter

time to go

Ex: could/ tonight/ you/ cook/? Could you cook supper tonight?

1. translate/ can/ for me/ you/? ………………………………

2. you/ feed/ could/? ………………………………

3. can/ it’s/ you/ tell me/ when/? ………………………………

4. watch/ you/ for a minute/ could/ my/? ……………………………….

5. switch on/ you/ can/ ? ………………………………..

-shall in questions – What shall we do?

- make offers, suggestions, ask for instructions, decisions

Shall I carry your bag?

What on earth shall we do?

Shall we go out for a meal?

What time shall we come and see you?

- we DON”T use “shall” in the answers!

Shall we go home now? Yes, good idea.

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4. Make sentences with “Shall I…?”:

E.g.: put/ the car/ in the garage? Shall I put the car in the garage?

what/ tell/ Sandra? What shall I tell Sandra?

1. where/ put the coats? ….………………………………

2. when / pay you? ………………………………….

3. lock/ the door? ….………………………………

4. what time/ come tomorrow? ………………………………….

5. go/ now? ………………………………….

5. Can you complete these sentences? (They are from a discussion about

holiday plans.) Use shall we:

E.g.: where? where shall we go?

1. France or Scotland? ..………………….

2. seaside or mountains? .…………………..

3. when? ……………………

4. how long for? ……………………

5. fly? train? drive? ……………………

- can, could = ability – past and future

- future = can – we are deciding now what to do in the future

- in other cases – will be able to

I can see you tomorrow morning for half an hour.

One day we will be able to live without wars.

6. Put in can or can’t if possible; if not, use will/won’t be able to:

E.g.: I can pick it up tonight, if that’s convenient.

I think I will be able to speak English quite well in a few months.

1. ‘We need some more oil.’ ‘Ok, I……………………..let you have some this week.’

2. ‘Dr Parker…………………………….see you at twelve on Tuesday.’ ‘Thank you.’

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3. She………………………………………………………walk again in a few weeks.

4. Do you think one day people……………………………………..travel to the stars?

5. In a few years, computers…………………………………..think better than we do.

6. I’m free at the weekend, so the kids……................................................come round.

-can, could - past = NOT – could; YES – managed to, succeeded in ….ing (we managed to

do something on one occasion)

I managed to get up early today. (NOT I could…….)

After six hours, we succeeded in getting to the top of the

mountain. (NOT could….)

BUT: She could read when she was four. (Not one occasion).

He couldn’t find the ticket office. (He didn’t manage it).

7. Complete the sentences with could, couldn’t, managed to:

E.g.: 200 years ago, most people could ride a horse.

At her third try, she managed to pass the driving test.

I think I had the wrong key, because I couldn’t open the door.

1. I……………………………………..speak French really well when I lived in Paris.

2. He ……………………………………….repair the car, but it took him a long time.

3. At last I……………………………………….make her understand what I wanted.

4. We wanted to go to the opera, but we……………………………………get tickets.

5. I ………………………….swim across the river, but it was harder than I expected.

6. All three children…………………..ride as well as they………………………walk.

7. He……………………………………….already walk when he was ten months old.

- used to = I used to play; Did you use to play?; She did not use to play.

= not really a modal – we usually make questions and negatives with

did

= used to + infinitive (finished habits and situations) = things that were

true, but are not now

She used to live in Liverpool.

I didn’t use to like her.

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Did you use to play football?

I use not to like her. (more formal)

= only past – for present habits = simple present tense

My sister plays tennis occasionally. (NOT uses to play)

8. Make sentences about the past and present habits and situations:

E.g. Penny/ play badminton/ golf Penny used to play badminton. Now she plays golf.

1. Anna/ have lots of boyfriends/ be married ………………………………….

2. John/ study mathematics/ physics …………………………………

3. Mary/ climb mountains/ cycle …………………………………

4. Joe/ be a builder/ driver …………………………………

5. Gary/ work in Germany/ England ………………………………….

9. Make sentences with used to and didn’t use to about how people lived

hundreds of years ago:

E.g.: read or write Most people didn’t use to read or write.

1. travel/ by horse …………………………………………..

2. cook/ on wood fires …………………………………………..

3. live so long ………………………………………….

4. fight/ spears ………………………………………….

5. hunt/ bows and arrows ………………………………………….

- will, would = She will talk to herself

- will = habits, typical behaviour

She’ll sit talking to herself for hours.

If something breaks down and you kick it, it will often start working

again.

- if we stress will = critical

She WILL fall in love with the wrong people.

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- would = past

On Saturdays, when I was a child, we would all get up early and go

fishing.

He was a nice boy, but he WOULD talk about himself all the time.

10. Complete the sentences with will+ verbs from the box:

be drive fall keep listen play ring talk tell

1. ‘Dad, I’ve broken my watch’. ‘Well, you…………………………playing with it’.

2. That child’s no trouble – he………………………………….by himself for hours.

3. She’s nice, but she ……………………………….about people behind their backs.

4. People …………………………………………………to you if you listen to them.

5. If you drop toast, it …………………………………..butter side down every time.

6. If you’re having a bath, the phone ………………. And if you answer it,

it………………………………………………………………...a wrong number.

7. He ………………you one thing one minute and the opposite the next – he’s crazy.

8. I’m not surprised you had an accident – you ……………………………….too fast.

11. Complete the text with would + verbs from the box:

come exchange find go go make swim skate take

When I was a child we lived by a lake. It was a beautiful place. On summer evenings we (1)

…………………….in the lake, or take a canoe out, and in winter we

(2)…………………across to the other side. School was boring, but weekends were fun,

especially when Dad was home. Sometimes he (3) ………………us fishing; or we (4)

………………….exploring in the woods. We always got lost, but we

(5)……………………our way home again somehow. On Sundays Mum

(6)……………………us pancakes for breakfast, and then we (7)………………….to the little

village church for the Sunday service. We had a lot of relations living in the same part of the

country, and we saw a lot of them. At Christmas everybody (8)……………………to our

house for dinner, and then we (9)………………………..presents. It was a good time.

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12. Here are some laws of nature. Join the beginnings and the ends:

0 After you have bought something, G A. it will.

1. If anything can go wrong, ….. B. somebody will.

2. If there are two good TV shows, ….. C. they will both be on at the same time.

3. If you explain so clearly that nobody can

misunderstand, ….

D. will always move faster.

4. If you throw something away,….. E. you’ll never do enough.

5. No matter how much you do, ….. F. will fall asleep first.

6. The one who snores…… G.you will find it somewhere else cheaper

7. The other queue……… H. you’ll need it the next day.

- should have = I should have gone; Should you have gone?; he/she/it should not have

gone

= if somebody didn’t do something that was important

Julia should have gone to the doctor, but she forgot.

I should have studied harder at school.

= if somebody did something wrong, we can say he/she shouldn’t have done

it

You shouldn’t have told the policeman that he was stupid.

- may have, must have

= may have happened = perhaps it (has) happened

Suzy isn’t answering the phone. She may have gone out (=

Perhaps she’s gone out).

= must have happened = we feel sure that it (has) happened.

# can’t have

She’s late. She must have missed the train.

He can’t have gone away. His car’s still outside.

= note the difference

Joe must have gone home. (= It seems certain that he has gone

home)

Joe had to go home (= It was necessary for him to go home)

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13. Rewrite these sentences using may have:

E.g. Perhaps Shakespeare travelled in Italy. Shakespeare may have travelled in Italy.

1. Perhaps she’s broken her leg. ……………………………………….

2. Perhaps I’ve lost my keys. ……………………………………….

3. Perhaps Alice has gone back home. ……………………………………….

4. Perhaps my great-grandfather was a soldier. ……………………………………….

5. Perhaps I’ve found a new job. ……………………………………….

14. Rewrite these sentences in italics with must have or can’t have:

E.g. The exam was easy. I’m sure I’ve passed. I must have passed.

1. Her office is locked. I’m sure she’s gone home. ………………………

2. I can’t find my umbrella. I feel sure I left it on the bus. ………………………

3.The fridge is empty. Peter has certainly not been shopping.

…………………………......................................................................................

4. Helen hasn’t come. I’m sure she’s forgotten. ………………………

5. The flowers are dead. Obviously you didn’t water them. ………………………

15. Choose the best expression:

1. Castles in the Middle Ages must have been/had to be cold places.

2. When I was a child, we must have got/ had to get water from the village pump.

3. At my secondary school I must have learnt/had to learn Latin.

4. So you broke your leg skiing. That must have been/ had to be terrible.

5. The kitchen window’s broken. Those kids next door had to do it/ must have done it.

- could have, needn’t have

= could have done it = somebody didn’t do something that was possible

I could have gone to university, but I didn’t want to.

= needn’t have done something = we did it, but it was unnecessary

I needn’t have cooked all that food. Nobody was hungry.

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= note the difference

We needn’t have hurried – we got there much too early. (It

was unnecessary to hurry, but we did)

We didn’t need to hurry; we had lots of time. (It was

unnecessary to hurry, so we probably didn’t).

16. Complete the text with could have, using words from the box:

be be get go hit lend marry phone study win

1. Amy……………………………..Ethan or Peter, but she didn’t love either of them.

2. Why didn’t you ask me for money? I……………………………………..you some.

3. I………………………………...mathematics, but I decided to do language instead.

4. Our team……………………………….the match, but they didn’t try hard enough.

5. The holiday was OK, but it……………………………………………………better.

6. When she said that, I…………………………………………………………….her.

7. Things were bad, but they……………………………………………...much worse.

8. We…………...to Paris last weekend, but we thought this weekend would be easier.

9. He ………………………………….the police, but he didn’t want to cause trouble.

10. I……………………………..a job in a bank, but I’m not very interested in money.

II. VOCABULARY: GENERAL – FOOD AND DRINK31


a) Would you like a bread/roll with your soup?

b) The first course/plate consisted of cold fish and salad.

c) That was a really lovely food/meal. Please let me pay for you.

d) I felt so thirsty that I drank two cans/tins of Corky Cola.

e) Nowadays many people buy frozen/iced food instead of fresh food.

f) Could you give me the receipt/recipe for this cake? It’s delicious.

g) This pie is fantastic! It’s really tasteful/tasty.


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h) Helen is a really good cook/cooker.

i) Can I have a fork/spoon so I can stir my coffee?

2. Complete each sentence with a suitable verb from the box:

add bake boil chop fry grate mix peel roast squeeze

a) John decided to roast the beef in the oven for two hours.

b) Put all the ingredients in a bowl and ……………………………them together well.

c) First…………………………………………………….the onions into small pieces.

d) I wanted to ……………………….some cakes this morning, but I didn’t have time.

e) Taste the soup, and ……………………………………salt and pepper if necessary.

f) …………………………………...the potatoes, and then cut them into large pieces.

g) These vegetables taste great if you ……………………them for a minute in hot oil.

h) …………………………………………some cheese, and sprinkle it over the pasta.

i) ……………………………………….a lemon and sprinkle the juice over the salad.

j) ……………………………………………...the rice in salted water for ten minutes.

3. Complete each phrase with a suitable word from the box:

bacon biscuits butter chips fork salt

saucer vinegar

a) pepper and salt e) fish and ……………..

b) knife and ………. f) oil and ………………..

g) egg and ……….. g) cup and ………………

h) bread and ………… h) tea and …………………

4. Complete the phrase with a suitable word from the box:

bar carton cup glass jar loaf pinch slice

a) a slice of bread or cake e) a ……………….of bread

b) a …………….of chocolate f) a………………...of water

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c) a ………..................of jam g) a ………………….of salt

d) a …………………..of tea h) a ………………….of milk

5. Complete the phrase with a suitable word from the box:

bill book dessert menu takeaway tip

a) We weren’t sure what to have, so we asked for the menu.

b) Tony finished his meal, paid the …………………………..., and left the restaurant.

c) After two courses we felt full, so we didn’t have any ………………………………

d) We had a very tasty Indian …………………………………….for the main course.

e) This is a popular restaurant and you have to ………………………………..a table.

f) The service was excellent so we left a large …………………………...on the table.

III. VOCABULARY: SPECIFIC – NEWS - FAMINE32

Fears are growing of another famine in Agunda which could prove to be much worse

than that of 1981 when more than a million people starved to death. Relief agencies are

talking in terms of ten million at risk in the affected area. They are calling on the world

community to act now to avert a major tragedy as the situation is worsening rapidly.

Reporters speak of a pitiful picture of human suffering caused by drought and disease.

The infant mortality rate is steadily climbing, and for many of the children who survive, there

is only a prospect of stunted growth and irreversible brain damage from chronic malnutrition.

Hundreds of thousands of emaciated people are said to be undernourished, dehydrated and on

the move, searching for food. Looting by hordes of famished peasants are daily occurrences.

Villages are deserted and towns overpopulated. According to estimates, two million tons of

food are needed immediately. One ton feeds five people at an “absolute minimum”

subsistence level for a year.

The current emergency has arisen because there has been no rain for the second year

running. The relentless drought has withered crops and turned grazing land into deserts.

Consequently, livestocks has been decimated. Before the dry spell, there were two successive

years of poor harvests which complicated the country’s economic plight. Annual targets for

32


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grain production have not been met and the acreage of land used for agriculture has shrunk

dramatically. Among other necessities, fertilizers and high quality grain are needed to boost

production.

Besides food, funds are being sought for medical aid and fuel for the fleet of trucks

laden with supplies. A major airlift of stockpiled flour has been improvised to reach the

worst-hit areas that are inaccessible to convoys and to distribute basic rations to the starving.

Despite a raging civil war, humanitarian aid at the famine-stricken areas will continue.



COLUMN A COLUMN B

affected……………….. agencies

basic…………………… aid

chronic………………… area

daily…………………… damage

famished………………… drought

grazing………………….. land

human…………………. malnutrition

humanitarian………………. mortality

infant…………………….. occurrences

irreversible…………………… peasants

major………………………… picture

pitiful………………………. rations

relentless……………………… suffering

relief…………………………. tragedy


FOR – MILLIONS – INTERNATIONAL – STARVATION – AS- FOOD – AGUNDA –

FACE- RELIEF

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………

99


- a se dovedi mult mai rău: -p…………… m…………….. w………………

- zonă ameninţată: -a………….. a………………….

- a preîntâmpina o tragedie: -a................ a t..................

- situaţia se înrăutăţeşte rapid: -the s................. is w................. r....................

-rata mortalităţii creşte constant: -m.................. r................. is s.................... c....................

- leziuni ireversibile ale creierului: -i................... b.................. d....................

- eveniment zilnic: -d..................... o......................

-a îndeplini obiectivele planificate anual: -m……………. a…………….. t………………...

- a căuta fonduri: -s……………… f………………

- a împărţi raţiile minime de alimente: -d................ b.............. r...............

- război civil care face ravagii: -r............... c................ w................

100

LESSON 9

*Grammar: Revision – Reported Speech, Conditionals, Wishes, Passives, Modals *

Vocabulary: General – Work and Study * Vocabulary: Specific - The News – Floods

***

I. GRAMMAR – REVISION – REPORTED SPEECH, CONDITIONALS,

WISHES, PASSIVES, MODALS33


a) Jim asked/told the teacher if the book was his.

b) I have had/had two teeth taken out last week.

c) I can’t do these sums. I wish I have/had a calculator with me.

d) Anne refused/ said she didn’t want me to borrow her bike.

e) Helen can’t have stolen/ must have stolen the money from the office. She didn’t come in to

the office on the day it was stolen.

f) If I have/had more money, I’d pay for you too.

g) It’s getting very late, so I think you’d better/ you could leave.

h) Tracey phoned earlier and said that she had been/ would be late.

i) The next two lessons were been/have been cancelled.

j) If we’d remembered/we remembered to bring the map, we wouldn’t have got lost.

2. Look carefully at each line. Some lines are correct but some have a

word which should not be there. Tick (v) each correct line. If a line has a

word which should not be there, write the word in the space:

Do-It-Yourself

Last week my brother and I decided to paint our 1. V

bedrooms if while our parents were out for the 2. if


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day. Our parents usually they have the painting done 3………

by a local firm, but we thought we could to save some 4. ………

money if we did paint it ourselves. We had watched the 5. ………

painters the last time the house had to been painted, 6. …….

so we thought we would be able to do the job. 7. ………

‘First all the surfaces must have to be washed’, my 8. ………..

brother said. ‘That can’t have be very difficult,’ I 9. ………

replied. ‘We’d better if put some newspapers on 10……….

the carpet. If we can make a mess, we’ll get into 11 ……….

trouble’. After that had been have done, we looked 12. ………

for some paint in the garden shed. ‘We could use 13. ……….

this red paint,’ I was suggested. My brother said that 14. ……….

he preferred green paint. Just as if we were going to 15. ……….

start, our parents arrived home. ‘You should have been 16. ………..

asked us first,’ my mother said us. ‘You can paint the 17. ………..

rest of the house too!” 18. ……….

3. Complete each sentence with one of the words or phrases from the box:

could don’t have to might have must mustn’t

should had to have to

a) We don’t have to wear a uniform at my school.

b) You ………………………………………..play with matches! It’s very dangerous.

c) I’m not sure, but I think I ……………………………….left my wallet in the bank.

d) I’m getting up early, because I …………………………..go running before school.

e) Sorry I can’t stay any longer, but I really …………………………………go home.

f) If you want to, we …………………………………….go swimming this afternoon.

g) Sorry I’m late, but I ……………………………………….take my dog to the vet’s.

h) I think you………………………………go to bed earlier, and stop drinking coffee.

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4. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the

first sentence:

a) I don’t know the answer, so I can’t help you.

If I knew the answer, I would help you.

b) Don’t run fast, or you’ll feel tired.

If ………………………………………………………………………………

c) An off-duty policewoman arrested the robber.

The robber …………………………………………………………………….

d) We didn’t leave early, so we missed the train.

If we ………………………………………………………………………….

e) I ate all the ice-cream, and now I regret it.

I wish………………………………………………………………………….

f) Where is the bus station?

Could you…………………………………………………………………….

g) The local council is building a new sports centre.

A new sports centre…………………………………………………………..

h) I think you should go to the doctor’s.

If I…………………………………………………………………………….

i) Someone used a hammer to break the window.

The window………………………………………………………………….

j) ‘Don’t forget to buy some milk, Amy,’ I said.

I reminded……………………………………………………………………

5. For each question, complete the second sentence so that it means the

same as the first, using no more than three words:

a) It wasn’t necessary for me to go to work yesterday.

I didn’t have to go to work yesterday.

b) I’d like to be rich!

I wish……………………………………………………………………….rich!

c) I’m going to the hairdresser’s tomorrow.

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I’m having……………………………………………………………tomorrow.

d) Perhaps Mark missed the bus.

Mark might……………………………………………………………...the bus.

e) Marconi was the inventor of radio.

Radio ………………………………………………………………by Marconi.

f) I think you were wrong to forget the keys!

You shouldn’t ………………………………………………………..the keys!

g) It would be a good idea for us to take an umbrella.

We……………………………………………………...better take an umbrella.

h) I’m sure that Maria worked very hard.

Maria ………………………………………………………………..very hard.

i) Helen gave a camera to Richard.

Richard ……………………………………………………..a camera by Helen.

j) It was unnecessary for us to buy so much food.

We ……………………………………………………….bought so much food.

6. Mixed structures. Write It must be true, It may be true or It can’t be true:

0.There are people on other planets. It may be true.

1.There are plants on the moon. ………………

2. Shakespeare interviewed Julius Caesar. ………………

3. Some members of the government take drugs. ………………

4. All English children can read. ……………….

5. It is raining somewhere in Africa at this moment. ………………

7. Use the words in the box in requests beginning Can you….or Can I…..:

bill catalogue contract credit card estimate

menu price list receipt

1. (You have just paid a taxi driver). …………………give me a ……………………?

2. (You have just sat down in a restaurant). ………………bring me the…………….?

3. (You are talking to a builder)…………………give me an………………………...?

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4. (You are in a car showroom and you want to know how much the cars cost.)

…………..give me your ………………………………………………...........?

5. (You have finished a meal in a restaurant). …………….bring me the……………?

6. (You want to buy some things in a small shop) ……………pay by

……………………………………………………………………………........?

7. (You are renting a car) ………………….. explain this paragraph in the

…………………………………………………………………………………?

8. (You are telephoning a clothing company) ………………send me your

…………………………………………………………………………………?

8. Grammar in a text. Complete the text with words from the box, using

used to….:

buy go have keep look after look at live play

stand take

Recently we took our 15-year-old son Joe to the place in Paris where we (1) …………………

when he was a baby. We showed him the house, with the balcony where he

(2)………………… and make speeches to imaginary crowds. Then we went inside, and

believe it or not, there was Mme Duchène, who (3)……………………Joe when we were

working. She didn’t look a day older. We couldn’t get into the flat, but we saw the garden

where Joe (4)………………Then we visited the park where we (5) ……………………him

for walks, the zoo where he (6)…………………..the lions and tigers, and the lake where we

(7)……………………boating. Not much had changed in the area: most of the shops were

still there, including the wonderful old grocer’s where we (8)…………………… delicacies

like cherries in brandy. But the friendly butcher who (9)………………….the best pieces of

meat for us was gone, and so was the restaurant with the bad-tempered old waitress where we

(10)……………….. Sunday lunch. I found it strange to go back: it made me feel happy and

sad at the same time. But Joe was delighted with the trip.

105

9. Perfect modals. Complete the sentences with should have…., could

have,….may have….., or can’t have. More than one answer may be

possible:

He should have paid me last week. (pay)

1. James …………………………………….to America. I saw him this morning. (go)

2. You……………………………………………….somebody, driving like that. (kill)

3. ‘Where’s Phil?’ ‘I don’t know. He ……………………………………..home.’ (go)

4. ‘We went to Dublin for the weekend.’ ‘That …………………..a nice change.’ (be)

5. If my parents hadn’t been so poor, I ……………………………..to university. (go)

10. Choose the best form:

1. We may/ might/ both win, but I don’t think there’s much chance.

2. I may/ can/ both ask you to help me later.

3. That may not/ can’t/ both be her daughter – they’re nearly the same age.

4. We can/ may/ both decide to go camping again at Easter.

5. There may not/ can’t/ both be enough room for everybody on the bus – we’ll have to wait

and see.

6. You may not/ can’t/ both get in without a ticket – not a chance.

7. You absolutely should/ must/ both go and see Liz.

II. VOCABULARY: GENERAL - WORK AND STUDY34


a) Penny took three exams and managed to pass/succeed them all.

b) Most people would prefer a job/work which was near home.

c) Tim had to learn/teach fifty children how to swim.

d) I can’t come to the cinema tonight. I’m reading/studying for a test.


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e) It’s hard reading aloud/loudly when you don’t understand the words.

f) The manager told David to make an application/invitation for the job.

g) Ann works in advertising and earns/wins a very high salary.

h) Would you like to come into my bureau/office? We can talk there.


business date heart phone practice rules time work

a) Before her history exam, Laura learnt a list of dates by heart.

b) The manager will be with you in a moment. He’s on the …………………………...

c) I haven’t spoken Spanish for ages and I’m a bit out of ……………………………..

d) Ever since Tim lost his job he’s been out of ………………………………………..

e) Bringing your mobile phone to the class is against the …………………………….!

f) This factory isn’t very modern. Most of the machines are out of……………………

g) Our maths teacher is always late. He’s never on…………………………………….

h) Mrs Smith isn’t here at the moment. She’s away on ………………………………..


get hand keep look pick stand take write

a) If you don’t know the answer, look it up in the back of the book.

b) My boss wouldn’t let me ………………………time off to go to a football match.

c) Stop talking, and ……………………………………………….on with your work!

d) George finds it hard to ………………………….up with the rest of the maths class.

e) Carol stayed in France and managed to…………………………….up the language.

f) If you speak so fast I can’t ………………………………down what you’re saying.

g) Don’t forget to check over your work before you………………………………it in.

h) Mrs Wood is going to …………………………in for your teacher while he’s away.

107

4. Match each sentence (a-j) with a sentence (1-10) which has a similar

meaning:

a) She was given the sack. 7 1. She was given a better job.

b) She got a rise. …… 2. She answered an advertisement.

c) She got a promotion. ….. 3 She decided to leave.

d) She retired. …… 4. She did the job carefully.

e) She did it for a living. …… 5. She didn’t have a job.

f) She resigned. …… 6. She earned her money that way.

g) She was unemployed. ….. 7. She was dismissed.

h) She applied for the job. ….. 8. She wanted a better job.

i) She was ambitious. …… 9. She was old and stopped work.

j) She was conscientious. ….. 10. She was given more money.

5. Complete each sentence with a word formed from the word in bold:

a) Nowadays it’s very important to get a good education.

educate

b) Our company helps ………………………………………...people to find new jobs.

employ

c) Paul has good ideas, but writes very ………………………………………………..

care

d) Helen has become a ………………………………………………..businesswoman.

succeed

e) I hope to leave school with some useful…………………………………………….

qualify

f) Mr Dale was my ……………………………………for ten years, and paid me well.

employ

g) According to the ……………………………………, the French lesson starts at ten.

time

108

III. VOCABULARY: SPECIFIC – NEWS - FLOODS35

According to the latest reports from Anturia, a country bedevilled by natural disasters,

100 people are confirmed dead and up to 300 are feared drowned after the rivers burst their

banks on Friday and inundated large parts of the country. Five days of heavy monsoon rains

raised the number of dead to 1,200 in this year’s unusually heavy storms and widespread

flooding.

Reportedly, a boat carrying more than 50 passengers capsized in one river killing at

least 35 people, while another boat sank in crocodile-infested waters, causing the tragic death

of fourteen people. However, according to health officials, a third of all deaths have been

caused by diarrhoea and other stomach ailments after villagers drank polluted floodwater.

Other victims were killed by venomous water snakes or were drowned. Among the homeless

are thousands of displaced families huddled on embankments, waiting for evacuation, while

others are marooned on the roofs of their houses.

Many villages are isolated, as bridges have been damaged and hundreds of miles of

roads are under water. Railroad services have been suspended and flooded airports have

forced the cancellation of flights. The disaster has been described as unprecedented, causing

severe shortages of food and fuel due to submerged storage buildings. Amid growing fears of

the flood worsening, irrigation experts are urging more protection work against other rain-

swollen rivers threatening residential areas along their banks.

People have been warned that flood-related crime will be severely punished, even to

having offenders shot on the spot. About 100 cases of looting of abandoned properties have

been reported, as well as several cases of sabotage. Boat patrols have been set up to locate

looting gangs and to guard the dykes against subversives. The President will report to

Parliament today on new measures to be taken to counter the flood. However, a clear picture

of the damage will only emerge after the waters recede.

35


109



COLUMN A COLUMN B

abandoned………………….. ailments

displaced……………………. areas

health………………………. buildings

heavy…………………………. disaster

irrigation………………………. experts

looting……………………….. families

polluted……………………….. flooding

residential………………………. floodwater

stomach……………………….. gangs

storage………………………… officials

unprecedented…………………. properties

venomous…………………….. rains

widespread…………………….. snakes


WIDESPREAD – MONSOON – ANTURIA – AFTER – PARALYSED – BY – FLOODING

– HITS

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………


- potrivit relatărilor: – a............. t.............. the r......................

-şalupa s-a răsturnat şi oamenii s-au înecat: – b................... c.................. and s................

p................. were d....................

- familiile sunt lipsite de adăpost: – f.................. are d....................

- a suspenda transporturile feroviare: – s............... r................. s....................

- a provoca lipsuri serioase: – c................. s..................... s............................

110

- a împuşca pe loc: – s................. o.................. the s......................

- a păzi împotriva: – g..................... a.......................

- a întreprinde acţiuni: – t.................. m....................

- imagine clară a distrugerilor: – c................. p................ of the d......................

111

LESSON 10

*Grammar: Purpose; Reason and Result * Vocabulary: General – The Natural

Environment * Vocabulary: Specific - The News – Earthquake

***

I. GRAMMAR – PURPOSE36

Purpose: to and for

* We use the to infinitive to describe purpose, to say why we do things. This is called

‘the infinitive of purpose’.

Alistair went to the station to meet his parents.

NOT for to meet

* In formal speech and writing we can use in order to. This is not as common as the

infinitive of purpose.

The President made a speech in order to explain the policy.

* We can use for followed by a noun to say why we do something. This is especially

common following verbs of motion.

I went to the shops for some milk.

Purpose: so that

* We can use so (that) to express purpose. After so (that), we use subject + verb.

* For a habitual purpose we use can OR the present simple.

I leave the window open so (that) the cat can get in and out.

Bill wears thick socks in bed so (that) his feet don’t get cold.

* For a future purpose we use can, will OR the present simple.

Dora is going to leave class early, so (that) she can go to the dentist.

We’ll take an umbrella so (that) we don’t get wet.

* For a past purpose we use could, would, OR the past simple.

Dora left class early so (that) she could go to the dentist.


112

We took an umbrella so (that) we wouldn’t get wet.

* If the subject of the first part of the sentence and the subject of the purpose close are

different, we CAN’T use the infinitive of purpose to. We HAVE TO use so (that).

Helen played the piano to entertain her friends.

Helen played the piano so (that) everyone else could dance.

1. Put one suitable word in each space. Contractions count as one word:

a) I wrote the date in my diary so that I wouldn’t forget it.

b) Most tourists come here …………………………………visit the ancient temples.

c) Mary called a meeting ……… …………. …………………. announce the team.

d) The thief………………….in black so that nobody………………………..see him.

e) Jack came to me……………………………………………………………..advice.

f) Our teacher made us sit far apart so that we ………………………………...cheat!

g) I’ll leave the box open so that you……………………………………help yourself.

h) Lisa got up early so that she ……………………………….....finish her homework.

2. Rewrite each sentence so that it contains the word in bold:

a) I went to the shops to get some eggs.

for

I went to the shops for some eggs.

b) Nicola came here for a meeting with the director.

to

……………………………………………………………………………………

c) We went on holiday to have a rest.

for

……………………………………………………………………………………

d) Mike plays chess for relaxation.

to

……………………………………………………………………………………

e) I opened the window to let in some air.

for

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…………………………………………………………………………………….

f) Cristina went shopping to buy some new clothes.

for

…………………………………………………………………………………….

g) I went to a private school for English lessons.

to

……………………………………………………………………………………

h) Sam went to a specialist to get treatment.

for

……………………………………………………………………………………


first sentence:

a) Paul had to go to the doctor’s, and left work early.

Paul left work early so that he could go to the doctor’s.

b) The school was rebuilt because it wasn’t large enough.

The school ……………………… in order to …………………………...larger.

c) Sophia wanted Jack to call her, and gave him her phone number.

Sophia ……………………………so that………………………………….her.

d) I might get sunburnt, so I’ll put on some suntan oil.

I’ll ………………………………..so that…………………………….sunburnt.

e) Cathy hid the presents and nobody saw them.

Cathy ………………….. ………..so that………………………………...them.

f) We wanted people to dance, so we had the party in a large hall.

We ……………………………….so that……………………………….dance.

g) Dick wanted to get a good seat, so he arrived early.

Dick ……………………………...so that…………………………a good seat.

h) I couldn’t see well in the cinema, and changed seats.

I ………………………………….so that……………………………….better.

i) We didn’t want to feel hungry, so we took some sandwiches.

We took ………………………….so that we………………………….hungry.

j) Harry wanted his friends to notice him so he wore a funny hat.

Harry …………………………….so that…………………………………him.

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GRAMMAR - REASON AND RESULT37

*We use because, as and since when we want to explain the reason for something.

As and since are more common in formal speech and writing.

Tim didn’t feel well, because he had eaten fifteen ice-creams.

As/since Tim had eaten fifteen ice-creams, he didn’t feel very well.

Tim didn’t feel well, as/since he had eaten fifteen ice-creams.

*As and since can come at the beginning of the sentence. Normally we do NOT begin

sentences with because, but this is possible in informal speech.

Because Tim had eaten fifteen ice-creams, he didn’t feel very well.

*We use so to express a result. Note the relation between because and so.

Tim had eaten fifteen ice-creams, so he didn’t feel very well.

So and Such for emphasis

*We use so many/much (that) and so few/little (that) with nouns, for emphasis. That

is usually left out in informal speech and writing. Note the rules:

Countable nouns: I bought so many books (that) I couldn’t carry them all.

There were so few people in the theatre (that) the actors didn’t

perform well.

Uncountable nouns: There is so much rain at the moment (that) we hardly ever go out.

We have so little free time (that) we don’t watch television.

*We use so + adjective + that with adjectives by themselves.

Last night was so hot (that) I couldn’t sleep.

The trainers were so cheap (that) I bought two pairs. *If we have an adjective followed by a noun, we use such a.

It was such a lovely day (that) we went for a walk in the town.

It was such a good film (that) I saw it twice.


115

Too and not enough for a difficulty

*Too + adjective means ‘more than is necessary or good’. It suggests a difficulty,

and that something cannot be done.

It was too far. (so I didn’t go)

It was too difficult. (so I didn’t do it)

*If we say what the action is we use to + infinitive.

It was too far to walk so we took a taxi.

The mountain was too difficult (for us) to climb.

*Not + adjective+ enough means ‘less than is necessary or good.’ Compare the use

of too and not enough.

Little Gerry is too young to walk to school.

Little Gerry is not old enough to walk to school.

*With nouns we can use too many/much, too few/little and not enough.

Countable nouns: There are too many things to do.

There are too few books.

We haven’t got enough books.

Uncountable nouns: There’s too much time.

There’s too little time.

We haven’t got enough time.

* Notice from the above examples that enough comes after adjectives (‘old’) but

before nouns (‘books’/ ‘time’)

So and too

*It is a common mistake to confuse so and too.

So is like very, and is used for emphasis. The speaker’s opinion can be positive or

negative.

Too means ‘more than enough’. It suggests a difficulty, that something cannot be

done or will not happen.

It’s very expensive. (a fact)

It’s so expensive. (I’m surprised, but I still might buy it)

It’s too expensive. (so I won’t buy it).

116

Result phrases: as a result, in the end, eventually

We can also express result with a linking phrase like as a result, or a time expression

like in the end or eventually. These are more common in formal speech and writing.

Two metres of snow fell during the night. As a result, several main roads were

blocked. (in speech we would just use so here)

It started raining while we were having our picnic, and eventually we decided

to go home.

Kate and Tim waited for the bus for a long time, and in the end they took a

taxi.

Linking words:

Words like because and so are called ‘linking words’.


a) It was such/so a delicious drink, that I had to have another glass.

b) Andrew ate so much/so many cakes that he could hardly walk!

c) Kate’s offer sounded so/too good to be true!

d) There are so few/so little good programmes on TV that I rarely watch it.

e) I felt so/too weak that I couldn’t stand up.

f) We had so much/so many free time, that we got bored.

g) I waited for Elaine for ages, and as a result/in the end I gave up.

h) There was so much/so many rain last night, that the roads were flooded.

i) David was too tall/tall enough/enough tall/very tall to reach the shelf.

j) I had so few/so little knowledge of the subject that I got zero in the test.

5. Complete the sentences with one of these words: too, enough, so, such,

much, many, little, few:

a) It’s so late and there are still lots of people in the club.

b) It’s …………………………………late to catch a bus. I’ll have to get a taxi home.

c) I have so…………………………………………………………………work to do!

d) I have so………………………………………………………………….jobs to do!

e) I don’t have ………………………………………money to go on holiday this year.

117

f) I have too………………………………………….money to go on holiday this year.

g) I have too……………………euros in my bank account to go on holiday this year.

h) It was………………………………………………………………an exciting film!

i) The film was…………………………………………………………………exciting.

j) It’s ……………………hot on the beach. I don’t like it. I’m going back to the hotel.

k) It’s …………………………………..hot on the beach! I love it. I’m really relaxed.

6. Put one suitable word in each space:

a) My tea is too hot to drink at the moment.

b) I had to stand at the back, …………………………….there weren’t any seats left.

c) Thomas had………………………………...homework, that he had to stay up late.

d) There were…………..………………….people in front of us that we couldn’t see.

e) Helen missed the bus, ………………………………………………she took a taxi.

f) There were ……….. ………………………..customers that the shop closed down.

g) The room wasn’t large………………………………………….for so many guests.

h) Hannah was…………………………………..tired that she fall asleep on the train.

i) We had………………………………….money that we couldn’t even buy a drink.

j) ………………………….................it was raining, the school picnic was postponed.

7. Rewrite each sentence so that it has a similar meaning and contains the

word in bold:

a) I felt really tired, so I stayed at home and had a rest.

because

I stayed at home and had a rest because I felt really tired.

b) I didn’t use that piece of string, because it was too short.

enough

…………………………………………………………………………………..

c) The question was so difficult that I had to ask for help.

such

…………………………………………………………………………………..

d) There weren’t enough seats for all the guests.

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few

…………………………………………………………………………………..

e) There weren’t enough seats for all the guests.

many

…………………………………………………………………………………

f) We can’t put that box in the car as there isn’t much space.

little

…………………………………………………………………………………

g) I haven’t got enough time to do all my work.

too

……………………………………………………………………………….

h) I’ve got such a lot of work that I can’t go out.

so

……………………………………………………………………………….

i) She had lots of children and didn’t know what to do.

many

……………………………………………………………………………….

j) It was such a good play that the audience cheered.

so

………………………………………………………………………………

8. Underline the errors in these sentences. Rewrite each sentence:

a) Sorry, but I haven’t got little time.

Sorry, but I haven’t got enough time.

b) Erica is not enough old to drive a car.

………………………………………………………………………………….

c) Paul has so much friends that he’s always busy.

………………………………………………………………………………….

d) We have too few time to go sight-seeing.

………………………………………………………………………………….

e) It’s too hot that I can’t think!

…………………………………………………………………………………

f) There was too much snow that we couldn’t travel.

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…………………………………………………………………………………

g) It was so a long way that we decided to drive there.

…………………………………………………………………………………

h) So that I had run a long way, I felt exhausted.

…………………………………………………………………………………..


first sentence:

a) I’m afraid you’re not fast enough to be in the running team.

I’m afraid you’re too slow to be in the running team.

b) It’s not very far to the house, so we can walk.

We can walk…………………………………………………………………….

c) The film was so long that we missed our last bus.

It was……………………………………………………………………………

d) Tina felt unhappy and she cried.

Tina felt so………………………………………………………………………

e) Tom has lots of money, and doesn’t know what to do with it.

Tom has so………………………………………………………………………

f) Jim is too young to get married.

Jim isn’t…………………………………………………………………………

g) I can’t afford to buy this bike.

I haven’t got…………………………………………………………………….

h) There are too few plates I’m afraid.

There aren’t……………………………………………………………………...

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II. VOCABULARY: GENERAL – THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT38


a) Before we set off, we listened to the climate/weather forecast.

b) Paula saw a flash of lightning/thunder and then heard a deep boom.

c) The traffic had to slow down because of the thick fog/vapor.

d) There won’t be much rain. It’s only a short shower/stream.

e) Spring is my favorite season/term of the year.

f) Last summer was very hot, and there was a real heatwave/temperature.

g) Look at those clouds! There’s going to be a blast/storm.

h) On a hot day in summer, I look forward to the chilly/cool evening.

i) We were caught in the rain and got damp/soaked to the skin.

j) In the morning there was half a metre of ice/snow blocking the road.

2. Choose the word which best matches the description:

a) Large white water bird with a long neck. duck/swan

b) Four legged animal with horns, good at climbing. goat/sheep

c) Sea animal with a shell and five pairs of legs. crab/frog

d) Insect with large beautifully colored wings. bee/butterfly

e) Small reptile with four legs and a long tail. lizard/snake

f) Small flying insect which drinks blood from the skin. fly/mosquito

g) Small long-eared animal that lives in a hole. mouse/rabbit

h) Animal with long legs and neck and orangey skin. camel/giraffe

i) Eight-legged creature which catches insects. bat/spider

j) Young animal which barks, often a pet. kitten/ puppy


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bark berry blossom branch leaf root thorn trunk

a) Sue managed to reach the branch of a tree and climb up to the window.

b) I felt ill after I ate a red …………………………………..from a bush in the woods.

c) The wall was cracked by the ………………………of a tree growing underneath it.

d) In the autumn, every…………………….on the tree turns yellow and then falls off.

e) Lis hurt herself on a …………………………….while she was picking some roses.

f) The ……………………….of this tree can be removed and used as a kind of paper.

g) In spring all the apple trees are covered in white……………………………………

h) An oak tree has a very broad…………………………, sometimes two metres thick.

4. Choose the best ending (1-8) for each sentence (a-h):

a) In cities the air is hard to breathe because of car 6 1. waste

b) The earth’s climate is changing because of ………. 2. pollution

c) Not having enough of something is called a ………. 3. recycling

d) Air, sea and land can suffer from …….. 4. global warming.

e) Throwing things away unnecessarily is called……… 5. rubbish

f) A mixture of smoke and fog is called………. 6. exhaust fumes

g) Things which we throw away are called…… 7. shortage

h) To avoid wasting things we can use ……….. 8. smog

5. Complete each sentence with a pair of verbs from the box with opposite

meanings:

clean up cut down destroy let plant

pollute prevent protect recycle throw away

a) People should be encouraged to protect the environment, rather than destroy it.

b) We should try to ……………disasters happening, not just …………..them happen.

c) Everyone should try to…………………beaches, and not…………………….them.

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d) It would be a good idea to …………………more trees, not to……………….trees.

e) We can use things again if we…………………rather than …………….them away.

6. Complete each sentence with the pairs of words from the box:

country/city farm/cottage fence/hedge hills/mountains paths/tracks

stream/river town/village crops/weeds

a) Elderly people often move away from the city to live in the country.

b) I’ve often walked over the ………………, but I don’t like climbing ……………..

c) A boat can sail up a …………………, but a …………………………..is too small.

d) If you go for a walk, stay on the …………………… If you follow any of the

animal……………………………………………………………you might get lost.

e) Farmers try to get rid of all the ………………….and increase the quantity of

…………………………………………………………………………...they grow.

f) I come from a little…………………The nearest big …………………...is Bedford.

g) One field has a wooden……………., the other has a ……………..made of bushes.

h) In the middle of the …………………..was a lovely old……………..with a garden.

III. VOCABULARY: SPECIFIC – NEWS - EARTHQUAKE39

At least 5,000 people are estimated to have died and thousands of others to have been

injured in a destructive earthquake which devastated large areas of Ishmad. This small

mountainous country is prone to seismic disturbances as it lies on a seismological fault. This

tragedy proved particularly calamitous and the still incomplete statistics speak of

unprecedented damage. The high magnitude quake measured 7.7 on the Richter scale and was

the strongest this area has experienced in more than a century. It followed a fortnight of

tremors and its epicentre was some 150 miles southwest of Zento, the Ishmadic capital. Three

small villages, close to the epicentre, are said to have been completely wiped out. The quake

also triggered devastating landslides which destroyed a power station, depriving one-third of

the country of electricity. No aftershocks were reported.

39Barbara and Marcin Otto. Engleza pentru jurnalişti. Here is the News. Vol 1. Bucureşti: All Educational, 2001.

123

At two in the morning, two strong quakes, thirty minutes apart, rocked the capital,

catching the inhabitants in their sleep and leaving homes badly damaged. Those who did not

immediately leave the affected area paid for it with their lives. Hundreds of bodies lie buried

under the ruins and the death toll mounts as rescue workers dig into the mounds of debris to

find those entombed.

With half the city reduced to rubble, most of its surviving inhabitants have been left

homeless. Hardest hit were the badly-constructed high-rise apartment blocks, built of precast

concrete slabs, which have sprung up in recent years. They were the first to collapse on their

occupants and they are now being blamed for the high death toll as there are few which

withstood the tremors. Many schools and hospitals disintegrated as the earth heaved. Other

buildings were gutted by fire from ruptured gas pipes and a pall of smoke still hangs over the

town. All the structurally-damaged buildings will have to be razed. It is now predicted that,

even after years of reconstructive work, Zento will never look the same again.



COLUMN A COLUMN B

affected……………….. area

calamitous……………… country

concrete………………… damage

destructive………………. earthquake

devastating………………. inhabitants

high magnitude……………… landslides

homeless…………………….. quake

incomplete…………………… slabs

mountainous………………… statistics

rescue……………………… tragedy

unprecedented…………………. workers

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5,000 – MAGNITUDE – STRIKES – AS- QUAKE – KILLED – HIGH – ISHMAD

………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. Phrases to learn:

- a devasta ţara: – d............... the c.....................

- a fi expus cutremurelor: – be p................. t................. q...................

- a găsi pe cineva în timpul somnului: – c................ somebody i....... his s.............

- a se afla sub dărâmături: – l................ b................ u............... the r..................

- numărul morţilor creşte mereu:– d................ t............ m.....................

- a-i lăsa pe locuitori fără acoperiş deasupra capului – l................. the i............ h...................

- a suporta undele seismice: – w................ the t.....................

- mistuit de foc: – g................ b............. f...................

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LESSON 11

*Grammar: Contrast * Vocabulary: General – Tools and Technology * Vocabulary:

Specific - The News – Avalanches

***

I. GRAMMAR - CONTRAST40

*But, yet, although, though, even though:

but – more informal speech

Maria felt ill, but she went to school.

although – careful or formal speech or writing

Maria went to school although she was ill.

- can come at the beginning

Although she was ill, Maria went to school.

We can emphasize but and although with still and anyway:

Maria felt ill, but she went to school anyway.

Maria felt ill, but she still went to school.

Although she was ill, Maria went to school anyway.

We can use yet instead of but in writing

Maria felt ill, yet she went to school.

*Although often becomes though in speech. Though can come at the end of a sentence,

although cannot.

Although I asked her, she didn’t come. (speech and writing)

Though I asked her, she didn’t come. (speech)

I asked her, (but) she didn’t come, though. (speech)

Even though gives a stronger contrast than although:

Even though I asked her, she didn’t come. (which was really surprising)

*While, whereas: While and whereas are used in formal speech and writing. They compare

two facts and emphasize the difference between them.


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While United were fast and accurate, City was slow and careless.

*However, nevertheless, on the other hand: However is a way of expressing contrast in

formal speech or writing. It can go at the beginning, middle or end of the sentence, and is

separated by a comma (or a pause in speech):

Normally we don’t refund money without a receipt. However, on this occasion

I’ll do it.

Normally we don’t refund money without a receipt. On this occasion, however,

I’ll do it.

Normally we don’t refund money without a receipt. On this occasion, I’ll do it,

however.

Nevertheless is a very formal way of expressing however.

I’m not happy with your work. Nevertheless, I’m going to give you one last

chance.

on the other hand – introduces a contrasting opinion; more common in formal speech

and writing

Television has many advantages. It keeps us informed about the latest news, and

also provides entertainment in the home. On the other hand, television has been

blamed for the violent behaviour of some young people, and for encouraging

children to sit indoors, instead of taking exercise.

*Despite and in spite of: They are followed by a noun (including the –ing form used as a

noun).

In spite of the rain, we went out. (Although it was raining, we went out).

Despite losing, we celebrated. (Although we lost, we celebrated)

Despite her illness, Maria went to school.

Despite being ill, Maria went to school.

In spite of her illness, Maria went to school.

In spite of being ill, Maria went to school.

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a) I read the book you suggested. I didn’t enjoy it, although/however.

b) In spite of/Although we warned him, Harry still got lost.

c) Although/ However I like it here, I won’t stay here long.

d) Cars are convenient. On the other hand/Whereas, they cause pollution.

e) I didn’t have much time, but/however I managed to visit lots of places.

f) Catherine won the race, although/despite falling over.

g) Although/ In spite of the delay, the train arrived on time.

h) I didn’t manage to jump over the wall, although/yet I tried twice.

2. Complete each sentence with one suitable word:

a) Although Tim felt tired, he stayed up to finish his homework.

b) Sam didn’t like skating, ……………………he went with his friends all the same.

c) I found French hard at first. ……………………………, I soon started to enjoy it.

d) Jane kept running, ……………………………..though she knew she couldn’t win.

e) Mike was lost, but he …………………………………...refused to look at the map.

f) Carol went to see the film, …………………………………..she had seen it before.

g) ……………………………………..the rain, the school sports were a great success.

h) Helen won the swimming competition, in ………………………………of her cold.

3. Rewrite each sentence beginning as shown. Do not change the meaning:

a) Although it was snowing, we went out for a walk.

Despite the snow, we went out for a walk.

b) Some experts think prices will fall, but others disagree.

While …………………………………………………………………………..

c) Even though they were losing at half-time, City won in the end.

Despite …………………………………………………………………………

d) Despite the heat, Diana wore her winter clothes.

Although ……………………………………………………………………….

e) Whereas last summer was good, this summer it’s rained all the time.

Last summer was good …………………………………………………………

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f) James had a headache, but he still read until late.

In spite of ……………………………………………………………………….

g) Although Jon hadn’t studied, he did well in the test.

Jon hadn’t studied………………………………………………………………

4. Complete each sentence with one suitable word:

a) I couldn’t run fast enough to catch the shoplifter.

b) They were…………............................good roads that we could drive at high speed.

c) It was……………………………………………….dark that I couldn’t see a thing.

d) The trousers were…………………………………………...long enough to fit Jean.

e) We had……......................................a good time that we decided to go there again.

f) It was…………………………………………late that we couldn’t get a bus home.

g) I took a taxi as it was…………………………………………………….far to walk.

h) The ladder wasn’t tall………………………………………….to reach the window.

i) There are…………………………...lovely fish that you don’t feel like eating meat.

j) There were……………………..…..many dishes that I couldn’t make up my mind.

5. Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown. Do not change the

meaning. Two sentences should be rewritten as one:

a) Despite the cold weather, we all went for a walk.

Although it was cold, we all went for a walk.

b) John has done well in French, but not so well in Maths.

While…………………………………………………………………………..

c) I tried to persuade her. I didn’t succeed, however.

Although………………………………………………………………………

d)It was raining, but I went swimming anyway.

In spite of………………………………………………………………………

e) Ann felt ill, but insisted on going to work.

Despite…………………………………………………………………………

f) In spite of his early lead, Hudson lost his race.

Although………………………………………………………………………

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g) I’m not going to pay, although I know that I should.

While………………………………………………………………………….

h) We expected Larry to accept the job, but he didn’t.

Even though Larry…………………………………………………………….

II. VOCABULARY: GENERAL – TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGY41


a) In the UK it’s ‘mobile phone’, but in the US it’s a cell phone/ pocket phone.

b) In Britain most private cars run on gas/petrol or diesel.

c) Ann’s friends bought her an electric/electrical mixer for her birthday.

d) Peter had to push his bike when he got a flat tyre/wheel.

e) This car has got a really powerful engine/machine.

f) When the machine is on, a little red light/torch comes on.

g) The noise of the workmen banging in nails/screws was disturbing.

h) The radiators will have to be fitted by a heater/plumber.


answering machine camera dishwasher photocopier

mobile phone sewing machine vacuum cleaner

a) Use this if you can’t stay in to take your calls. answering machine

b) Use this to make calls when you’re out and about. …………………..

c) Use this to do your own dressmaking. …………………..

d) Use this to get rid of dust and dirt. …………………..

e) Use this to take a snapshot for your album. …………………..

f) Use this to deal with dirty cutlery and crockery. …………………..

g) Use this if you need several pages all the same. …………………..


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3. Complete each phrase in italics with a verb from the box:

blow break cut go plug ring run turn warm wear

a) I’m sorry I can’t talk now, but I’ll ring back in half an hour.

b) The police think that a car bomb was used to ……………………up the building.

c) These tyres are strong, and won’t ……………………………………...out for ages.

d) Jane’s old car used to …………………………………………….down all the time.

e) You can ……………………………..in the computer to the socket by the window.

f) If you don’t pay the electricity bill they will ……………………………….you off.

g) I think it’s time to ………………………………….off the television and go to bed.

h) Whenever there is a thunder storm, all the lights ……………………………….out.

i) It’s not necessary to……………………….up the engine first, although it’s so cold.

j) If you leave the radio on all night the battery will……………………………….out.

4. Complete the sentences about computers with a word from the box:

button cursor hard disk highlight icon

print out memory modem website

a) The computer stores large amount of information on its hard disk.

b) When a program is running, it is using the computer’s ……………………………..

c) A small picture that represents a program is called an ……………………………...

d) The flashing symbol that shows where text will appear in the ……………………...

e) When you’ve finished writing text you often want to ………………………………

f) You can click the left or right mouse………………………………………………...

g) Organizations use the internet to provide information about themselves- they put the

information on their……………………………………………………………...

h) You connect the computer to the internet via a ……………………………………..

i) Hold down the left mouse button and drag the cursor across any text that you want to

…………………………………………………………………………………….

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5. Replace the group word in italics in each sentence with an example

word from the box:

car cello electric toothbrush oven frying pan gun

ladder saw

a) The police discovered the vehicle more than twenty miles away. – car

b) My sister bought me this gadget to clean my teeth as a present - …………………...

c) The builders left their equipment outside the house. - ………………………………

d) The cost of the kitchen includes an electrical appliance. - ………………………….

e) This kitchen utensil is lightweight and non-stick. - ………………………………….

f) I had to use a tool to cut the floorboards in half. - …………………………………..

g) One of the robbers was carrying a weapon. - ………………………………………..

h) This instrument is rather heavy to carry. - …………………………………………..


battery handle key lock plug socket switch wire

a) Lisa turned the door handle, opened the door and entered the room.

b) My watch stopped working because the ………………………………..had run out.

c) The television won’t work in this room, as there isn’t an electric…………………...

d) Bill pressed the light ………………………..., but none of the lights were working.

e) To wind up this old clock you need a special kind of……………………………….

f) Mary put the key in the ………………………………………., but it wouldn’t turn.

g) I’ve bought an electric kettle, but the lead hasn’t got a ………………………..on it.

h) The electric bell didn’t work because the……………………………...had been cut.

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7. Match each sentence with the necessary object from the box:

binoculars compass hairdrier iron lawnmower

pump razor scissors thermometer tin-opener

a) There is no air in either of these tyres. – pump

b) Do you fancy some tinned beans for lunch? - ………………………………………

c) The grass in the back garden is awfully long. - ……………………………………..

d) Sam has been letting his beard grow but now he’s going to shave - ………………..

e) When it’s long like this you need more than a towel. - ……………………………..

f) I’ve got to cut the ends off the legs of my new jeans. - …………………………….

g) Do you think I’ve got a temperature? - ……………………………………………...

h) It’s difficult to see wild animals when they’re so far away. - ……………………….

i) Jean was completely lost, and needed to know where north was. -………………….

j) You can’t go out with all those creases in your shirt. - ……………………………..

III. VOCABULARY: SPECIFIC – THE NEWS - AVALANCHES42

Eight climbers, two of them girls, were swept to their deaths yesterday when an

avalanche of ice and snow thundered down Mount Bloor. It hit the party of two guides and six

teenagers shortly after they had made a dawn start to assault the peak, despite both adverse

weather conditions and official warnings. They were swept down the slopes from a mist-

covered mountain ledge, and buried under thousands of tons of debris.

It is not yet known what triggered this avalanche. Severe frost has delayed the rescue

operation and the teams are finding it increasingly hard to reach the disaster site. A rescue

worker is quoted as saying that there is no chance of finding any survivors. He even doubted

whether they would be able to find the bodies as three feet of snow fell during the night. If the

bad weather persists, the search for the missing climbers will have to be abandoned until early

spring when the snows begin to melt. Meanwhile, the authorities have requested extra

snowploughs to clear the tracks and free scores of tourists stranded in mountain villages.

Just two days ago, rescue teams at a nearby resort were alerted when a skier strayed

off the piste. When he was unable to avoid the surging wall of snow, he was buried in the

42Barbara and Marcin Otto. Engleza pentru jurnalişti. Here is the News. Vol 1. Bucureşti: All Educational, 2001.

133

cascade. Sniffer dogs were brought in and his body, thrown 1,200 feet by the impact, was

found under a heap in a ravine. It was dug out, although near-zero visibility made the rescue

operation extremely difficult. Following this tragedy, a warning has been issued to skiers to

keep to established runs and, by no means, to venture onto steep, unmarked slopes. In January

alone, avalanches caused fourteen deaths.

The increase in the number of avalanches is believed to be the result of the widespread

deforestation of the mountain slopes to make way for ski resorts. The resulting serious erosion

of topsoil has substantially multiplied the incidence of avalanches and endangered skiers’

lives.



COLUMN A COLUMN B

adverse .......................... conditions

bad ............................ deforestations

dawn .............................. dogs

disaster ............................... frost

mountain ............................ ledge

rescue ............................ site

severe ........................... operation

sniffer ............................ slopes

steep ............................... start

widespread ............................ weather


ON – AVALANCHE – SLOPES – REPORTED – MORE – THE – DEATHS

……………………………………………………………………………………..

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-a fi strivit de avalanşă: b.............. s................. b.............. an a...........................

-condiţii meteorologice proaste: a................... w......................... c........................

-îngropat sub zăpadă: b.................... u................. the s..................

-acţiune de salvare: r................. o.......................

-locul tragediei: d................. s.........................

-căutarea celor care au supravieţuit: s................. f............... s.....................

-a opri căutările: a................... the s......................

-a avertiza, a da un semnal de alarmă: i................. a w......................

-în nici un caz: b................ n................... m...................

-a multiplica numărul cazurilor: m........................ the i..........................

-a ameninţa viaţa – e................... one’s l..............

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LESSON 12

*Grammar: Relatives – who, whom, which, that, what, whose * Vocabulary: General –

Everyday Objects * Vocabulary: Specific - The News – Volcanic Eruptions

***

I. GRAMMAR - RELATIVES – who, whom, which, that, what, whose43

*who(m), which, that

- join sentences to nouns – who (for people), and which (for things)

I’ve got a friend. He collects stamps >

I’ve got a friend who collects stamps.

There’s a problem. It worries me. >

There’s a problem which worries me.

Holly’s lost the watch. I bought it for her.>

Holly’s lost the watch which I bought for her.

- who, which instead of he, him, she, it. Don’t use both!

The man who lives opposite has been ill. (not “who he lives”)

This is the report which you wanted. (not “which you wanted it”)

- that – instead of “which”, “who” – in informal style

There’s a problem that you don’t understand.

I know some people that could help you.

- we normally use that, not which, after all, everything, nothing, the only

….and superlatives

I told you everything that I know.

The only thing that matters to me is your happiness.

- whom – object for people; formal

What is the name of that nurse whom we met last week? (formal)

What’s the name of that nurse who/that we met last week? (informal)

- always used after prepositions

the woman with whom I travelled


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*when, where – after words for time and place

I’ll never forget the day when I first met you. (= ‘…the day on which…’)

Do you know a shop where I can find sandals? (= ‘…a shop at which…’)

1. Join the sentences in the places marked*. Change he, it etc. to who or

which:

E.g.: I know a shop*. It sells good coffee.

I know a shop which sells good coffee.

Most of the people* work in London. They live in our village.

Most of the people who live in our village work in London.

1. The tomatoes* were mostly bad. You bought them.

………………………………………………………………………………..

2. The flowers* are doing well. I planted them.

……………………………………………………………………………….

3. A lot of people* want a change of government. I know them.

………………………………………………………………………………..

4. Three of the prisoners* are still on the run. They escaped last night.

……………………………………………………………………………….

5. There’s some cheese in the fridge*. It needs to be eaten.

……………………………………………………………………………….

6. I want some plates*. They can go in the microwave.

……………………………………………………………………………….

7. They haven’t got the shirt* in your size. You wanted it.

………………………………………………………………………………

8. The boy* has asked my sister out. He lives next door.

………………………………………………………………………………

2. Make these sentences more formal:

1. He’s one of those people that everybody likes.

………………………………………………………………………………

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2. There were three boys at my school that I’ll never forget.

……………………………………………………………………………….

3. The woman that I didn’t recognise was my old dentist.

……………………………………………………………………………….

4. The man who the police arrested said that he’d never met the woman.

………………………………………………………………………………..

*leaving out relative pronouns

- we can leave out object pronouns who(m), which, that, but not usually subject

pronouns.

Where’s that letter that I saw this morning? >

Where’s that letter I saw this morning?

BUT NOT Where’s that letter that was on the table? >

Where’s that letter was on the table?

3. Is the relative pronoun the subject or object in these clauses?

E.g.: That’s the woman who lives next door. – S

Our doctor is a person whom I really respect. – O

1. He had a simple idea which changed the world. ………..

2. I’ve lost that nice ring which Bill gave me. ………..

3. It’s a book that everybody talks about and nobody reads. …..

4. Once there were three rabbits that lived near a river. ………

5. That’s the man who I wanted to see. …..

6. An orphan is a child who hasn’t got any parents. ……

7. He keeps telling you things which you already know. ……

8. They never thanked me for the money that I sent them. ……

4. In which three of sentences 1-6 can the relative pronouns be left out?

E.g.: The strawberries which I bought weren’t very good. – NO which

1. The job that he got wasn’t very interesting.

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2. A woman who(m) my sister knows has just bought the house next door.

3. The doctor who treated me didn’t know what he was doing.

4. I’m sorry for people who haven’t got a sense of humour.

5. Have you got anything that will clean this carpet?

6. Have you got a typewriter that I can use?

5. Join the sentences in the places marked* without using who(m), which

or that:

E.g.: You asked me to get you a paper. Here’s the paper*.

Here’s the paper you asked me to get you.

1. You recommended a film. We went to see the film*, but we didn’t think much of it.

………………………………………………………………………………

2. My sister bought a new car last month. The car* has broken down four times already.

……………………………………………………………………………..

3. You didn’t recognise an actor on television last night. The actor*was Jake McLean.

………………………………………………………………………………

*what = the thing(s) that’: Take what you like

What she said made me angry.

Help yourself. Take what you like.

I gave him what he needed.

- + singular verb

What I learnt at school was mostly useless.

- that – after anything, something, nothing, everything, all, the only thing

I’ll give you anything that you need. (NOT what you need)

Music is the only thing that interests her.

All that I could do was listen to her.

They had nothing that was useful.

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6. Rewrite the words in italics, using what:

E.g.: The things that she did that morning weren’t helpful. what she did; wasn’t

1. The things that he said made everybody angry. …………………………………..

2.The date – that’s the thing that I forgot to tell them! ………………………………..

3. I’ll do anything that I like. ……………………………………………………..……

4. The things that it said in the paper were worrying. …………………………………

5.Schoolchildren should read anything that interests them.……………………………

7. Complete the definitions using what and the words in the box:

advertising cheese grass gravity happiness honey

imagination money petrol philosophy power

E.g.: Cheese is what people make from milk.

1. ……………………………………………………………………………bees make.

2. ……………………………...........................................................................cows eat.

3. ……………………..........................................................................everybody wants.

4. …………………………………………………………………...philosophers study.

5. ………………………………………………………………………politicians want.

6. ……………………………………………………………...economists know about.

7. ………………………………………………………………....................poets need.

8. …………………………………………...makes people buy things they don’t want.

9. ………………………………………………………………………..makes cars go.

10. ……………………………………………………………………makes things fall.

8. Put in that or what:

1. I don’t believe anything ……………………………………………………she says.

2. …………………………………………………………………..he did shocked me.

3. The only thing ……………………………………………………I forgot was soap.

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4. I don’t have time to read everything………………………………………I want to.

5. They told us…………………………………………………….we needed to know.

*whose: a girl whose beauty……….

-formal

I saw a girl. Her beauty took my breath away. >

I saw a girl whose beauty took my breath away.

He went to a meeting. He didn’t understand its purpose.>

He went to a meeting whose purpose he didn’t understand.

+ noun

9. Complete the sentences with whose. The words in the box will help:

books children food houses patients plants

students tourists

are happy are read die fall down get lost grow

learn is enjoyed

E.g.: A good builder is one whose houses don’t fall down.

1. A good parent is one ………………………………………………………………

2. A good gardener …………………………………………………………………..

3. A good doctor ……………………………………………………………………..

4. A good writer ……………………………………………………………………...

5. A good teacher …………………………………………………………………….

6. A good tourist guide ………………………………………………………………

7. A good cook ………………………………………………………………………

*Prepositions in relative clauses: the girl I was talking about

- who/whom/which/that + verb + preposition

OBJECT VERB +

PREPOSITION

something (that) you can write with

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the girl (whom) I was talking about

the music (which) we listened to

- before their objects – very formal

something with which you can write

the girl about whom I was talking

10. Complete the sentences with expressions from the box:

a cup a picture a tap a toy a vase a window

1. …………………………………………………is something that a child plays with.

2. …………………………………………………….is something water comes out of.

3. ……………………………………………………is something that you can look at.

4. …………………………………………………..is something you can look through.

5. …………………………………………………...is something that you drink out of.

6. ………………………………………………...…...is something you put flowers in.

11. Put the words in the correct order. Which description goes with which

word in the box?

teeth coat-hanger toothbrush table bed safe detergent match

E.g.: bite you with things that things that you bite with – teeth

1. in something you sleep that …………………………………

2. on you that something put things. …………………………………

3. valuables in you that put something …………………………………

4. teeth with you that thing a your clean …………………………………

5. on a thing hang that clothes you …………………………………

6. with liquid dishes you wash that …………………………………

7. can a fire start with you that something …………………………………

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*reduced relative clauses: luggage left unattended

- leave out who/which/that + is/are/was/were before participles (-ing and –ed forms)

Do you know that man standing near the door? (= ‘….who is standing….’)

The man accused of the killing said that he was at the cinema at the time (= the

man who was accused……’)

Letters posted before twelve noon will usually be delivered by the next day.

12. Change the words in italics as shown in the example:

E.g.: Paper that is made from rice is sometimes used for stationery.

Paper made from rice

1. Who’s that good-looking man who is talking to Alison?

………………………………………………………………………………......

2. Luggage that is left unattended will be taken away by police.

…………………………………………………………………………………..

3. The driver who was sent to collect me at the airport went to the wrong terminal.

…………………………………………………………………………………..

4. The nurse who is looking after my aunt is very kind to her.

…………………………………………………………………………………..

5. All the rubbish that is floating in the sea is a real danger to health.

…………………………………………………………………………………..

13. Join the sentences without using who/which/that:

E.g.: There was a man. The man was seen running from the burning building.

There was a man seen running from the burning building.

1. I keep dreaming about a woman. The woman is standing with her back to me.

………………………………………………………………………………….

2. James says he heard a shot. The shot was fired in the street.

………………………………………………………………………………….

3. Are those your trousers? The trousers are hanging over the balcony.

………………………………………………………………………………….

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4. They live in a beautiful old house. The house was built 300 years ago.

………………………………………………………………………………......

5.The Navajo create beautiful jewellery. The jewellery is made of silver and turquoise.

…………………………………………………………………………………..

*non-identifying relative clauses: Kelly, who does my hair, …..

- some relative clauses identify – they say who or what we are talking about.

- others do not identify, because it is already clear who or what we are talking about.

-the use of which to refer to a whole clause.

He took out the teeth which/that were causing the trouble. (which/that = ‘the

teeth’)

He took out two teeth, which was a real pity. (which = the clause ‘He took

out two teeth’)

- what cannot be used in this way

He got the job, which surprised us all. (NOT – what surprised)

14. Which relative clauses identify? Circle A or B:

E.g.: A. The woman who/that does my hair has just had a baby.

B. Kelly, who does my hair, has just had a baby.

1. A. She married a man (that/who/whom) she met on a bus.

B. She married a nice architect from Belfast, whom she met on a bus.

2. A. Have you got a book that’s really easy to read?

B. I lent him “The Old Man and the Sea”, which is really easy to read.

3. A. What did you think of the wine (that) we had last night?

B. I poured him a glass of wine, which he drank at once.

15. Change who/whom/which to that, or leave it out, if possible:

E.g: This is Peter Taylor, who works with my sister. no change

People who don’t answer letters annoy me. that

1. What happened to the oranges which I bought yesterday? ……………..

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2.This room, which isn’t used any more, belonged to our eldest son. ……………..

3.My Uncle Sebastian, who travels a lot, has just gone off to Thailand. ………….....

4.We live in a village called Netherworld, which has 150 inhabitants.

…………………………………………………………………………………..

5. I like a film which has a beginning, a middle and an end – in that order.

…………………………………………………………………………………..

6. I’ve had a card from Sally, who used to live next door. …………………..

7. Do you remember those awful people who we met in Corfu? …………………..

8.We had good advice from James, whom we consulted about investments.

………………………………………………………………………………….

16. Put in which or what:

1. She cycles to work every day, …………………………………..keeps her healthy.

2. I very much liked………………………………………….you said at the meeting.

3. They gave me ………………………………………………………….I asked for.

4. The lights suddenly went out, …………………………frightened Granny terribly.

5. This is ………………………………………………………………………..I need.

II. VOCABULARY: GENERAL – EVERYDAY OBJECTS44


a) I have to do some sewing. Do you have a pin/needle?

b) You need special glue/sticker when you make model aeroplanes.

c) I always carry a carving knife/penknife in my pocket.

d) Paul keeps his papers together with a rubber band/rubber ring.

e) Sheets of paper can be fastened together with a paper clip/zipper.

f) I wrapped up the parcel using brown paper and rope/string.

g) Helen took the cutters/scissors and started trimming Mary’s hair.

h) Oh bother! One of my shirt bottoms/buttons has fallen off.

i) As David was tying his shoelace/shoestring, it broke. 44Michael Vince & Paul Emmerson. Intermediate Language Practice. English Grammar and Vocabulary. Macmillan, 2003.

145

j) Little Susie usually ties up her hair with a red ribbon/strip.

2. Match each sentence with the necessary object from the box:

diary dictionary envelope correction fluid file notepad

notice ruler sharpener stamp

a) It’s important to let everyone know what time the meeting starts. - notice

b) Hang on a minute, I’ll just write down those details. - ……………………………...

c) Oh dear, I’ve written my name in the wrong place. - ……………………………….

d) Write down the date of the next match so you don’t forget. - ……………………..

e) I’ve written my letter but I’ve got nothing to put it in. - ……………………… ……

f) I keep losing the sheets I wrote my homework on. - ………………………………..

g) How long is this piece of paper exactly? - ………………………………………….

h) What a nuisance! My pencil has broken. - …………………………………………

i) My letter’s ready for the post. How much will it cost? - …………………………...

j) I’m not really sure what this word means. - ………………………………………...

3. The words in italics are in the wrong sentence. Find the correct

sentence for each one:

a) You can hang your coat on the fireplace behind the door. - hook

b) It’s time for lunch. Can you put the doormat on the table? - ………………………..

c) I’ve bought a beautiful hook with long leaves for your room. - ……………………..

d) Don’t forget to pull all the rubbish from the kitchen into the broom. - ……………..

e) Cathy pulled back the plant and looked out at the street. - ………………………….

f) You can sweep the floor with the curtains in the cupboard. - ……………………….

g) My mother insists that we all wipe our feet on the tablecloth. - …………………….

h) Some logs were blazing and crackling in the dustbin. - ……………………………..

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alarm comb gown hanger mirror pillow

slippers table toothpaste towel

a) My hair is an awful mess. Have you got a comb?

b) When I get up I put on my dressing……………………………...and go downstairs.

c) It’s sometimes a shock to see your face in the ………………………………………

d) Helen always sits at her dressing ……………………………...and brushes her hair.

e) When I’m in the house I take off my shoes and put on my …………………………

f) I want to clean my teeth but I can’t find any ……………………………………….

g) Every morning at 6.30 the …………………………...clock goes off and I wake up.

h) You can wash your hands here, and there’s a ……………………..behind the door.

i) I can’t get to sleep unless I have a really comfortable………………………………

j) You can put your coat in the wardrobe on a coat …………………………………..


street sign hedge kerb lamp post pavement

pedestrian crossing gate subway

a) This is a safe place to go from one side of the street to the other.

- pedestrian crossing

b) This has a light at the top in the street. - …………………………………………….

c) This is where people walk in the street. - ……………………………………………

d) This is a kind of wall made of a living plant. - ……………………………………...

e) This closes the opening in an outside wall. - ………………………………………..

f) This is a line of stones between the footpath and the road. - ……………………….

g) This helps you know where you want to go. - ………………………………………

h) This is a way of crossing under the road. - ………………………………………….

147

III. VOCABULARY: SPECIFIC – NEWS - VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS45

There is increased danger of fresh mudflows from Mount Araramo, according to the

latest reports from Anturia. Eruptions reached a height of 2.5 miles yesterday as the volcano

entered its eleventh week of violent activity, despite vulcanologists’ predictions that it was

subsiding. Mt. Araramo, dormant for three centuries, erupted for the first time this year on

June 9th with the strength of a 20-megaton hydrogen bomb. That upheaval sent rocks and

plumes of hot ash twelve miles into the air. Large amounts of lava have already been released

and molten rock is continually oozing out of cracks in the ground. Large pieces of floating

pumice were found on the surface of the ocean 150 miles south of Mt. Araramo indicating a

simultaneous underwater explosion.

Thousands of trees snapped like twigs seconds after the initial blast. Superheated gases

melted ice and snow on the upper parts of the mountain which resulted in an avalanche of

boiling water and mud. Dust reached as far as 4,000 miles, lengthening the glow of sunsets by

almost two hours. Massive amounts of CO2 released into the atmosphere are believed to be

adding substantially to the greenhouse effect already threatening our planet.

One hundred people are said to have perished in various volcano-related incidents.

Some were killed by poisonous gases, others were buried alive by twelve feet of volcanic ash,

or hit by falling rocks. Forty thousand villagers have already fled the area as heavy rains

threaten to send more mud and debris further down the mountain slopes. Several hundred

cattle were killed and 100,000 acres of crops destroyed. The damage is estimated to be in

excess of two hundred million Anturian dollars.

The world experiences an average of thirty major eruptions each year from more than

six hundred active volcanoes. Others, though believed to be extinct because of centuries of

dormancy, may be only waiting to thunder back to life.

45


148



COLUMN A COLUMN B

active......... activity

boiling......... amounts

floating......... ash

heavy......... blast

hot........... explosion

initial.......... gases

large.......... pumice

molten........ rains

superheated......... rock

underwater............ volcanoes

violent............. water


TO – MT. ARARAMO – MORE – ACTIVITY – BRING – FROM – VOLCANIC –

DESTRUCTION – STILL

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………


-potrivit relatărilor recente: -a.................. t................. l.................... r.......................

-a atinge înălţimea: -r.................... a h......................

-activitate vulcanică violentă: -v..................... v.................... a......................

-a exploda cu forţa unei bombe: -e................... w................... a s........................

o....................... a b............................

-a contribui în mod considerabil: -a......................... s...........................

-îngropat de viu: -b..................... a...........................

-a părăsi în grabă zona: -f................... the a..........................

149

-pagube care depăşesc valoarea x: -d.................. is i..................... e...................... of x

-secole de inactivitate: -c.................... o.............. d......................

150

LESSON 13

*Grammar: Questions (1)* Vocabulary: General – Travel and Holidays* Vocabulary:

Specific - The News – Gas Poisoning

***

I. GRAMMAR - QUESTIONS46

- in questions, we normally put an auxiliary verb before the subject.

Have you seen Isabel?

Why are those men laughing?

When can I pay?

- if there is no auxiliary verb, we use do.

What does ‘gaunt’ mean?

- we do not use do with other auxiliaries or with be.

Can you tell me the time?

- after do, we use the infinitive without to.

What does she want?

Did you go out last night?

1. Correct the mistakes:

E.g.: How you pronounce ‘write’? do you

1. She is happy? ...........................

2. What he thinks? ………………...

3. Did you saw Max? ………………...

4. Where can I to sit down? ………………...

5. When the bus leaves? ………………...

6. Do you can speak Arabic? …………………

7. What means ‘vast’? …………………


151

8. Where you went? …………………

9. Why she is crying? …………………

10. What I must to do now? …………………

- we only put an auxiliary verb before the subject, not the whole verb.

Is your father coming tonight?

Where are the President and his family staying?

2. Make questions:

E.g.: The 7.30 train for London leaves from platform 2.

Does the 7.30 train for London leave from platform 2?

1. Jane and her mother will be staying in Ireland.

Will……………………………………………………………………………...

2. John and Susan want to play golf on Saturday.

Do……………………………………………………………………………….

3. The Sunday newspapers have arrived.

Have…………………………………………………………………………….

4. The secretary from the accounts office has telephoned.

Has………………………………………………………………………………

5. The big man with the grey beard said something.

What……………………………………………………………………………

- note that do may come twice in questions: as an auxiliary verb and as a main verb.

What does your father do?

What did you do at university?

- common question expressions before nouns: what colour, what size, what make of,

what sort/kind/type of

What colour eyes has she got? = What colour are her eyes?

What size shoes do you wear?

What make of car did you buy?

What sort of music do you like?

152

What time does the train get in – NOT at what time

3. Complete the questions with a suitable expression:

E.g.: What colour curtains shall we have in the kitchen?

1. …………………………………………………………………...jeans do you wear?

2. ………………………………………………………………..hair has the baby got?

3. …………………………………………………………………..books do you read?

4. ………………………………………………….mountain bike do you recommend?

5. …………………………………………………………………….food do you like?

- note the difference between how? and what….like?

#we use how? mostly to ask about things that change – moods, health, work

#we use what….like? mostly to ask about things that don’t change – people’s

character and appearance

‘How’s Joe?’ ‘He’s very well.’

‘What’s Joe like?’ ‘Tall, good-looking, a bit shy’.

‘How does she seem today?’ ‘Much happier’.

‘What does your sister look like?’ ‘Short, dark and cheerful-looking.’

4. Make questions with how? or what….like?:

E.g.: (your flat) What’s your flat like? ‘Small and comfortable’.

1. (the new teacher)…………………………………………………..‘Not much good.’

2. (your mother?) ………………………………………………………..‘Fine, thanks.’

3. (work going?) ……………………………………….‘Not very well at the moment.’

4. (business?) ………………………………………………………………...‘Terrible.’

5. (Anne’s boyfriend?)………………………………………………….‘Not very nice.’

6. (school?)……………………………………………...………….‘Much better now.’

7. (Manchester?) ………………………………………….. ‘An interesting place.’

8. (things at home?) …………………………….................................‘Ok, I suppose.’

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9. (your village) ……………………………………………………..‘Very quiet.’

10. (the neighbours) ……………………………………………….…‘A bit strange.’

- Yes/no questions

-asking for information

Are you ready? – Yes, nearly. / No, not quite.

Has anyone seen my bag? – Yes, it’s on the chair./ No, I don’t think so.

- other uses

Shall we eat out tonight? – making a suggestion

Can/Could you write the address down for me, please? – requesting

Can I carry something for you? – No, it’s OK, thanks – offering

Would you like to come to a party? – Yes, I’d love to. – inviting

May I use your phone? – Yes, of course. – asking permission

5. Write down the use of each question. Choose from these uses:

asking for information (x3), asking permission, inviting, making a suggestion, offering,

requesting (x2)

E.g.: Could you post this letter for me? requesting

Can we get a number 35 bus from this stop? asking for information

1. Can I help you with those bags? ………………………..

2. Shall we stop for a rest? ………………………..

3. Is it Tuesday today? ………………………..

4. Could you wait a moment, please? ………………………..

5. Would you like to have tea with us? ………………………..

6. Will your friend be here next weekend? ………………………..

7. May I sit down? ………………………..

6. What would you say in these situations?

E.g.: You want to know if Mark has been to Los Angeles. Ask Sarah.

154

Has Mark been to Los Angeles?

1. You aren’t sure if Rachel and Vicky are going to America. Ask them.

…………………………………………………………………………………..

2. You want to know if Laura plays tennis. Ask Trevor.

…………………………………………………………………………………..

3. You are wondering if Claire enjoyed her holiday. Ask her.

………………………………………………………………………………….

4. You want to suggest to Rachel that you both go for a walk.

………………………………………………………………………………….

5. You need to know if David will be at the club tonight. Ask him.

………………………………………………………………………………….

- short answers – Yes, it is./ No, it isn’t.

QUESTION SHORT ANSWER

Auxiliary

Are you working tomorrow?

Has Emma got a computer?

Will I need my passport?

Did they repair your phone?

Pronoun Auxiliary

Yes, I am

Yes, she has

Yes, you will

Yes, they did

QUESTION SHORT ANSWER

Auxiliary

Is the photocopier working now?

Have the children gone to sleep?

Will there be food at the party?

Does this train stop at Derby?

Pronoun Auxiliary

No, it isn’t

No, they haven’t

No, there won’t.

No, it doesn’t

- to answer a request, suggestion, etc, we normally use a phrase like

‘Yes, of course’ or ‘Yes, please’ rather than a short answer. If we answer in the negative, we

have to give some explanation

Request: Could you help me move these chairs, please?

Yes, of course.

155

I’m afraid I’m rather busy.

Suggestion: Shall we have a coffee?

Yes, OK.

Sorry, I can’t. I have to go.

Offer: Can I give you a hand?

Yes, please. That’s very kind of you.

It’s OK, thanks. I can manage.

Invitation: Would you like to come to the barbecue?

Yes, please. I’d love to.

I’d love to, but I’ll be away.

7. Which would normally be the best answer?

E.g.: Are you busy today? a) Yes, busy./ b) Yes, I am.

1. Is it too hot in here for you? a) No, it isn’t./ b) No, I’m fine, thanks.

2. Do you know Emma? a) Yes./ b) Yes, we live in the same building.

3. Tell me, did you steal my money? a) No./ b) No, I didn’t steal your money.

4. Do you live on the campus? a) Yes, I do./ b) Yes, I live on it.

5. Would you like to come out with us for the day? a) Yes, I would like./ b)Yes, please.

6. Is it the eighteenth today? a) Yes, it is./ b) Yes, it is the eighteenth of November today.

7. Did you bring my CD? a) No./ b) No, sorry. I forgot it.

8. Can I carry your bags? a) No, you can’t./ b) It’s all right, thanks.

II. VOCABULARY: GENERAL – TRAVEL AND HOLIDAYS47

1. Decide which answer best fits each space:

Holidays

Most people enjoy going (1) out/forward/abroad/foreign for their holidays, and having the

opportunity to (2) remain/pass/spend/stay in an interesting city or a seaside (3)

resort/post/too/one. If you speak (4) strange/stranger/foreigner/foreign languages, you can


156

make new friends, and (5) fetch/take/go/get home some interesting (6)

memories/souvenirs/memoirs/recollections as presents. But before you can do that, you have

to (7) reach/arrive/go/travel your destination, and that is often a problem! If you fly, then you

may find that your flight has been (8) waited/reversed/ delayed/booked. (9)

Journeys/Travels/Voyages/Passes by train can also be difficult, since trains are often (10)

filling/occupied/overdone/crowded in the summer, and you might have to reserve a (11)

post/chair/seat/position in advance. Whichever way you (12) voyage/travel/trip/tour, you can

have problems with your (13) baggages/luggage/goods/sacks, and it is often difficult to find

good (14) staying/homes/lodges/accommodation. Apart from this, you might not be able to

afford the (15) fare/fair/far/fur.

2. Complete each sentence with a word from the box. Use each word once

only:

after down for off in out up

a) The car broke down in the mountains, and we couldn’t find a garage.

b) James had to set…………………………………….at dawn to catch the early train.

c) Sue’s bike passed me, and I had to ride fast to catch………………………with her.

d) I arrived at the airport, checked ……………………….., and then had some coffee.

e) We were heading …………………....Paris, but we were not in a hurry to get there.

f) Jill ran ………………………………..of money after a week, and had to go home.

g) Our next-door neighbours looked …………………...our dog while we were away.

3. Complete each sentence with a word formed from the word in bold:

a) They told me to ask at the information desk. inform

b) The plane gathered speed as it roared along the …………… run

c) The ……………………of our plane has been delayed. depart

d) The plane made a bumpy ………………….and I felt ill. land

e) The clerk asked me if I had made a …………………. reserve

f) I got a seat because of another passenger’s ………………… cancel

g) We arrived late at the ………………, and missed the plane. air

h) We fastened our seatbelts and prepared for ……………….. take

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4. Complete each part sentence (a-j) with one of the endings (1-10) and

make a compound word:

a) I sent my friend a post …… 7 1. suit with you to the beach.

b) I fastened my seat…………. 2. table turned out to be wrong.

c) We stayed on a small camp ……….. 3. belt, and waited for takeoff.

d) I always forget my guide………….. 4. port, you must tell the police.

e)Don’t forget to take your swim

………….

5. hiking can be dangerous.

f) If you lose your pass………. 6. side when I was little

g) We stayed in a quiet guest………. 7. card of the town where I stayed.

h) The train time………….. 8. book when I visit old cities.

i) I used to like going to the sea………. 9. house down the river.

j)Nowadays I’m afraid that hitch……… 10. site just outside the town.


a) In Greece we visited several ancient/antique temples.

b) Whenever Lucy travels by boat she feels seasick/dizzy.

c) Holidays in the mountains are always more relaxed/relaxing.

d) We always eat the local/topical food when we’re abroad.

e) On my summer holidays I like getting suntanned/sunburnt.

f) It may not be easy to find accommodation at reasonable/logical prices.

g) After cycling all day, Bill was completely exhausted/tired.

h) The owner of the hotel gave us a hospitable/warm welcome.

i) Jack likes spending most of his holiday in the open/plain air.

6. The words in italics are in the wrong sentences. Find the correct

sentence for each one:

a) We spent two weeks in a lovely seaside station. resort

b) Jim stayed the night in a small bed and hostel. ……………

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c) Karen was exhausted after her fifteen-mile holiday. ……………

d) Martin and Carol had a great time on their camping cards. ……………

e) As it was cheaper, I bought a return stop. …………....

f) We managed to find some petrol at a remote filling village. ……………

g) The bus made an overnight breakfast in a town near the border. ……………

h) The family rented a cottage in a country walk for the summer. ……………

i) If you’re a student, you can save money by staying in a youth ticket. ……………

j)David never carried cash on holiday. He always takes credit resort

.………………………………………………………………………………............

III. VOCABULARY: SPECIFIC – NEWS – GAS POISONING48

A geological explosion cracked the bottom of a volcanic lake in a remote region of

northern Arehon two days ago, releasing a cloud of toxic gas that is estimated to have killed at

least 1,200 people. The casualty figures are incomplete and the death toll may be much

higher. The gas is believed to have escaped at night. The wind blew the toxic fumes over

villages scattered on the hillside, and caught people in their sleep, in several cases wiping out

whole families. The cloud, a mixture of unspecified lethal gases of volcanic origin, was

apparently trapped in the sediment at the bottom of the lake and might have been released by

a small tremor. It then rose to the surface and exploded. Although the gas is said to have

dispersed by now, many residents have fled the area, fearing for their lives.

A relief operation is now under way. Hundreds of people injured by the fumes are

being treated in hospitals, which are ill-equipped to deal with the blistered and paralyzed

survivors. The site has been isolated and army teams are searching the four-square-mile

disaster area for more victims. As the temperature soars, the soldiers have been instructed to

bury the dead immediately in mass graves so as to head off the threat of epidemics. A stench

of decay hangs in the air while the decomposing animal bodies have already contaminated the

water supply, endangering the lives of those who refused to be evacuated.

The disaster reportedly caused unprecedented emotion among the tragedy-stricken

population and the evacuees were offered all that was available. The President has called for

international assistance to cope with the catastrophe. Several countries have already

responded to the call and offered to fly in help, donations and supplies during the emergency. 48


159

Doctors in many countries are on standby ready to fly to Arehon at three hours’ notice. An

air-strip has been improvised to facilitate the relief operation.



COLUMN A COLUMN B

blistered ……………….. explosion

casualty …………………. figures

death ………………….. fumes

geological ………………… gases

lethal ……………………… graves

mass ……………………. lake

relief ……………………… region

remote …………………….. operation

scattered ……………………… survivors

toxic ………………………… toll

volcanic …………………….. villages


PEOPLE – KILL – DEADLY – MYSTERY – IN – 1,200 – FUMES – DRAMA

………………………………………………………………………………………..


-a elibera un nor de gaz: - r…………….. a c………………. o………….. g…………..

- cifrele sunt incomplete: - f……………. are i…………………

- a-i surprinde pe oameni în timpul somnului: - c……………. p……………… i…… their

s………………

- gaz de origine vulcanică: - g………… of v……………. o……………….

-acţiunea de salvare este în toi: - the r…………… o………….. is u…………. w……….

- a-i trata pe cei care au suferit leziuni: - t…………… the i………………..

160

- a izola locul accidentului: - i……………… the d……………. s…………………..

-a înlătura pericolul epidemiei: - h…………. o………… the t…………… of e………..

-a solicita ajutor international: - c………….. f……………. i…………. a………………

- populaţia afectată de nenorocire: - t…………. –s……………. p……………..

- la trei ore de la notificare: - a three h………….. n…………….

- a facilita acţiunea de salvare: - f…………… a r…………… o…………..

161

LESSON 14

*Grammar: Questions (2) * Vocabulary: General – Work and Employment *

Vocabulary: Specific - The News – Surrogate Motherhood

***

I. GRAMMAR – QUESTIONS (2)49

*Wh – questions

- question word + auxiliary verb + subject

QUESTION WORD AUXILIARY SUBJECT VERB

What is Kitty doing?

Where have you put the map?

When can we travel safely?

QUESTION WORD AUXILIARY SUBJECT VERB

Where do people meet?

How does the radio work?

What did the guerrillas say?

- question phrases – what, how

What time is your friend arriving? - Half past eight.

What kind of/ What sort of club is it? – A nightclub.

How often do you go out? – About once a week, usually.

How long will the meeting last? – An hour or so, I expect.

How much money did you spend? – About a hundred pounds.

What colour is your toothbrush? – Yellow.

How old is your sister? – She’s twenty.

How far is the beach? – Only five minutes’ walk.

How many televisions have you got? – Three.

49John Eastwood. Oxford Practice Grammar. OUP, 2011.

162

1. What would you say in these situations?

E.g.: You are talking to a man at a party. Ask him where he works.

Where do you work?

1. You want to know what the date is today. Ask your friend.

………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. You’ve forgotten when the course finishes. Ask your friend.

……………………………………………………………………………………….

3. Your friend is having a party. You’d like to know who he has invited. Ask him.

……………………………………………………………………………………….

4. Your favourite band are going to give a concert. Ask how you can get tickets.

………………………………………………………………………………………..

5. You are in town with a friend, and you are wondering where the two of you are going to

have lunch. What do you ask?

……………………………………………………………………………………….

2. Guy is interviewing a guest on his chat show. It’s the actress Melissa

Livingstone, who is in the TV soap opera ‘Round the Corner’. Put in Guy’s

questions:

Guy: How often do you record ‘Round the Corner’?

Melissa: Oh, we record it every day. It’s a full-time job, you know.

1. Guy: And …………………………………………………………it?

Melissa: In Birmingham, at the BBC studios.

2. Guy: …………………………………………………………………

Melissa: How many? Well, let me see, I think we’ve done a thousand

programmes.

3. Guy: …………………………………………………………………..

Melissa: I’m not going to tell you. How much money I earn is my business.

4. Guy: OK, I’m sorry. ………………………………………………….

163

Melissa: Oh, a long time ago. I started acting when I was twelve.

5. Guy: …………………………………………………………………...

Melissa: My plans for the future? I just want to go on with ‘Round the Corner’.

- subject/object questions – who, what

SUBJECT OBJECT

Who rang you?

(Someone rang you.)

Who is helping you?

(Someone is helping you.)

What will happen next?

(Something will happen next.)

Who did you ring?

(You rang someone.)

Who are you helping?

(You are helping someone.)

What will they do next?

(They will do something next.)

Who was talking to you?

(Someone was talking to you.)

What wine goes with fish?

(Some wine goes with fish.)

Who were you talking to?

(You were talking to someone.)

What does this colour go with?

(This colour goes with something.)

- subject/object questions – which, whose, how many, how much

SUBJECT OBJECT

Which program will work best?

(One of the programs will work best.)

Whose dog is barking over there?

(Someone’s dog is barking over there.)

How many people came past?

(Some people came past.)

How much oil got into the river?

(Some oil got into the river.)

Which program will you use?

(You will use one of the programs.)

Whose dog is Melanie walking?

(Melanie is walking someone’s dog.)

How many people did you see?

(You saw some people.)

How much oil did you buy?

(You bought some oil.)

164

3. Read about the situations and answer each question in a single phrase:

E.g.: The morning after his party, Tom was cleaning up. David came along and took away

some empty bottles for him. Nick had just woken up after spending the night on Tom’s sofa.

He watched them for a while.

a) Who helped Tom? – David b) Who did Nick help? - No one.

1. Nick wants to marry Rita. She’s been out with him a few times, but really she’s in love

with Tom. Unfortunately he isn’t in love with her.

a) Who is Nick in love with? - ……………

b) Who is in love with Tom? - ………………..

2. Mark met Sarah at the airport. The plane was two hours late. On the way out they passed

Mike standing at a bus stop, but they didn’t notice him.

a) Who met Sarah? - ……………

b) What was Mike waiting for? - ……………..

3. There was an accident at the crossroads. A lorry crashed into a van that was waiting at the

lights. The van slid forward and crashed into a car. The van driver had to go to hospital.

a) What hit the van? - ……………

b) What did the van hit? - …………………

4. Harriet is visiting her grandmother, Mrs Evans. It’s Mrs Evans’s birthday.

She can’t hear very well, and she sometimes gets confused. Complete her

questions:

Harriet: Mrs Evans:

So ten people have sent cards. Pardon? How many people have sent cards?

I met David’s friends yesterday. What? Whose friend did you meet?

1. You can keep those photos. Photos? Which…………………………..

2. Those flowers look lovely. Do they? Which………………………….

3. Fifty pounds went missing. Missing? How much……………………..

4. I passed Mark’s house earlier. Pardon? Whose ………………………….

165

5. The doctor has four children. Really? How many………………………

6. Doctors earn lots of money. I don’t know. How much………………..

7. Mike’s uncle has died. What’s that? Whose……………………..

8. Trevor’s wife is coming later. Oh? Whose………………………………

5. Choose the correct form50:

E.g.: Who works/does work in that office?

What means catalyst?/ does catalyst mean?

1. What caused/did cause the explosion?

2. How many people came/did come to the party?

3. What sort of music helps/does help you to relax?

4. What mean you/do you mean?

5. Who told/did tell you?

6. What happened/did happen to your arm?

7. Which car costs/does cost more?

8. What colors suit/do suit your best?

9. What says the letter/does the letter say?

6. Make questions. Ask about the words in italics:

E.g.: a) Sam loves computers. b) Sam loves computers.

a) Who loves computers? b) What does Sam love?

1. (a) Alice broke her arm. (b) Alice broke her arm.

……………………………... …………………………………

2. (a) Paul found a necklace. (b) Paul found a necklace.

…………………………… …………………………………

3. (a) The bomb destroyed a school. (b) The bomb destroyed a school.

…………………………….. ………………………………..

4. (a) Fred lost the map. (b) Fred lost the map.

……………………………. …………………………………..

50 Michael Swan & Catherine Walter. Oxford English Grammar Course. Intermediate. OUP, 2011.

166

5. (a) Julie teaches Japanese. (b) Julie teaches Japanese.

……………………………. …………………………………..

- prepositions in questions – what + for/about51

What are you looking for?

(You are looking for something)

What are you worrying about?

(You are worrying about something)

- in the same place as in a statement: looking for, worrying about; in

more formal English – the preposition – before the question word

In which warehouse were the goods stored? (more formal)

Which warehouse were the goods stored in?

- in formal English – preposition + whom

From whom did you obtain the information? (formal)

Who did you obtain the information from?

Who are we waiting for? – Rachel.

What’s Nick laughing at? – Oh, one of Tom’s jokes.

Where are you from?/ Where do you come from? – Sydney.

What kind of holiday are you interested in? – A package holiday.

Who did you go out with last night? – Just a friend.

- what….for, what….like

- purpose - what….for

What did you buy this computer magazine for?

To read about business software.

What are these bricks for?

We’re going to build a wall.

What are they digging the road up for?

They’re repairing a gas pipe.

= Why

51 John Eastwood. Oxford Practice Grammar. OUP, 2011.

167

- something is good/bad/interesting/boring - what….like

What was the party like?

Oh, we had a great time.

What’ s the place like where you live?

It’s pretty quiet.

- look like

What does your friend look like?

She’s very tall and blond.

- someone’s well-being - how

How are you?

I’m OK, thanks. And you?

How are you getting on in your new job?

I’m really enjoying it.

- compare:

How’s Melanie?

Oh, she’s fine, thanks. (She is happy/ in good health.)

What’ s Melanie like?

She’s very nice. (She’s a nice person.)

7. Put in the question. Use what and put the preposition in brackets at the

end:

Melanie: Tom is smiling. He’s pleased. (about)

David: Yes, he is. What is he pleased about?

Laura: I’m busy today. I’m getting ready. (for)

Trevor: What are you getting ready for?

168

1. Jessica: I’ve done something awful. I’m ashamed. (of)

Andrew: …………………………………………………………………………..

2. Trevor: Haven’t you heard of Kitty Beamish? She’s famous. (for)

Ilona: No, I haven’t. ………………………………………………………….

3. Sarah: Mark is annoyed. He’s going to complain. (about)

Claire: …………………………………………………………………………..

4. Matthew: Emma’s in a hurry. She’s going to be late. (for)

Daniel: …………………………………………………………………………..

5. Vicky: I don’t feel very relaxed. I feel nervous. (about)

Rachel: …………………………………………………………………………..

8. Trevor has just come home from work. Complete the conversation. Put

in for, how, like, what:

Trevor: Hello, my love. How are you?

Laura: Hello. I’m all right, but I’m in a bit of a rush getting ready for the barbecue.

Trevor: Er, I forgot to tell you that I invited two more people.

Laura: (1)…………………are you telling me now (2)…………..? I’ve bought all the food. I

just hope there’s enough. Anyway, who are these people? (3)…………….are they

(4)……………….?

Trevor: They’re friends of Harriet’s. They’re very nice people. And after all,

(5)……………are parties (6)…………….? To meet new people.

Laura: It isn’t a party, it’s a barbecue. (7)……………..’s the weather going to be

(8)……………?

Trevor: The forecast said it’s going to be perfect. Warm and dry.

Laura: Good. And (9) ……………was your day?

Trevor: Oh, not too bad. Busy as usual.

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9. Complete the conversation with two-word questions52:

E.g.: ‘I’m writing a poem.’ ‘What about?’ ‘Lost love’

1. ‘I’ve had a strange letter.’ …………………………………. ‘My American friend’.

2. ‘I’ve bought some chocolates.’ ……………………………………………... ‘You’.

3. ‘We’re thinking of moving.’ ……………………………………………... ‘Ireland’.

4. ‘Joanne’s in love again.’ …………………………………………… ‘A policeman’.

5. ‘Carola’ s got engaged.’…………………………………… ‘To my cousin Robert.’

- who, what, which

53

+ noun:

What sport do you play?

What books do you read?

(wide choice of possible answers = lots of different sports)

Which way do we go here?

Which finger did you break?

(limited nr of possible answers = only two or three ways)

+ possible answers

Which café did you go to, Snoopy’s, the Coffee Pot or the Tea Gardens?

Which phone shall I use, this one or the one in the office?

+both possible

What day/ Which day is your evening class?

What platform/ Which platform does the train go from?

What train/ Which train will you catch?

What part/ Which part of Italy are you from?

- without a noun

52 Michael Swan & Catherine Walter. Oxford English Grammar Course. Intermediate. OUP, 2011. 53 John Eastwood. Oxford Practice Grammar. OUP, 2011.

170

Who sent the fax?

What do you think of our plan?

Which is quicker, the bus or the train?

- before a noun

Which secretary sent the fax?

+ one, ones, of

You can have a photo. Which one would you like?

You can have some of the photos. Which ones…..?

Which of these photos would you like?

Which of the secretaries?

-who = person

Who did you see? (a person)

- what = thing; person = before a noun

What did you see? (a thing)

What doctor/ What film did you see?

-which = person or thing

Which doctor/ film did you see?

10. The questions you are asking have a number of possible answers. If the

list of answers is incomplete, ask a question with what. If the list is

complete, use which:

E.g.: (Do you play the piano, or the violin, or the guitar, or…..?)

What musical instrument do you play?

(Did you go to the Little Theatre or the Theatre Royal?)

Which theatre did you go to?

1. (Did you take the morning flight or the afternoon flight?)

171

…………………………………………………………………………………

2. (Did you stay at the Grand Hotel or the Bristol?)

…………………………………………………………………………………

3. (Do you like classical music, or jazz, or rock music, or…..?)

…………………………………………………………………………………

4. (Did you buy ‘Time’ magazine, or ‘Newsweek’, or a computer magazine, or….?)

…………………………………………………………………………………

5. (Do you work for EuroChemicals, or ICM, or SenCo, or…..?)

…………………………………………………………………………………

6. (Are you learning English, or Spanish, or Arabic, or Japanese, or….?)

…………………………………………………………………………………

11. Rita is moving into a new flat. Trevor has come to see the flat and help

her move in. Complete his questions. Put in what or which:

E.g.: Trevor: What number is this building?

Rita: Forty-two.

1. Trevor: I didn’t realize there were only three floors. ……………….floor is your flat on?

Rita: The first floor.

2. Trevor: It’s a very nice flat. ……………………….room will be your living-room?

Rita: This one here, I thought.

3. Trevor:……………………………………………..colour are you going to paint it?

Rita: Oh, I don’t know yet.

4. Trevor:…………………….time is your furniture arriving?

Rita: Three o’clock, they said.

5. Trevor: I’ll need some petrol. …………………..way is the nearest petrol station?

Rita: Turn left at the end of the street.

12. Detectives Wilson and Taylor are looking into the murder of Lord

Weybridge at his country house. Put in who, what, which:

Wilson: Which of the guests in this house is the murderer, do you think, Taylor?

172

Taylor: I don’t know yet. (1)……………… had the opportunity? (2) ……………. of

the guests had the chance to do it?

Wilson: (3) ……………happened after dinner last night? That’s what we have to find

out.

Taylor: There must be a motive for the murder. (4) ……………motive could the

murderer have?

Wilson: Love or money – they’re the usual motives. (5)…………..of them is it, I

wonder?

Taylor: (6)……………..did Lord Weybridge leave his money to? That’s the question,

Wilson.

II. VOCABULARY: GENERAL – WORK AND EMPLOYMENT54

1. Match each job in box A with a place in box B:

A: cashier farmer mechanic photographer receptionist cook hairdresser

miner pilot vicar dentist librarian musician porter

waiter

B: bank garage studio kitchen coal-mine cockpit

hotel office surgery salon field concert-hall restaurant

church library

cashier/bank,……………………………………………………………………………………

…...................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................

54Michael Vince & Paul Emmerson. First Certificate Language Practice. English Grammar and Vocabulary. Macmillan, 2003.

173

2. Match each job from the box with the sentence which best refers to the

job:

accountant chef estate agent plumber refuse collector

firefighter carpenter vet

a) Yesterday I had to give an injection to an injured bull. vet

b) I get rather tired of picking up rubbish all day. ………..

c) I can help you sell your house. ………..

d) I can make new doors for the wardrobe if you like. ………..

e) Make sure that the fish is fresh by looking at the eyes. ………..

f) I’ll come round and replace all the pipes in the kitchen. ………..

g) Unless you keep the receipts you’ll pay more tax. ………..

h) The cause was either an electrical fault or a cigarette. ………..

3. Which person from 1 and 2 above would you need in each situation?

a) One of the radiators has burst and flooded your bedroom. plumber

b) You have to carry a lot of heavy bags at the airport. ………..

c) You think you need three fillings. ………..

d) Your fringe is too long and you want a perm. ………..

e) The floorboards in the living room need replacing. ………..

f) Your pet goat has started sneezing. ………..

g) You have read the menu twice and you are feeling hungry. ………..

h) Your car makes a funny whistling noise. ………..

4. Complete each sentence with a word from the box. Use the words more

than once:

business job living work

a) Jack makes his living working as a journalist.

b) She has just left to go to ………………………………………………, I’m afraid.

174

c) They worked very hard and now have their own …………………………………

d) There are still nearly two million people without …………………………………

e) The cost of …………………………………….has risen greatly over recent years.

f) Stop interfering! This is none of your ……………………………………………..

g) Lucy has a very good…………………………………in an international company.

h) I can’t come out tonight. I’ve got too much ………………………………….to do.

i) Some ……………………………….-men came and dug a hole in the road outside.

j) An early………………………………………..by Picasso was sold for £3,000,000.


call draw fall get take come face fill go turn

a) I think we should go over our plan again before we tell the managing director.

b) Have you……………………...up with any ideas for advertising the new products?

c) Our deal with the Chinese company may ……………….through, but we can sell the

machinery to the German firm if necessary.

d) You have to………………………………in this form, and return it to the manager.

e) She didn’t ……………………………….on with her boss, so she left the company.

f) If they don’t give us a better price, we’ll ………………………….down their offer.

g) I’m afraid we have to ……………………..up to the fact that we are losing money.

h) Our lawyers are going to ……………………………..up a new contract tomorrow.

i) A multinational company is trying to ……………..over our firm, but we want to stay

independent.

j) We had to …………………..off the office party because of the economic situation.

6. Complete each sentence (a-h) with a suitable ending (1-8). Use each

ending once:

a) If you work hard, the company will

give you.....4

1. qualifications for a job of this kind.

b) In a different job I could get a higher 2.advertisement in the local press on

Friday.

175

c) The best way to find new staff is to put

a/an….

3.application for the job as soon as

possible.

d) Because he had stolen the money, we

decided that

4.promotion to a more responsible

position.

e)She has a pleasant personality but

hasn’t got the right.

5.references from your previous

employer.

f) In the meeting we are going to discuss

the

6.dismissing him was the only possible

action we could take.

g) I think it would be a good idea to send

in your

7.salary and better conditions of

employment.

h) We cannot give you the job without 8.appointment of a new sales

representative.

7. Use the word given in capitals to form a word that fits in the space in

the same line:

Leaving a job

I recently left my job in an (ADVERTISEMENT) advertising agency after a disagreement

with my boss. She accepted my (RESIGN)…………………but warned me that because of the

(3) (ECONOMY) …………………situation, I might have to get used to the idea of being (4)

(EMPLOY) …………………….for a while. I thought that she was trying to make a point, but

after I had made over fifty (5) (APPLY) …………………..to other companies, I realised that

she was right. Although I am a (6) (QUALIFICATIONS)………………………..designer, I

didn’t receive any offers of a job. After that I tried working from home, but it was not very (7)

(PROFIT) …………………… Then I became an (8) (EMPLOY) ………………….. in a fast-

food restaurant, even though my (9) (EARN) ……………………were extremely low. I wish I

had accepted early (10) (RETIRE) …………………….from my old job. That is what I

disagreed with my boss about!

176

8. Choose the right version:

Choosing a job

One of the most difficult decisions is choosing what to do for a (1) salary/living/

employee/work. For example, do you want to follow a definite (2)

company/training/business/career, and (3) earn/gain/win/take a low (4)

money/profit/cheque/salary at the beginning, but have good (5)

hopes/prospects/futures/promotions in a company that trains its (6) employers/crew/

staff/persons? Or are you more interested in taking any kind of work, because you need a/an

(7) money/cash/account/income? You may have to (8) face up to/go over/come up with/call

off the fact that a good (9) work/labour/job/seat can be difficult to find. In that case, why not

take a (10) temporary/overtime/profitable/short one? You will gain some useful (11)

experiences/experienced/experience/ experiencing. Remember that even if you have the right

(12) qualifications/exams/ letters/degrees, you may have to (13) fall through/get on/turn

down/fill in lots of application forms before you are asked to (14) be/attend/make/advertise an

interview. But don’t worry if you don’t know what you want to (15) work/job/do/employ

exactly. You’ll enjoy finding out!

III. VOCABULARY: SPECIFIC – NEWS – SURROGATE

MOTHERHOOD55

Commercial surrogate motherhood has created a legal stir. In full surrogacy, a

fertilized egg is taken from one woman, physically unable to have a child, and implanted in

the uterus of another, who agrees to bear it for an agreed sum of money. In other words, the

commissioning couple leases the womb of the surrogate mother. Has a woman got the right to

do this? Problems may arise when the father is the only true biological parent, donating his

sperm to the surrogate mother. Occasionally, the surrogate mother changes her mind, claiming

that the child is hers and that she wants to keep it. Who is the baby’s legal mother in such a

case? Most children born under such contracts are wanted very much by the commissioning

parents. Condemning surrogate motherhood is easy for those who are fertile, or wealthy

55


177

enough not to have to consider offering their bodies for money. Whatever the outcome of the

debate, it will always leave someone emotionally hurt.



COLUMN A COLUMN B

biological …………………. couple

commissioning …………………. mother

legal ………………………….. parent

surrogate ………………………. stir

2. Rearrange the words to form the headlines to the story:

CREATES – MOTHERHOOD – LEGAL – SURROGATE – QUESTIONS

………………………………………………………………………………………


- a produce o controversă (agitaţie): - c……………… a s…………………

- incapabilă de a naşte un copil: - u…………… to h…………… a c……………….

- a schimba intenţia: -c………….. one’s m…………………

178

APPENDIX

A. TENSES – SHORT VERSION

*PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE I, you, we, they work Do I, you, we, they work? I, you, we, they do not work He, she, it works Does he, she, it work? He, she, it does not work *PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE I am working Am I working? I am not working you, we, they are working are you, we, they working you, we, they

are not working he, she, it is working is he, she, it working ? he, she, it is not working *PAST TENSE SIMPLE AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE I, you, we, they worked Did I, you, we, they work? I, you, we, they

did not work she, he, it worked Did she, he, it work? she, he, it did not work *PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE I, he, she, it was working. Was I, he, she, it working? I, he, she, it was not working. You, we, they were working Were you, we, they working? You, we, they

were not working.

*PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE I, you, we, they have worked/seen

Have I, you, we, they worked/seen?

I, you, we, they have not worked/seen.

He, she, it has worked/seen. Has he, she, it worked/seen? He, she, it has not worked/seen

*PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE I, you, we, they have been working/seeing.

Have I, you, we, they been working/seeing?

I, you, we, they have not been working/seeing

He, she, it has been working/seeing

Has he, she, it been working/seeing?

He, she, it has not been working/seeing.

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*PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE I, you, we, they had worked/seen.

Had I, you, we, they worked/seen?

I, you, we, they had not worked/seen

he, she, it, had worked/seen. Had he, she, it worked/seen? he, she, it had not worked/seen

*PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE I, you, we, they had been working/seeing

Had I, you, we, they been working/seeing?

I, you, we, they had not been working/seeing

he, she, it had been working/seeing

Had he, she, it been working/seeing?

he, she, it had not been working/seeing

*FUTURE: WILL –FUTURE

AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE I, you, we, they will work. Will I, you, we, they work? I, you, we, they

will not work. he, she, it will work Will he, she, it work? he, she, it will not work.

*FUTURE: FUTURE CONTINUOUS

AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE I, you, we, they will be working

Will I, you, we, they be working?

I, you, we, they will not be working

he, she, it will be working Will he, she, it be working? he, she, it will not be working

*FUTURE: FUTURE PERFECT – SIMPLE

AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE I, you, we, they will have worked (vor fi lucrat)

Will I, you, we, they have worked?

I, you, we, they will not have worked

he, she, it will have worked Will he, she, it have worked? he, she, it will not have worked

*FUTURE: FUTURE PERFECT – CONTINUOUS

AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE I, you, we, they will have been working

Will I, you, we, they have been working?

I, you, we, they will not have been working

he, she, it will have been working

Will he, she, it have been working?

he, she, it will not have been working

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B. TENSES – LONG VERSION *PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE #Lucruri întotdeauna adevărate: Castford Castle stands on a high hill. The sun rises in the east. #Lucruri care se întâmplă întotdeauna, în mod repetat, deseori, uneori, niciodată You live in North London, don’t you? No thanks, I don’t smoke. Alice works for an insurance company. What do frogs eat? I play tennis every Wednesday. *PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS #Lucruri care se întămplă (cam) acum My sister’s living with me just now. Look – Ann’s smoking a cigar. Why is that girl standing on the table? Phil’s not working at the moment. Hurry up! We’re waiting for you. ‘What are you doing?’ ‘I’m writing letters. Why are you crying? What’s wrong? *PAST TENSE SIMPLE # Acţiune (lungă sau scurtă) terminată în trecut Joe got up at 7.00 and worked from 9.00 to 4.00. # + ‘when’ – ordine cronologică

When Amy came home, John cooked supper. (1- Any a venit acasă; 2- John a gătit cina)

#Acţiuni de durată, permanente, din trecut Explorers believed that the river ran into the Atlantic. #Obiceiuri din trecut I played a lot of tennis when I was younger. #Când cerem, întrebăm, sau sugerăm politicos I wondered if you were free this evening. How much did you want to spend, sir? I thought it would be nice to have a picnic. Could I ask you to translate for me? You might see if the consulate can help you.

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*PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS #Acţiuni care nu erau terminate, complete, într-un anume moment din trecut: At 5.00, when Joe came home, I was reading. #Acţiuni sau situaţii de mai lungă durată: While I was cooking supper, Ellie phoned. As I was walking down the road, I saw Bill. # + “when” – “în timpul” When Amy came home, John was cooking supper. - “acţiuni sau situaţii temporare” When I walked in I found that water was running down the walls. #Politete: I was wondering if I could use your phone. *PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE # Leagă trecutul de prezent = acţiuni terminate, dar care sunt importante acum, adică au consecinţe/rezultate în prezent, sau sunt ştiri (news) I can’t walk – I’ve hurt my leg. (de aceea nu pot merge) Have you heard? He’s arrived. (news) Look – he hasn’t drunk his tea. (de curând, constat eu acum, văzând ceaşca) You’ve passed your exam! (o veste..bună, importantă acum) # Ne gândim simultan şi la trecut, şi la prezent: I’ve phoned Ann, so she knows what’s going on. I’ve made coffee. Would you like a cup? Come and look – I’ve painted the kitchen. # Time words – cuvinte care exprimă timpul: today, ever, never, yet

Has the boss phoned today? Have you ever broken your leg? We haven’t been to Scotland this year. Mary hasn’t written to me yet. # recently, lately, before Have you heard from Phil recently? ‘Who’s that’? ‘I’ve never seen him before.’ # already, yet, just ‘Coffee?’ ‘No, thanks. I’ve already had some.’ ‘Can I speak to Colette?’ ‘I’m afraid she’s already gone home.’ ‘Have you paid the electrician yet?’ ‘No, he hasn’t sent his bill yet.’ I’ve just heard from the tax office. The snow has just stopped.

# this morning, at school

I haven’t seen Carl this morning. (spus tot dimineaţa)

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I’ve made lots of friends at university. (spus de un student, deci în timpul facultăţii) Have you seen Hamlet? (have you ever – nu aseară, ci dacă l-ai văzut vreodată) Alex has gone to Rome (şi acum e acolo). Sorry I’m late. I’ve been to the shops. (şi m-am întors)

# News (ştiri) The Prime Minister has arrived in Washington for talks with the President. Jessica has bought a new car. A plane has crashed at Heathrow Airport. Some new people have moved into the house next door. # News and details (ştiri şi detalii)

A plane has crashed in Yorkshire (news). It came down in a field outside York (details).

*PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS # Cât de mult a durat ceva până în acest moment:

I’ve been learning English for four years. It’s been snowing since Tuesday. Have you been waiting long?

# since, for

It’s been snowing since Tuesday. (spunem când a început – marţi) It’s been snowing for three days. (ne interesează durata, de 3 zile, nu când a început)

# Ce-am mai făcut până acum – rezultate prezente ‘You look tired.’ ‘Yes, I’ve been working in the garden.’ I’m sorry dinner isn’t ready – I’ve been helping Diana with her homework. We’ve been playing a lot of tennis in the last few weeks. # Durata unei acţiuni încă neterminate Jane has been learning Greek since August. # Cât de des: We’ve been travelling all this year. # Present Perfect Tense Simple/ Present Perfect Tense Continuous: Present Perfect Tense Simple Present Perfect Tense Continuous Acţiuni terminate: I’ve read your book (= am terminat-o)

Acţiuni neterminate: I’ve been reading your book: I’m enjoying it.

Arătăm de câte ori: We’ve travelled to nine countries this year.

Arătăm cât de des: We’been travelling all this year.

Stări/situaţii neschimbătoare: The castle has stood on this hill for 900 years.

Situaţii de mai lungă durată: He’s been standing there for hours.

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*PAST PERFECT SIMPLE # O acţiune trecută înaintea altei acţiuni trecute: I bought a ticket and went up to the platform. But the train had already left. I was glad that I had taken an early flight. # Acţiune complet terminată înaintea altei acţiuni trecute: After I had finished the report, I realised that it was too late to email it. *PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

# Situaţii trecute care au continuat până la acel moment (din trecut):

All the roads were blocked: it had been snowing all night long. After I had been walking for an hour, I decided to have a rest.

*FUTURE: WILL –FUTURE

# Cerem sau dăm informaţii: We will need the money on the 15th. It will be spring soon. Will all the family be at the wedding? She’ll be here in a few minutes.

# Prezicem viitorul – ce credem, ghicim, calculăm Tomorrow will be warm, with some cloud in the afternoon. Who do you think will win? You’ll never finish that book.

# Decizii, promisiuni etc: We’ll buy the tickets; you can buy supper afterwards. You’ll get your money tomorrow. I promise I’ll stop smoking. I’ll hit you if you do that again.

# Anunţăm o decizie atunci când o luăm: There’s the doorbell.’ ‘Ok, I’ll go.’

# Won’t – refuzuri: He won’t talk to anybody. The car won’t start.

# Will you…? – instrucţiuni, ordine, cereri

Will you get me a paper while you’re out? Will you be quiet, please?

# Would you…..? – mai blând, mai politicos

Would you watch the children for a few minutes?

# I’ll have – când comandam la restaurant I’ll have a black coffee, please.

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# Simple present: sens de viitor – orare, rutină, program Next term starts on 6th April. My train leaves at 3.17 What time does the bus arrive in York? Do you have classes next Saturday? - instrucţiuni

When you get to the office you go to the first floor, you knock on the first door on the right and you ask for Mrs Alstone. OK?

What do we do now? Where do I pay?

*FUTURE: FUTURE CONTINUOUS # Ceva se va întâmpla la un anumit moment din viitor (pe vremea asta mâine, la anul, etc) This time tomorrow I’ll be skiing.

We’ll be thinking of you on Saturday. # Întrebăm politicos ‘Ce ai decis deja?’ Will you be staying in this evening? (doar întrebăm) *FUTURE: Be + infinitive = are to do

# Ceva se va întâmpla – planuri oficiale sau aranjamente personale fixe The president is to visit Scotland in September. We are to get a pay rise. I felt nervous because I was soon to leave home for the first time.\ # You are (not) to - dăm ordine You’re to do your homework before you watch TV. She can go out, but she’s not to be back late. * FUTURE: Future in the past – was going, was going to, would be # Ceva era încă viitor la momentul din trecut despre care vorbim acum. She was a little nervous, because she was flying to America the next day. Sorry – I was going to tell you about Alice and Fred, but I forgot I knew that woman would be trouble They showed me the room where I was to sleep. * FUTURE PERFECT = Future (will) + Perfect (have done/ have been doing) (sens de acţiune terminată/ durata) # Future Perfect Simple = ceva se va termina până la un anumit moment în viitor

The builder says he’ll have finished the roof by Saturday (va fi terminat până sâmbătă)

The car will soon have done 100,000 miles # Future Perfect Continuous = cât de mult va continua ceva până la respectivul moment din viitor/de cât timp

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Next Christmas I’ll have been teaching for twenty years. C. SEQUENCE OF TENSES

The verb in the introductory or main clause controls the tense of the verb in the noun clause. Rule 1: If the main clause is in the present or future, then the verb in the noun clause can

be in any tense.

Main clause is in the Present or Future

Noun clause is in any tense

The prime ministers agree that the global warming is a serious world problem. They hope that all nations will be responsible for solving this

serious problem. Scientists believe that atmospheric warming has already begun. Measurements have indicated that the average temperature on the earth has

risen in the past one hundred years. Further research will prove that carbon dioxide is largely responsible. Rule 2: If the main clause is in the past tense, the verb in the noun clause is usually in the

past form except for the cases when the noun clause reports a general truth.

Main clause is in the Past Noun clause is in the Past The prime ministers agreed that the global warming was a serious world problem. They hoped that all nations would be responsible for solving this

serious problem. Scientists believed that atmospheric warming had already begun. Measurements indicated that the average temperature on the earth had risen in

the past one hundred years. Further research proved that carbon dioxide was largely responsible. Exception: We knew that New York is bigger than London. (The noun clause reports a

general truth.)

D. IRREGULAR VERBS:

INFINITIVE PAST SIMPLE PAST PARTICIPLE be was/were been beat beat beaten become became become begin began begun bite bit bitten blow blew blown break broke broken bring brought brought build built built

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burn burnt/burned burnt/burned buy bought bought catch caught caught choose chose chosen come came come cost cost cost cut cut cut dig dug dug do did done draw drew drawn dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed drink drank drunk drive drove driven eat ate eaten fall fell fallen feel felt felt fight fought fought find found found fly flew flown forgive forgave forgiven get got got give gave given go went gone grow grew grown have had had hear heard heard hide hid hidden hit hit hit hold held held hurt hurt hurt keep kept kept know knew known lay laid laid lead led led learn learnt/learned learnt/learned leave left left lend lent lent let let let lie lay lain light lit lit lose lost lost make made made mean meant meant meet met met pay paid paid put put put read read read ride rode ridden

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ring rang rung rise rose risen run ran run say said said see saw seen send sold sold shoot shot shot shut shut shut sing sang sung sit sat sat sleep slept slept speak spoke spoken spell spelled/spelt spelled/spelt spend spent spent stand stood stood steal stole stolen swim swam swum take took taken teach taught taught tell told told think thought thought throw threw thrown understand understood understood wake woke woken wear wore worn win won won write wrote written

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Eastwood, John. Oxford Practice Grammar. Intermediate. OUP, 2006/2013. Print.

Otto, Barbara & Marcin. Engleza pentru jurnalişti. Here is the News. Vol 1,2. Bucureşti: All

Educational, 2001. Print.

Swan, Michael & Catherine Walter. Oxford English Grammar Course. Intermediate. OUP,

2011. Print.

Vince, Michael & Paul Emmerson. First Certificate Language Practice. English Grammar

and Vocabulary. Macmillan, 2003. Print.

-------------. Intermediate Language Practice with Key. English Grammar and Vocabulary.

Macmillan, 2003.

Documents

Suport Curs an 1 - Hyperion CURS – LIMBA ENGLEZ Ă, CURS PRACTIC – – ANUL 1 – (UZ INTERN) DEPARTAMENTUL DE JURNALISM – UNIVERSITATEA HYPERION LECTOR UNIV. DR. SORINA GEORGESCU