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Survey and List Experiments Thomas Pepinsky Department of Government Cornell University [email protected] Prepared for the Workshop on Cu#ng Edge Mixed Methods Research Techniques for Analy;cal Work on Local Governance and Service Delivery Jakarta 2426 June 2014

Survey’and’ListExperiments’ · Survey’and’ListExperiments’ Thomas’Pepinsky’ Departmentof’Government Cornell’University’ [email protected]! Prepared’for’the’Workshop’on

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Page 1: Survey’and’ListExperiments’ · Survey’and’ListExperiments’ Thomas’Pepinsky’ Departmentof’Government Cornell’University’ pepinsky@cornell.edu! Prepared’for’the’Workshop’on

Survey  and  List  Experiments  

Thomas  Pepinsky  Department  of  Government  

Cornell  University  [email protected]!

Prepared  for  the  Workshop  on  Cu#ng  Edge  Mixed  Methods  Research  Techniques  for  Analy;cal  Work  on  Local  Governance  and  Service  Delivery  

Jakarta  24-­‐26  June  2014  

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Overview  

•  Typology  •  MoJvaJons  •  Examples  (many)  •  PracJcal  and  Conceptual  Concerns  •  New  DirecJons  

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Typology  1.  Survey  VigneSes  

Short  descrip;ons  of  social  situa;ons  highligh;ng  relevant  decision-­‐  or  judgment-­‐making  processes  

2.  Survey  Experiments  a)  “Mini  MulJple  Survey”  Experiments  

Randomize  parts  of  ques;ons,  compare  across  answers  b)  Priming  Experiments  

 …  or  “cueing,”  “informaJon,”  “vigneSe”  experiments  Randomize  prompts,  compare  across  answers  

3.  List  Experiments  Randomize  number  of  possible  answers,  compare  number  of  answers  chosen  

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MoJvaJons  

1.  Biased  self-­‐reporJng  (social  desirability,  etc.)  –  How  racist  are  you?  –  Did  you  sell  your  vote?  

2.  Difficult  quesJons  –  Do  you  prefer  that  Pheu  Thai/Democrats  endorse/

oppose/nothing  the  Red  Shirts/Yellow  Shirts/King/some  of  them/all  of  them?  

3.  Confounding  –  Ethnicity,  income,  status  -­‐>  preferences/behaviors  

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VigneSes  

Goal:  “standardize  the  social  sJmulus  across  respondents  and  at  the  same  Jme  makes  the  decision-­‐making  situaJon  more  real”  (Alexander  and  Becker  1978)    Here,  non-­‐experimental  

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VigneSes  

Arsovska  (2012):  What  do  people  think  about  revenge  killing  in  Albania?  

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Mini-­‐MulJple  Survey  Experiment  

Pepinsky,  Liddle,  and  Mujani  (2012):    does  economic  policy  explain  support  for  Islamic  par;es  in  Indonesia?  

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Mini-­‐MulJple  Survey  Experiment  

Pepinsky,  Liddle,  and  Mujani  (2012):    does  economic  policy  explain  support  for  Islamic  par;es  in  Indonesia?  

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Priming  Experiment  (1)  

Adida,  Lo,  and  Verink  (2013):    Does  coethnicity  affect  support  for  President  Boni  Yayi  in  Parakou,  Benin?  

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Priming  Experiment  (2)  

Malhotra  and  Kuo  (2008):    do  par;san  cues  lead  people  to  accord  blame  for  Hurricane  Katrina  differently?  

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Priming  Experiment  (3)  

Benjamin,  Choi,  and  Strickland  (2010):  Does  ethnicity  affect  economic  norms  and  preferences?  

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Priming  Experiment  (3)  

Benjamin,  Choi,  and  Strickland  (2010):  Does  ethnicity  affect  economic  norms  and  preferences?  

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List  Experiment  (1)  

Kuklinski,  Cobb,  and  Gilens  (1997)  Are  people  upset  by  black  families  moving  in  to  their  neighborhoods?  

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List  Experiment  (1)  

Kuklinski,  Cobb,  and  Gilens  (1997)  Are  people  upset  by  black  families  moving  in  to  their  neighborhoods?  

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List  Experiment  (2)  

Ahlquist,  Mayer,  and  Jackman  (2014)  How  frequent  is  voter  impersona;on  in  U.S.  elec;ons?  

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List  Experiment  (2)  

Ahlquist,  Mayer,  and  Jackman  (2014)  How  frequent  is  voter  impersona;on  in  U.S.  elec;ons?  

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List  Experiment  (2)  

Ahlquist,  Mayer,  and  Jackman  (2014)  How  frequent  is  voter  impersona;on  in  U.S.  elec;ons?  

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List  Experiment  (3)  

Imai,  Park,  and  Greene  (2014)  How  prevalent  is  vote-­‐selling  in  Mexico?  

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List  Experiment  (3)  

Imai,  Park,  and  Greene  (2014)  How  prevalent  is  vote-­‐selling  in  Mexico?  

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PracJcal  and  Conceptual  Concerns  

1.  How  do  respondents  interpret  quesJons?  2.  RepresentaJveness  of  sample  populaJon  3.  Small  effect  sizes  4.  Floor/ceiling  effects  5.  InterpreJng  “primes”  6.  Bundled  treatments  7.  External  (or  “ecological”)  validity  

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New  DirecJons  

1.  More  efficient  analysis  of  list  experiments  (Blair  and  Imai  2011)  

2.  Heterogeneous  treatment  effects  (Green  and  Kern  2012)  

3.  Endorsement  experiments  (Bullock,  Imai,  and  Shapiro  2011  

4.  Lab-­‐in-­‐the-­‐field  experiments    

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Final  Thoughts  

Main  strengths  for  policy  work    – Empirical  evidence  on  hard-­‐to-­‐measure  phenomena  

– Precise  control  over  counterfactuals  – Credible  esJmates  of  treatment  effects  

 Main  limitaJon  for  policy  work    – Mapping  esJmable  treatment  effects  to  acJonable  policy  (c.f.  field/natural  experiments)  

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Further  Reading  METHODS  –  Alexander  &  Becker  (1978)  “The  Use  of  VigneSes  in  Survey  Research”  Pol  Opinion  Quarterly  –  Arsovska  (2012)  “Researching  Difficult  PopulaJons”  Handbook  of  Survey  Methodology  for  the  Soc  Sci  –  Blair  &  Imai  (2012)  “StaJsJcal  Analysis  of  List  Experiments”  Pol  Analysis  –  Bullock,  Imai,  Shapiro  (2011)  “StaJsJcal  Analysis  of  Endorsement  Experiments”  Pol  Analysis  –  Corstange  (2009)  “SensiJve  QuesJons,  Truthful  Answers?”  Pol  Analysis  –  Druckman,  Green,  Kuklinski,  Lupia  (2011)  Handbook  of  Experimental  Poli;cal  Science  –  Gaines,  Kuklinski,  Quirk  (2007)  “Logic  of  the  Survey  Experiment  Reconsidered”  Pol  Analysis  –  Green  &  Kern  (2012)  Modeling  Heterogeneous  Treatment  Effects  Pub  Opinion  Quartery  –  Imai,  Park,  Greene  (2014)  “Using  the  Predicted  Responses  from  List  Experiments”  W.P.,  Princeton  

APPLICATIONS  –  Adida,  Lo,  Verink  (2013)  “Measuring  the  Effect  of  Coethnicity”  EGAP  Pre-­‐analysis  Plan  –  Ahlquist,  Mayer,  Jackman  (2014)  “Alien  AbducJon  and  Voter  ImpersonaJon”  W.P.,  Wisconsin  –  Benjamin,  Choi,  Strickland  (2010)  “Social  IdenJty  and  Preferences”  AER  –  Kuklinski,  Cobb,  Gilens  (1997)  “Racial  antudes  and  the  ‘New  South’”  JOP  –  Malhotra  &  Kuo  (2008)  “ASribuJng  Blame”  JOP  –  Pepinsky,  Liddle,  Mujani  (2012)  “TesJng  Islam’s  PoliJcal  Advantage”  AJPS  

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