Sustainable design also called environmental design, environmentally sustainable design, environmentally conscious design, etc

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Green Design: Past, Present and Future

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 1

1. INTRODUCTION

Researchers have analyzed different stages of a product's life and developed techniques

and logistics to improve the design of the product from an environmental perspective. These

techniques, all together, are referred as Green design .Products affects the environment at many

points in their lifecycles. Once a product moves from the drawing board into the production line,

its environmental attributes are largely fixed. Therefore, it is necessary to support the design

function with tools and methodologies that enable an assessment of the environmental

consequences in each phase. Green design and Manufacturing is more than using

environmentally friendly resources, it is based on “Manufacturing for Reuse”. “Design for

Disassembly”, etc. The benefits of green design include safer and cleaner factories, worker

protection, reduced future costs for disposal, reduced environmental and health risks, improved

product quality at lower cost, better public image, and higher productivity. The remainder of the

paper is organized as follows .Section 2 provides the review of literature on Green Design.

Section 3 discusses Methodologies Suggested and adopted for Green Design (Work done in the

field) section4 identifies gap in existing system section 5 provides the proposed green Design

model last section gives the conclusion.





2. LITERATURE REVIEW

It gives an account of what has been published on Green design by accredited scholars

and researchers. The readings have been taken from the Internet as well as from books, Journals,

research papers published on the subject.

2.1 The Past Approaches for Green Design

In many past situations, environmental effects were ignored during the design stage for

new products and processes. Hazardous waste was dumped in the convenient fashion possible,

ignoring possible environmental damage. Inefficient energy use resulted in high operating costs.

Waste was common in material production, manufacturing and distribution.

Consumers cast aside products, usually with only minimal re-manufacturing or recycling.

Since late ‘70s and early ‘80s, adopting an anti-toxics approach was a logical starting point

which leads to the defeat of incinerators; landfills; and other polluting facilities. People just

beginning to understand the dangers of the pollutants being released into the air, earth, and water.

From 1980, activities in sustainable manufacturing started to focus on waste reduction in

production, which are extended to the reduction of resources and energy use in production.

[12].Manufacturers early efforts was thus focused on ‘end of pipe’ treatment and waste disposal

system .early regulatory mandates focused on control of emission, employing a media based (air,

water and solid waste) approach.

2.2 Present Approaches for Green Design.

As an effect of Kyoto Protocol (1997), in September 2005 a total of 156 countries agreed

on the reduction of their carbon dioxide emissions and five other greenhouse gases. Regional

legislations are, for example, the European Union directives on Waste of Electric and Electronic

Equipment (WEEE) and End-of-Life Vehicle (ELV) are also in use. Europeans have alreadyimplemented take-back laws for autos, electronics and appliances. The rest of the world is fast

catching up and the only solution for the manufacturers is to find alternate ways of production

and alternate resources to use. According to Gungor, &. Gupta (1999) Green design aims to

design products with certain environmental considerations, and emphasized on both the life cycle

analysis (LCA) of the product and the design for environment (DFE).It can be broken down into





many stages, including, manufacturing, consumer use and the end-of-life of the product. There

are design objectives, include design for material and product recovery, design for disassembly,

design for waste minimization, design under legislation and regulations, etc. Disassembly is used

both in recycling and remanufacturing to increase the recovery rate by allowing selective

separation of parts and materials. Design changes can often be more effective at reducing

environmental burdens and more efficient at reducing costs than traditional “end-of-the-pipe”

clean up strategies, Richard Ciocci and Michael Pecht (2006), gives concern that Green

engineering requires environmental consideration at the design phase of a product. This

consideration includes all material and energy requirements and their effects over the lifetime of

the product. According to Seliger, G.et.al (2008) now, the scientific approaches have also

focused on the design for environmental and material level recycling.. Innovative technologies

can be applied to improve product and process design. Some techniques by which

environmentally benign manufacturing can be promoted are: Remanufacturing, Reuse, Recycling

Process Substitution, Process Control, Improved Process Layout, Treatment and Disposal of

Manufacturing Wastes. [15]





3. METHODOLOGIES SUGGESTED AND ADOPTED FOR

GREEN DESIGN {WORK DONE}

Schiavone Fet.al summarized a methodological approach that integrates cultural aspects,

product innovation issues and product strategic vision. Tsai-Chi Kuo·et.al presents an innovative

method, namely, green fuzzy design analysis (GFDA), which involves simple & efficient

procedures, to evaluate product design alternatives based on environmental consideration using

fuzzy logic. Teresa Wu et.al proposes use of multistage Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to

assess corporate enactment of EBM as work parts move from place to place in a company. If one

organization has multiple locations or is responsible for multiple products, multi-stage DEA is a

promising approach. Gungor, & Gupta emphasized on environmentally Conscious

manufacturing and Product Recovery (ECMPRO) which involves integrating environmental

thinking into new product development including design,

material selection, manufacturing processes and delivery of the product to the consumers, plus

the end-of-life management of the product after its useful life. The recent World Technologies

Evaluation Center (WTEC) study of EBM found that, a systems approach to materials and

processing that considers comprehensive life cycle is necessary for evaluating design decisions

that promote reduced environmental impact. Robert Sroufe et.al, examines the factors affecting

Design for environment (DfE), and the role played by DfE tools, metrics, and personnel within

the new product design process. Two approaches are used to reduce the environmental impact of

manufacturing processes: eliminate or reduce the use of hazardous substances in the processes,

and analyze the mechanisms of waste generation in different alternative manufacturing

processes. In the first approach, most research focuses on the material substitution and selection,





while the second approach attempts to improve the safety of manufacturing process.[15] Jack

Jeswiet et.al provided some suggestions like Do not use toxic substances, but when necessary use

closed loops., Minimize energy and resource consumption in production and transportation by

striving for energy efficiency etc. Walker describes Two approaches, One contributes to

improving product design within the current product production system, the other is to redefine

the role of the product designer, and offers opportunities that are not available within,

conventional industrial design practice .Thus sustainable future will result from the continuing

development of technology and knowledge, so that future generations can overcome any

environmental problems caused now.





4. GAPS IDENTIFIED

Previous Research focuses on ‘End of pipe’ treatment like waste reduction, pollution

prevention etc. In Present situation manufacturers or designers are forced to adopt Regional

environmental legislation/Directives for design (WEEE, ELV, Takeback etc) .Most researcher

emphasis on material substitution, toxic reduction, product innovation, cost reduction .some of

them focuses on analyzing the life cycle and product design by applying various tools like fuzzy

logic. Beside this maximum attention is given to design for Recycling and disassembly ignoring

other environmental aspects. Researchers focus restricted to one or two environmental aspects of

design. There is no widespread consensus or agreement on the particular goals to be pursued by

green design. Till date no concrete model is there which act as a base for green design, thus there

is a nascent need arises to develop a Green Design model by considering both forward andreverse design aspects.





5. PROPOSED GREEN DESIGN MODEL

An integrated model is proposed that takes into account all the aspects of green design.

This proposed model integrates Design for Environment with LCA and supported by Green PP.

The product designer must explore each and every aspects of green design model before

designing the product so that no corner should be left unturned for greening the product before

the actual production starts or during the design phase.

5.1 Designs for the Environment (DFE)

Design for the environment, like design for manufacturing or design for assembly, is a set

of guidelines to help designers meet particular design goals. It is a systematic consideration of

design performance with respect to environmental, health and safety objectives over the full

product and process life cycle .Green concept in design involves Resource saving, Utilize Green

production process, Selection of proper tools and equipment, Minimize the number of

components, Vendor selection etc. [10].As per the green design model, two approaches are to be

considered for DFE.

5.1.1 Forward Approach

This approach takes into account Design for Assembly, Design for maintenance, Design for

Manufacturing, Design for Quality, Design for Reliability, & Cost.

5.1.2 Reveres Approach

Here we have to take into consideration Design for Disassembly, Recyclability, and Design for

Reusability, Manufacturability Disposability, refurbishing etc.

5.2 Life Cycle Analysis or Assessment (LCA)

In order to design a product which is environmentally benign, the life cycle of the product should

be well understood. [18], the cycle starts at the designing of product. Literatures related to green

design emphasize both environmentally conscious design and life cycle assessment/analysis [6].

In designing a product, the designing team can change the raw materials or substances used

during the manufacturing to be less toxic, more environmental friendly. LCA is described as a







transparency and reliability of LCA. Use of LCA as a DFE tool can Benchmark the

environmental performance of existing products, Develop environmental targets for the product

development team, provide a 'work-In-progress' assessment tool to review how a concept or

detailed design might perform environmentally, and Help the product

Development team make decisions regarding materials and components, Identify previously

unknown impacts associated with a product & consumables.

5.3 Green Process Planning

Green process planning does not defy traditional process planning, but is a supportive

method to make manufacturing process more benign and is a supplement of traditional process

planning. The objective of the process planning for green Design is to improve the green

attributes of the manufacturing process by optimizing process elements, process courses, and

process projects. Web-based Process Database Support System which has the function of

distributed processing and storage of the data.is developed by Z.G.Jiang et.al.This process

database can provide required digital information of relevant criteria and consulting data such as

processing methods, machining parameters, green material, process equipments, etc. Felipe

Román et.al proposes an approach for storing and reusing environmentally-related process

information of similar component process plans via environmental process model templates.





6. CONCLUSIONS

It has been estimated that most of the environmental impact of a product is determined by

its design, and design changes can completely change a product's environmental footprint

Various tools have been created to make it possible for designers to integrate the environmental

stake during the early design phase. Designing environmental products essentially aim to reduce

the use of restricted substances, minimize environmental impact, and increase the recyclability of

the products. All environmental consequences of a product or a process from initial design to

development phases need to be understood and analyzed .by considering both forward and

reverse design approaches which will definitely help the designers to ‘green design’ the products

for sustainable and green manufacturing.





REFERENCES

[1] Li, J., Wu, Z. and Zhang, H-C. ‘Application of neural network on environmental impact

assessment tools’, Int. J. Sustainable Manufacturing, 1(1&2), 2008, 100–121

[2] Seliger, G., Kim H,J.,Kernbaum, Zettl, M. ‘Approaches to sustainable manufacturing’,Int. J.Sustainable Manufacturing, 1(1/2), 2008, 58–77.

[3] Walker, S. ‘Extant objects: designing things as they are’, Int. J. Sustainable Design, 1(1),2008, 4–12.

[4] Jack Jeswiet et.al. Market forces & the need to design for the Environment Int J

Sustainability manufacturing, 1(1&2), 2008.

[5] Schiavone F et.al. Strategy based approach to Ecodesign, DFE,Database for LCA , EOL ,Ecoassessment tool. IJO sustainable design, 1(1), 2008.

[6] S.K.Shrivastava, A state of art review Int JO Management Review, 9(1), 2007.

[7] Teresa Wu et.al. ’Multi-stage DEA as a Measurement of Progress in Environmentally BenignManufacturing’ FAIM, 2006, Limerick, Ireland.

[8] Tsai-Chi Kuo · Sheng-Hung Chang · Samuel H. HuangI. Environmentally conscious design

by using fuzzy multi-attribute decision-making IJO Adv Manuf Technol 29, 2006, 209–215

[9] Richard Ciocci and Michael Pecht, Impact of environmental regulations, Microelectronics

International, 23(2), 2006, 45–50.

[10] Joseph Sarkis. Evaluating Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing Barriers withInterpretive Structural Modeling’ .IJOCI, 2002.

[11] Timothy G. Gutowski Hand book of Design and Manufacturing for the environment, 2004.

[12] T.G. Gutowski, et al. “Environmentally Benign Manufacturing in Japan, Europe and theUnited States, NSF Panel Study; Overview,” Journal of Cleaner Production, 2002.

[13] Robert Sroufe et.al (2000), The new product design process and design for environment,

International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 20 No. 2, 2000,

[14] Gungor, S.M. Gupta. Issues in environmentally conscious manufacturing and Product

recovery, Computers & Industrial Engineering 36, 1999, 811-853.

[15] Hong C. Zhang,et.al. Environmentally Conscious Design and Manufacturing: A State-of-

the-Art Survey, Journal of Manufacturing Systems 16( 5), 1997.

Documents

Sustainable design also called environmental design, environmentally sustainable design, environmentally conscious design, etc