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Systematic Review of the Literature: A Novel Research Approach

Systematic Review of the Literature: A Novel Research Approach

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Systematic Review of the Literature: A Novel Research Approach. Objectives:. By the end of the session, the student will be able to: 1. State the definition of systematic review 2. State the reasons for doing a systematic review 3. State when a systematic review is needed - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Systematic Review of the Literature: A Novel Research Approach

Systematic Review of the Literature: A Novel Research Approach

Page 2: Systematic Review of the Literature: A Novel Research Approach

Objectives: By the end of the session, the student

will be able to: 1. State the definition of systematic review 2. State the reasons for doing a systematic

review 3. State when a systematic review is needed 4. Know the components of a systematic review 5. Know the process for a systematic review 6. Know how the systematic review process fits

into the 5 chapter dissertation format

Page 3: Systematic Review of the Literature: A Novel Research Approach

What is a Systematic Review? A systematic review is a rigorous and

comprehensive literature review led via a peer-reviewed protocol making it possible to replicate the findings.

“A review of a clearly formulated question that uses systematic and explicit methods to identify, select, and critically appraise relevant research, and to collect and analyze data from the studies that are included in the review. Statistical methods (meta-analysis) may or may not be used to analyze the results of the included studies” (Cochrane, 2005, p. 45).

Page 4: Systematic Review of the Literature: A Novel Research Approach

…continued “Systematic reviews attempt to

bring the same level of rigor to reviewing research evidence as should be used in producing that evidence in the first place” (Davies & Crombie, 2009, p. 1).

“The author treats the review as the research process” (source?)

Page 5: Systematic Review of the Literature: A Novel Research Approach

Why Do a Systematic Review? Knowledge explosion makes keeping up with

primary research evidence impossible. Practitioners have wide-ranging information

needs (effectiveness, meaningfulness, feasibility, appropriateness).

Looked at individually, research studies may offer little insight to problems; taken together within a systematic review, a clearer and more consistent picture will emerge.

(Davies & Crombie, 2009)

Page 6: Systematic Review of the Literature: A Novel Research Approach

When is a Systematic Review Needed?

“….systematic reviews are most needed whenever there is a substantive question, several primary studies - perhaps with disparate findings - and substantial uncertainty” (Davies & Crombie, 2009, p.3).

Page 7: Systematic Review of the Literature: A Novel Research Approach

Components of Systematic Review

Identification of all relevant published and unpublished evidence

Selection of studies or reports for inclusion.

Assessment of quality of each study or report

Synthesis of findings from the individual studies or reports in an unbiased way

Synthesis of aggregated findings

Page 8: Systematic Review of the Literature: A Novel Research Approach

The Systematic Review Process: Step 1: Defining the Questions

Define the area of interest and relevant populations.

State clear and appropriate questions. Clearly state the objectives of the

review. Identify the types of evidence or

studies that will help answer the questions.

State intended outcomes.

Page 9: Systematic Review of the Literature: A Novel Research Approach

It has been said that “…the quality of the problem that is formulated is the forerunner of the quality of the solution that will be attained” (Getzels, as cited in Achilles, Reynolds, & Achilles, 1997, p. 31).

In doing a systematic review, it can be said that the quality of the question(s) that is formulated is the forerunner of the quality of the review.

Let’s think about the characteristics of good questions and then look at some examples.

Page 10: Systematic Review of the Literature: A Novel Research Approach

Characteristics of Good Questions

Clear and unambiguous Answerable Relevant Positively worded Free of bias

Page 11: Systematic Review of the Literature: A Novel Research Approach

Shouldn’t hospitals refuse to allow smoking anywhere on their property, sinceeverybody knows thatsmoking causes cancer and heart disease?

Page 12: Systematic Review of the Literature: A Novel Research Approach

Should hospitals refuse to allow smoking anywhere on their property, since everybody knows that smoking causes cancer and heart disease?”

Page 13: Systematic Review of the Literature: A Novel Research Approach

Should hospitals refuse to allow smoking within public view?

Should hospitals offerstop-smoking programs to help citizens stop smoking?

Page 14: Systematic Review of the Literature: A Novel Research Approach

How do changes in smoking policies ofhospitals affect smoking rates?

Page 15: Systematic Review of the Literature: A Novel Research Approach

What group of strategies isassociated with smoking cessation?

Page 16: Systematic Review of the Literature: A Novel Research Approach

The Systematic Review Process: Step 2: Searching the Literature Ideally, all of the published and unpublished

literature should be searched for an unbiased review.

In reality, a designated number of databases are searched using a standardized or customized filter.

“Gray literature” (Davies and Crombie, 2009, p.4) is searched using specialized search engines, databases, and websites.

Expert opinion on where appropriate data may be located is sought.

Key authors are contacted for clarification. (Davies & Crombie, 2009)

Page 17: Systematic Review of the Literature: A Novel Research Approach

Determine whether:

There is sufficient research to accomplish a systematic review

A systematic review is necessary, i.e., there is not already a recent, relevant systematic review

Page 18: Systematic Review of the Literature: A Novel Research Approach

Next…

Access library databases

Select appropriate database(s), given your question(s)

Set limits - e.g. date of publication, human focus, language, abstracts

Page 19: Systematic Review of the Literature: A Novel Research Approach

The Systematic Review Process: Step 3: Assessing the Studies Assess each study for eligibility against

inclusion criteria Retrieve the full text of studies that meet the

inclusion criteria Assess studies for methodological quality

(ideally conducted by two independent reviewers)

Extract findings onto a data extraction form (some studies may be excluded even at this late stage)

Create list of included studies

(Davies & Crombie, 2009)

Page 20: Systematic Review of the Literature: A Novel Research Approach

Screening for Inclusion Screen all references for EACH criterion

you have established. For example:

Empirical IV = smoking cessation strategy DV = smoking rates (smoking cessation rates) Relevant population Published after 2002

In order for references to be included, all criteria must be met.

Page 21: Systematic Review of the Literature: A Novel Research Approach

Retrieving the Papers

Access online journals

Access hard-copy publications

Keep track of references

Page 22: Systematic Review of the Literature: A Novel Research Approach

Assess Quality

Be fair minded. Look for strengths and weaknesses.

Look for internal consistency.

Be thoughtful.

Page 23: Systematic Review of the Literature: A Novel Research Approach

Extract Findings

Look for common themes.

Create list of included studies

Page 24: Systematic Review of the Literature: A Novel Research Approach

The Systematic Review Process: Step 4: Combining the Results

Findings from individual studies must be aggregated. This is called “evidence synthesis” (Davies & Crombie, 2009, p.4)

Type if evidence synthesis is selected to fit the type of data in the review:

a. Meta-synthesis: qualitative data b. Meta-analysis: homogenous quantitative

data c. Narrative summaries: non-homogenous quantitative data

Page 25: Systematic Review of the Literature: A Novel Research Approach

The Systematic Review Process: Step 5: Placing the Findings in Context

Discuss issues such as: Quality and heterogeneity of

studies Likely impact of bias Likely impact of chance Applicability of findings

Page 26: Systematic Review of the Literature: A Novel Research Approach

Systematic Review Proposal

Chapter 1: Introduction (Step 1)

Chapter 2: Literature Search (Describe how Step 2 will be implemented.)

Chapter 3: Methodology (Describe how Step 3 will be implemented.)

Page 27: Systematic Review of the Literature: A Novel Research Approach

Systematic Review Dissertation

Chapter 1: Introduction (Step 1) Chapter 2: Literature Search

(Describe the results of implementing Step 2.)

Chapter 3: Methodology: (Describe the results of implementing Step 3.)

Chapter 4: Results (Step 4) Chapter 5: Discussion (Step 5)

Page 28: Systematic Review of the Literature: A Novel Research Approach

A Word of Caution…

Systematic review is far from easy Requires careful scientific

consideration Requires meticulous and laborious

searching Requires considerable attention to

methodological detail and analysis (Davies & Crombie, 2009, p. 5)

Page 29: Systematic Review of the Literature: A Novel Research Approach

Systematic Review Links

http://www.york.ac.uk/inst/crd/ CRD (Centre for Reviews and Dissemination) is part of

the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) and is a department of the University of York (United Kingdom). Their website includes databases where you can search for systematic reviews on health and social care.

http://www.thecochranelibrary.com The Cochrane Library provides online access to Cochrane

reviews and also has a "Learn" section with various materials to help you to develop a systematic review.

Page 30: Systematic Review of the Literature: A Novel Research Approach

Systematic Review Links (cont’d) http://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/cms/

The Evidence for Policy and Practice Information and Co-ordinating Centre (EPPI-Centre) is part of the Social Science Research Unit at the Institute of Education, University of London. Their website includes databases where you can search for systematic reviews as well as a methods and tools section where you can find data reporting and management tools for use in systematic reviews.

http://www.prisma-statement.org/ PRISMA stands for Preferred Reporting Items for

Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. It is an evidence-based checklist of items for inclusion in systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

Page 31: Systematic Review of the Literature: A Novel Research Approach

A Final Word

This has been an overview. Should you decide to pursue a

systematic review of the literature for your dissertation, you will need to work closely with your chair to select/develop appropriate protocol and data extraction forms.