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Systems Analysis & Design
Seventh Edition
CHAP1: INTRO TO SAD1
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CHAPTER OBJECTIVES Discuss the impact of information technology
on business strategy and success Define and describe an information system
components Use profiles and models to understand
business functions and operations Explain how the Internet has affected
business strategies and relationships Identify various types of information systems
and explain who uses them
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CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Explain systems development tools, including modeling, prototyping, and CASE tools
Distinguish between structured analysis and object-oriented methodology
Describe the systems development life cycle Discuss the role of the information
technology department and the systems analysts who work there
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INTRODUCTION
The use of informationas a weapon in the battle
increase productivity, deliver quality products and services,
maintain customer loyaltymake correct/strong decisions
IT can mean the difference between success and failure
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THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Definition: Information Technology (IT) Combination of hardware and software
products and services that companies use to manage, access, communicate, and share information
A vital asset that must be used effectively, updated constantly safeguarded carefully
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THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
The Future of IT Accounted for almost 30 percent of economic
growth in 2003 Online population worldwide increased 106
percent between 2000-2004 305.5% usage growth 2000-2008
Note: http://www.internetworldstats.com/
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THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
The Role of Systems Analysis and Design Definition: Systems Analysis and Design
Step-by-step process for developing high-quality information systems
Systems Analyst (SA) Plan, develop, and maintain information systems
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THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Who Develops Information Systems?
In-house applications Software packages Internet-based application services Outsourcing Custom solutions Enterprise-wide software strategies How versus What – how the system will be
implemented before determining what the system is supposed to do = high risk
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INFORMATION SYSTEM COMPONENTS A system is a set of
related components that produces specific results
A mission-critical system is one that is vital to a company’s operations Business cannot be
done without it
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INFORMATION SYSTEM COMPONENTS
1) Hardware – consist of everything in the physical layer of the information system Servers, workstations, networks,
telecommunications equipment, etc 2) Software – program that control the h/ware
and produce the desired result System software – manage h/ware component (e.g.
Win XP) Network operating system – (e.g. Win 2003 Server,
Unix, etc)
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INFORMATION SYSTEM COMPONENTS
Application software – consist of program that support day-to-day business functions
Enterprise applications – order process system, payroll system, financial system
Horizontal system – inventory or payroll application (e.g. standard payroll system that able to use by all companies)
Vertical system – design to meet unique req. of a business (e.g. special IS that serves to meet unique business req.)
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INFORMATION SYSTEM COMPONENTS
3) Data Is the raw material that an information system
transforms into useful information Tables Linking
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INFORMATION SYSTEM COMPONENTS
4) Processes Define the tasks and business functions that
users, managers, and IT staff members perform to achieve specific results
5) People (Stakeholder) Users, or end users, are the people who interact
with an information system, both inside and outside the company
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UNDERSTANDING THE BUSINESS
Business Profile – describe company overall functionOrganization, processes, services,
products, customers, suppliers, competitors, constraints, future direction
SA investigates company’s products, services, Internet opportunities
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UNDERSTANDING THE BUSINESS
Business Models – purpose: make it easier for manager and system analyst to understand day-to-day business operationBusiness models – a framework in creating
value (e.g. selling computer – Dell)Business process – specific (tasks|
processes) that involved in creating value BPR (business process reengineering) –
trying to simplify current processes or reduce cost
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UNDERSTANDING THE BUSINESS
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UNDERSTANDING THE BUSINESS
New Kinds of CompaniesProduct-oriented – routers,
microchipsService-oriented – resellers and
providers of informationBrick-and-mortar – conduct
business from physical locations (have premises)
Dot-com (.com) or Internet-dependent Amazon.com, Google, eBay, Yahoo!
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IMPACT OF THE INTERNET
E-Commerce (I-Commerce) B2C (Business-to-Consumer) B2B (Business-to-Business)
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), XML, HTML
Web-Based Development Solutions IBM WebSphere Modeler, Microsoft .NET Web services
Developed by 3rd party developer but included as part of the IS
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HOW BUSINESS USES INFORMATIONSYSTEMS
IT managers divided systems into categories based on the user group the system served Office systems Operational systems Decision support systems Executive information systems
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HOW BUSINESS USES INFORMATION SYSTEMS (TYPE OF IS) Today, it makes more sense to identify a
system by its functions, rather than by users Enterprise computing systems – support
company-wide operation and data mgt req.Transaction processing systems – data
generated by day-to-day operationsBusiness support systems – provide job-
related information to users at all levels of a company
Knowledge management systems – expert system, combine knowledge base and inference rule
User productivity systems – email, voice mail, fax, etc
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HOW BUSINESS USES INFORMATION SYSTEMS (TYPE OF IS)
Enterprise computing systems Support company-wide operations and data
management requirements Enterprise resource planning (ERP)
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HOW BUSINESS USES INFORMATION SYSTEMS (TYPE OF IS)
Transaction processing systems (TPS) Efficient because they process a set of transaction-
related commands as a group rather than individually
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HOW BUSINESS USES INFORMATION SYSTEMS (TYPE OF IS)
Business support systems Provide job-related information to users at all
levels of a company Management information systems (MIS) Radio frequency identification (RFID) What-if analysis
e.g: What will happen if fuel price continues decreasing?
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HOW BUSINESS USES INFORMATION SYSTEMS (TYPE OF IS)
Knowledge management systems Called expert systems Simulate human reasoning by combining a
knowledge base and inference rules Many use fuzzy logic and neural network
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HOW BUSINESS USES INFORMATION SYSTEMS (TYPE OF IS)
User productivity systems Technology that improves productivity Groupware
Information systems integration Most large companies require systems that
combine transaction processing, business support, knowledge management, and user productivity features Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA)
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INFORMATION SYSTEM USERS AND THEIR NEEDS
A SA must understand the company’s organizational model in order to recognize who is responsible for specific processes and decisions and to be aware of what information is required by whom
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INFORMATION SYSTEM USERS AND THEIR NEEDS
Top managers – develop long range plans called strategic plans, define the company overall mission and goals (SISP)
Middle Managers and Knowledge Workers - just below the top level, provide direction,
resources and performance feedback to teams and supervisors
Supervisors and Team Leaders – carry out day-to-day functions and oversee operational employees
Operational Employees – users who rely on TPS to enter and receive data
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SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES
SA must know how to use a variety of techniques such as modeling, prototyping, and computer-aided systems engineering tools to plan, design, and implement information systems
SA work with these tools in a team environment
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SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES
ModelingUsed to describe and simplify an IS:Business or requirements model –
information that a system must provideData model – data structures and design Object model – consist of data and processNetwork model – design and protocols of
telecomm. linksProcess model – logic that programmers use
to write code modules
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SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES
Prototyping Definition: an early working version of an IS Adv: Speeds up the development process Disadv: Important decisions might be made too
early, before business or IT issues are thoroughly understood
Can be an extremely valuable tool
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SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES
Computer-Aided Systems Engineering (CASE) Tools Framework for systems development and
support a wide variety of design methodologies CASE tools – make easier to built an information
system, boost IT productivity and improve the quality of the finished product.
Upper CASE – (conceptual|logical) design Lower CASE – physical design
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SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT METHODS
Structured analysis and object-oriented analysis are both popular methodologies for developing computer-based information systems
A SA should understand the alternative methodologies and their individual strengths and weaknesses
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SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT METHODS
Structured Analysis Uses a set of process models to describe a
system graphically Systems development life cycle (SDLC)
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SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT METHODS
Object-oriented (O-O) analysis O-O analysis combines data & processes into
objects Object is a member of a class Class is a collection of similar objects Objects possess properties Methods change an object’s properties Messages request specific behavior or
information from another object
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SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT METHODS
Joint Application Development and Rapid Application Development JAD – Team based fact finding RAD – compressed version of the entire process
Other development methodologies Microsoft Solutions Framework (MSF) Spiral Model Extreme Programming RUP
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THE SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
SDLC used to plan and manage the systems development process
It includes the following steps:Systems planning phaseSystems analysis phaseSystems design phaseSystems implementation phaseSystems operation, support, and security
phaseDeliverable or end product
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THE SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
Traditionally pictured as a waterfall model, but is also presented as an interactive model depicting real world practice and the constant dialog among users, managers, and systems developers
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THE SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
Systems Planning To identify the nature and scope of the business
opportunity or problem Systems request – begins the process &
describes problems or desired changes Systems planning includes preliminary
investigation whose key part is a feasibility study End product: Preliminary Investigation
Document, Software Development Plan (SDP)
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THE SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
Systems Analysis To build a logical model of the new system First step is requirements modeling, where you
investigate business processes and document what the new system must do
End product: system requirements document
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THE SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
Systems Design Purpose is to create a blueprint that will satisfy
all documented requirements Identify all outputs, inputs, and processes Avoid misunderstanding through manager and
user involvement End product: systems design specification
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THE SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
Systems Implementation New system is constructed Write, test, & document programs File conversion occurs Users, managers, IT staff trained to operate and
support the system Systems evaluation performed
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THE SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
Systems operation, support, and security New system supports operations Maintenance changes correct errors or meet
requirements Enhancements increase system capability Well-designed system will be secure, reliable,
maintainable, and scalable SDLC ends with system replacement
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SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES
Planning Involve users throughout the development
process Listening is very important Create a time table with major milestones Identify interim checkpoints Remain flexible Develop accurate cost and benefit information
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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
The information technology (IT) department develops and maintains a company’s information systems
The IT group provides technical support
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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Application Development Team may include users, managers and IT staff
members Systems Support and Security
Provides hardware and software support User Support
Provides users with technical information, training, and productivity support
Help desk
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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT Database Administration
Database design, management, security, backup, and user access
Network Administration Includes hardware and software maintenance,
support, and security Web Support
Design and construction of Web pages and presence
Important for e-commerce Webmaster
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THE SYSTEMS ANALYST POSITION
A systems analyst investigates, analyzes, designs, develops, installs, evaluates, and maintains a company’s information systems
On large projects, the analyst works as a member of an IT department team
Smaller companies often use consultants to perform the work
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THE SYSTEMS ANALYST POSITION
Responsibilities Translate business requirements into practical IT
projects to meet needs Required Skills and Background
Solid communication skills and analytical ability
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THE SYSTEMS ANALYST POSITION
Certification Professional credential
Career Opportunities Job titles Company organization Company size Corporate culture Salary, location, and future growth
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CHAPTER SUMMARY
IT is a combination of hardware and software that support business
The essential components of an information system are hardware, software, data, processes, and people
Companies are product-oriented, service-oriented, or a combination of the two
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CHAPTER SUMMARY
Organization structure usually includes levels. Each level has different responsibilities and information needs
Systems analysts use modeling, prototyping, and CASE tools. Modeling produces a graphical representation of the process, prototyping involves creation of an early working model, and CASE tools assist in various systems development tasks
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CHAPTER SUMMARY The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
consists of five phases: systems planning, systems analysis, systems design, systems implementation, and systems operation, support, and security
Systems analysts need a combination of technical and business knowledge, analytical ability, and communication skills
Chapter 1 Complete
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