Tabular RRL

AgeGenderEducational attainmentFatherEducational attainmentMotherGeneral

boys are more likely to respond to chronic neglect with aggressive or delinquent behavior than girls. .historically boys have been more prone to engage in aggressive behavior than girls, but over the past 20 years that margin of difference has been decreasing.. Women are the fastest growing population in both the juvenile and adult criminal justice systems, according to Logan-Greene..*Ref Failure to meet childrens basic needs linked to later aggression and deliquency [internet] 2015 April 22.

There was significant gender difference in all the three aspects of oral health i.e. knowledge, attitude and practice. It can be noticed that female students scored higher than male students in all the three aspects of oral health.

CHAND, SOHAIL, and MUHAMMAD ARFAN HADYAIT. 'ORAL HEALTH-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND PRACTICE AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN FROM RURAL AND URBAN AREAS OF DISTRICT SHEIKHUPURA, PAKISTAN'.Pakistan Oral & Dental Journal34.1 (2014): 109-112.

Parental educational level was found to be a significant factor. Both father and mother education showed similar pattern of score in knowledge, attitude and practice of oral health. The students of highly educated parents showed higher level of knowledge, attitude and practice of oral health as compared to illiterate or less educated parents.


Parental educational level was found to be a significant factor. Both father and mother education showed similar pattern of score in knowledge, attitude and practice of oral health. The students of highly educated parents showed higher level of knowledge, attitude and practice of oral health as compared to illiterate or less educated parents.


The results in Table 2 showed that, in general, there was very poor level of knowledge, attitude and practice in the population under study. The score was not exceeding 50% of the desired level in all the three aspects with the lowest score in attitude about oral healthCHAND, SOHAIL, and MUHAMMAD ARFAN HADYAIT. 'ORAL HEALTH-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND PRACTICE AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN FROM RURAL AND URBAN AREAS OF DISTRICT SHEIKHUPURA, PAKISTAN'.Pakistan Oral & Dental Journal34.1 (2014): 109-112.

Forty-two percent reported that they get the health hygiene activities once per week, 28 percent reported once or twice per week, and 17 percent reported everyday. Students aged 9 years and less and students from public schools are the most likely to be given health hygiene activities everyday (25 percent and 19 percent respectively).

'Djibouti School Hygiene And Sanitation Survey'.Unicef Djibouti1 (2009): 1-118.

Different age groups demonstrated no significant differences in their responses, so the frequency tables present the subjects as a whole.

Togoo, Rafi et al. 'Oral Hygiene Knowledge And Practices Among School Children In A Rural Area Of Southern Saudi Arabia'.International Journal of Contemporary Dentistry3.1 (2012): 57-62.

Schools should provide for hygiene education to kindergarten and early grade school children to supplement the training provided by parents and gardians, too ensure that all children learn at an appropriate age how to protect themselves and others from preventable exposure to illness and other hygienic hazards.-Abdulla, S.A., Aziz, K.F., Sheren, N.A. (2012). Knowledge and attitudes of pupils in some primary schools regarding personal hygiene in Erbil City. Kufa Journal for Nursing Sciences, Vol. 2, Issue1.

Female students are twice as likely as male students to report health facility or friends as source of information about general cleanliness and personal hygiene.


In another study, it was concluded that caries experience and occurrence of untreated lesions in paramount teeth with age and oral hygiene status worsens as age advanced. Also females experienced more decay as compared to males though oral hygiene status was poorer in males.Rai, Balwant, Rajnish Jain, and Simmi Kharb. 'Dental Caries And Oral Hygiene Status Of 8 To 12 Year School Children Of Rohtak: A Brief Report'. Journal of Dental 5.1 (2006): 29.

in Table 1, 98.1% students were living in Kepez (City center) and 1.9% in villages. Although 67.7% of participants mothers had primary school education and 32.3% had high school education, 53.8% of their fathers had primary school or lower education and 46.3% had high school or higher education [Table 2]. Cevizci, Sibel et al. 'Developing Students Hand Hygiene Behaviors In A Primary School From Turkey: A School-Based Health Education Study'.International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health4.2 (2015): 155- 161.

In addition, 40% of students fathers were workers and 21.3% were self-employed whereas 68.6% of their mothers were housewives and 19.2% were workers. Moreover, 82.6% of participants had a nuclear family, which comprised mother, father, and a sibling.

Cevizci, Sibel et al. 'Developing Students Hand Hygiene Behaviors In A Primary School From Turkey: A School-Based Health Education Study'.International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health4.2 (2015): 155- 161

In another study, 27.7% of the students had an inadequate personal hygiene. The number of students with poor hygiene increased with the decreasing maternal education level and household income level. The frequency of having poor hygiene was higher among male students and in those with a patriarchal family type. The personal hygiene status was not correlated with parental age, student age group and parental education level.Arikan, Inci et al. 'Personal Hygiene Status Among Primary School Students In An Urban Area In The West Of Turkey'. American Journal of Research Communication 2.7 (2014): 31, 32.

Results of this study suggest that oral health KAP among study participants were poor and needs to be improved.


Also, information regarding oral health should be included on wider basis in the school curriculum in an attempt to prevent and control dental diseases


Overall, 75 percent of students reported that they get this information at home, 56 percent reported school, and 36 percent reported TV/radio. Other sources of information were mentioned by less than 10 percent of studentsAbdi Obesip, Ibrahim. 'Djibouti School Hygiene And Sanitation Survey'.Unicef Djibouti1 (2009): 1-118.

Three-quarter of them reported that they have learned about hygiene and cleanness from home, 56 percent have learned about it at school, and 36 percent have learned about it via radio or television. It is clear that students in public schools are more likely than those in private schools to report that they learn about general cleanness and personal hygiene at school (58 percent and 42 percent respectively).

Ninety-four percent of students reported that their schools provide health hygiene activities. Differentials are minor by background characteristics. Sixty-five percent receives health hygiene activities during classes, 13 percent receive it during breaks, and 11 percentreceives it during school .

'Djibouti School Hygiene And Sanitation Survey'.Unicef Djibouti1 (2009): 1-118. According to their answers to these questions, it was reported that 80.5% of them washed their hands before eating, 73.6% after eating, 33.3% before toilet, 91.8% after toilet, and 83.4% of them after they woke up in the morning.

Cevizci, Sibel et al. 'Developing Students Hand Hygiene Behaviors In A Primary School From Turkey: A School-Based Health Education Study'.International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health4.2 (2015): 155- 161

Our results indicated that 37.4% students were washing their hands for between 30 s and 1 min, and 24.5% for 25 s. Students were asked about their habits of hand hygiene. Of them, 40% reported that they preferred water or soap, 18% preferred wet napkin, and 16% preferred towel. Moreover, when students were questioned about their knowledge of temperature of water in hand hygiene, 63.5% answered that water needs to be warm. In addition, 71.6% reported that jewelry should be taken off and 97.5% reported that hands need to be dried. When hand-washing practices of students before and after training were compared, a statistically signicant improvement in after-training practices was observed in compliance with before-training practices (p o 0.001). In the after-training practices, a signicant improvement was not found in the getting adequate soap amount into hand behavior, which was present in the 12-point hand-washing skill checklist [Table 3]. Between the rst practice, which was conducted before training, and the second and third practices, which were conducted after training, a statistically signicant difference was observed in terms of hand-washing skill development (p o 0.001). After the training, hand-washing skill scores showed a signicant improvement than those before thetraining in both female and male students (p o 0.001) [Table 4]. When hand-washing skills of male and female students were compared, results showed that mean score of female students was higher than that of male students. Once students hand-washing habits were examined according to classes, major differences were found in all three classes after training, which was in the study scope. A signicant association was found between students hand-washing habits and their mothers educational level. A signicant improvement in hand-washing skill mean scores between practices was foundamong students whose mothers had primary school education or were undergraduates than those whose mothers had high school or higher education (p o 0.001). In addition, a relationship was found between students hand-washing skill mean scores and their fathers educational level (p o 0.001). Cevizci, Sibel et al. 'Developing Students Hand Hygiene Behaviors In A Primary School From Turkey: A School-Based Health Education Study'.International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health4.2 (2015): 155- 161

58.4% of study sample brushed their teeth using tooth brush and paste, while 32.1% of the sample used Miswak (wooden toothbrush) as their teeth cleaning aid. 2.3% of the study population used dental floss and 7.2% used tooth picks for cleaning their teeth. Majority (64.3%) of the study population brushed their teeth once daily, while 16.6% of the study population practiced irregular tooth brushing.Only 32.6% of the study populations were supervised by their parents. 62.26% felt that high sugar diet causes dental decay where as 58.45% felt soft drinks affect dental health and 51.14% of study population felt that they can keep their gums healthy by brushing daily. About 57.14% of the study populations were aware that bleeding gum indicated gum disease, while 28.24% were not aware what exactly caused bleeding gums. Around 52.01% of the study population visited dentist only when there was pain, while 22.57% never visited the dentist. But 79.4% felt regular visit to dentist was essential. However more that 67.28% responded fear was their main reason for not visiting the dentist.

Togoo, Rafi et al. 'Oral Hygiene Knowledge And Practices Among School Children In A Rural Area Of Southern Saudi Arabia'.International Journal of Contemporary Dentistry3.1 (2012): 57-62.

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices. The variables assessed regarding knowledge, attitudes, and practices included knowledge of prior water treatment, use of soap/sanitizer (46%, =7), latrine coverage in household and community (60%, =9), hand washing frequency (80%, = 12), sanitation practice (latrine use, 53%, =8 ), householdwatertreatment,waterstoragepractices(20%, = 3), and prior knowledge of hygiene practices (20%, =3 ). Only 5 studies gathered information about the knowledge, attitudes,andpracticesofschoolchildreninrelationtoinfections(diarrhea,intestinalprotozoa,schistosomiasis)andthe use of improved water sources. Data regarding drying material availability, hygiene practices (taking bath, brushing teeth, and washing hair and feet), sewage spillage, and vaccinationweresparselycollectedinthestudiedreviewed.

Joshiand, Ashish, and Chiom Amadi. 'Impact Of Water, Sanitation, And Hygiene Interventions On Improving Health Outcomes Among School Children'.Journal of Environmental and Public Health2013 (2013): 3-8.

In a study conducted in KLE University,Nehru Nagar, Belgaum, Karnataka, India the knowledge and hand practice hygiene and using soap increased after health education intervention. The study concluded that the change in behavior of school children is possible if the health education intervention is properly implemented. The family structure, which is the first main component of the sociocultural environment in that the children grow, is determined by the sociodemographic characteristics of the family, educational level of parents, and family type. Although there are some exceptions, the higher education level of parents facilitates accessing to information and having positive behaviors as well as positively contributes to the development and education of children.Shrestha, Ashutosh. 'Improving Hand Washing Among School Children: An Educational Intervention In South India'. US National Library of Medicine enlisted journal 8.1 (2015): 83, 84.

A study reported that 17% of participants washed their hands with soap after toilet, while 45% used only water.-Kim, H.S., Snow, M.W., White, G.L. (2008). Inexpensive and time-effecting hand hygiene intervention increase elementary school children, hand hygiene rates. Jsch Health 78:230-

In addition to having proper resources and facilities hygiene practices are heavily influenced by pupils knowledge and attitudes towards hygiene-Hunter, G.C., Lescano, A.G., Oswald, W.E., et al (2008). Direct observation of hygiene in a Peruvian shantytown: not enough hand washing and too little water. Trop Med Int. Health 13:142-8

School teachers are considered the major source of information for their students and would appear to be suitable as health educators. School teachers are expected to be role models so that students can emulated and adopt their behaviour and attitudes.-Cairncross, S., Curits, V. (2003). Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhea risk in the community, a systemic review. Lancet Infectious Disease 3:275-81

In a study, 87% wash their teeth every morning; 70% wash their hands before and after meals. -Abdulla, S.A., Aziz, K.F., Sheren, N.A. (2012). Knowledge and attitudes of pupils in some primary schools regarding personal hygiene in Erbil City. Kufa Journal for Nursing Sciences, Vol. 2, Issue1.

A study showed that 94% of students knows the requirement of personal hygiene and majority of them also knows that hand washing is important for disease prevention and good appearance. It also reveals that 60% of them believed that clean cloths is important indicator for healthy individuals and 56% believed that disease is the most important risk factor for improper personal hygiene and would want to have more health education about it. -Abdulla, S.A., Aziz, K.F., Sheren, N.A. (2012). Knowledge and attitudes of pupils in some primary schools regarding personal hygiene in Erbil City. Kufa Journal for Nursing Sciences, Vol. 2, Issue1.A study showed that there was a relationship between age and their knowledge about personal hygiene.It reveals that age have no effect on their daily brushing of teeth.It shows that age have no effect on handwashing before and after meals.The result reveals that age have significant indicator on their knowledge about infectious disease and personal hygiene.It shows that age have certain effect on their knowledge about criteria of healthy individual.-Abdulla, S.A., Aziz, K.F., Sheren, N.A. (2012). Knowledge and attitudes of pupils in some primary schools regarding personal hygiene in Erbil City. Kufa Journal for Nursing Sciences, Vol. 2, Issue1.

A study reveals that schools should provide for hygiene education to early grade school children to supplement the training provided by parents and guardians, to ensure that all children learn at an appropriate age how to protect themselves and others from preventable exposure to illness and other hygienic hazards.-Kohl, S. (1994). The Nazi connection American racism and German National Sociolism. Oxford University Press New York

In a study on the impact of school based oral health education program of school children aged 12 and 15 years old in Shimla City, the result showed that the overall mean plaque score and gingival score decreased significantly after oral health education IRRESPECTIVE OF GENDER. (Vinay et al 2013)-Ashish, J., Deepak, S., Kapil, R.S., Pravesh, J., Rajeshwar, P.L., Vinay K.B. (2013). Impact of school-based oral health education program on oral health of 12 and 15 years old school children. J Educ Health Promot., 2, 33.

As cited in National Education Association, involving parents according to some researchers greatly affects behavioral change among children.-National Education Association (NEA-2008). Educational policy and practice department center for great public schools, 1201

As cited in National Education Association, involving parents according to some researchers greatly affects behavioral change among children.-National Education Association (NEA-2008). Educational policy and practice department center for great public schools, 1201

Another study stated that all children said that their parents instructed them to wash their hands, prompted them to wash their hands, supports the principle that health education should be included in the curriculum of grades 1 through 12 and continued in the community through adult education program.-Kohl, S. (1994). The Nazi connection American racism and German National Sociolism. Oxford University Press New York

Dental caries among Filipino children ranked second worst among 21 World Health Organization (WHO) Western Pacific countries. A recent National Oral Health Survey (Department of Education, Health and Nutrition Center, 2008) showed that 97 percent of Grade 1 students and 82 percent of Grade 2 students surveyed suffered from tooth decay. The Grade 1 to 6 students had an average of 9/3 decayed teeth; 40 percent /41 percent of the decayed teeth had progressed into decay with pulpal involvement. The prevalence of Grade 1 to 6 students with pulpally involved teeth was 85 percent and 56 percent respectively.-Benzian, H., Heinrich-Weltzien, R., Monse, B. et al (2009). PUFA- An index of clinical consequences of untreated dental caries. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol.

Maternal education level was associated with better oral hygiene (Vanagas 2009, Abiola 2009)-Abiola, A.A., Eyitope, O.O. et al (2009). Do maternal factors influence the dental health status of Nigerian school children. International Journal of Pediatric Dentistry 19 (6), 448-454-Grabauskas, V., Mickeviciene, A., Milasauskiene, Z., Vanagas, G. (2009). Associations between parental skills and their attitudes toward importance to develop good oral hygiene skills in their children. Medicina (Kaunas) 45 (9), 718-723

Students with adequate knowledge of fecal-oral contamination is a major cause of transmissible diseases such as gastrointestinal infections are less likely to have prevalent parasitic infections.-Barr, M.M., McGovern, M. (2000). Death education: knowledge, attitude and perspectives of Irish parents and teachers. Death studies 24(4): 325-33

Parents anxiety and dental avoidance were also found to be risk factor in dental caries for five year old children. -Skaret, E., Wang, N., Wigen, T. (2009). Dental avoidance behaviour in parents and children as risk indicators for caries in 5 year old children. International Journal of Pediatric Dentistry, 19 (6), 431-437

Another study with 12 to 13 age group on the effectiveness of dental health education, showed that the reduction of plaque and gingival score reductions were highly significant and were not influenced by socio-economic status-Sequeira, P.S., Shenoy, R.P. (2013). Effectiveness of school dental education program in improving oral health knowledge and oral hygiene practices and status of 12- to 13- year-old- school children. Indian J Dent Res 21: 253-9In a study on the impact of school based oral health education program of school children aged 12 and 15 years old in Shimla City, the result showed that the overall mean plaque score and gingival score decreased significantly after oral health education IRRESPECTIVE OF GENDER. (Vinay et al 2013)-Ashish, J., Deepak, S., Kapil, R.S., Pravesh, J., Rajeshwar, P.L., Vinay K.B. (2013). Impact of school-based oral health education program on oral health of 12 and 15 years old school children. J Educ Health Promot., 2, 33

Parental attitudes toward childrens oral health were significantly associated with their own oral health behaviour and understanding the importance of development of oral hygiene skills in their children (Vanagas et al 2009) and mothers oral health status is a strong predictor of the oral health status of their children.-Grabauskas, V., Mickeviciene, A., Milasauskiene, Z., Vanagas, G. (2009). Associations between parental skills and their attitudes toward importance to develop good oral hygiene skills in their children. Medicina (Kaunas) 45 (9), 718-723

When respondents were asked the materials used in cleaning their teeth, toothbrush and toothpaste exhibits the highest percentage of 94.60% while dental floss obtain the lowest percentage of 0.70%.The use of dental floss was still unpopular among the respondents.Most of the respondents brush their teeth more than twice a day with 67% followed by once a day.-Beloso-delos Reyes, J.J.V., Dotado-Maderazo, J.U. (2014). Knowledge, attitude and practices on oral health of public school children of Batangas City. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research vol. 2, no. 4: 169-78

A study to the school children of Dagupan City in which they reported that the respondents were not brushing their teeth regularly due to the low level of knowledge and indigence. (Padlan 2013)-Padlan, E. (2013). Oral hygiene habits of grade 1 pupils at the Bocayao Sur Elementary School in relation to dental caries, The Journal of the Philippine Dental Association, Volume 63 n. 1:43-68

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Tabular RRL