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PISCES: External/Internal Anatomy,
Characteristics, Diversity and Classification
Sapto P. Putro, PhDLab. Ecology & BiosystematicsDept. Biology-FSM UNDIP
Pengertian umum ikan Ciri-ciri morfologis/taksonomis ikan Faktor-faktor lingkungan yang
mempengaruhi kehidupan ikan Klasifikasi/jenis-jenis ikan
Cakupan:
Hewan bertulang belakang yang berdarah dingin (cold-blooded poikilothermous vertebrates)
Suhu tubuhnya menyesuaikan secara pasif thd suhu perairan sekitarnya
Pengertian umum ikan
I. External Anatomy
Caput
CaudaTruncus
I. External Anatomy korpus : kaput, trunkus dan kauda kaput : rima oris, fovea nasalis, organon
visus, dan apparatus operkularis apparatus operkularis : 1. Operkulum : os. operkulare (dorsal), os.
praoperkulare (kranial), os. suboperkulare (kaudal), dan os. interoperkulare (ventral)
2. Membrana branchiostegalis ; selaput yang terdapat pd tepi kaudal operkulum
3. Radii branchiostegalis ; tulang2 kecil yang merupakan rangka dari membrana branchiostegalis
II. Internal Anatomy
epidermis : tipis, licin dan transparan mengandung mucus why?
- memudahkan ikan dalam bergerak (mengurangi pergeseran)dg air-mencegah masuknya mikrooganisme
- Upya mempertahankan diri dari musuh di bawah epidermis terdapat
sisik(squama)merupakan eksoskeleton
Epidermis (skin)
Epidermis (skin)• Skin covered with scales
-Thin, round disks of highly modified bone that grow from pockets of skin-Overlap like roof shingles, all pointing toward tail to minimize friction-Grow during entire life of fish-Adjusting growth pattern to food supply
• Scales grow quickly when food is abundant and slowly when scarce
• Skin contains pigmented chromatophores-Create various color patterns
Sistema Respiratoria
Sistema Respiratoria
Gas bladder: regulating depth when swimming
• The quantity of gas within a fish's bladder must be adjustable. Why?
• When fish swim down:
pressure increases the gas in the bladder compresseddecreasing the bladder's volume increasing the relative density of the fish • When fish swim up:
pressure decreased the volume of the bladder expands increasing bladder’s volume decreasing fish density
Physostomous: Larval/jouvenil stages and primitive teleost
physoclist swim bladder:
Marine fish
Dissolved oxygen Dissolved salt (salinity) Light penetration Temperature Toxic substances Concentration of diseases organisms Opportunities to escape enemies
Factors (biotic & abiotic) influnce fish survival/preference :
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Euchordata Sub Phylum: Vertebrata (Craniata)
Generalclassification:
Myxin
iform
es
Petr
om
yzo
nti
form
es
Chim
aeri
form
es
Squalif
orm
es
Lam
niform
es
Rajif
orm
es
Mylio
bati
form
es
Lepid
osi
reniform
es C
oela
canth
iform
es Po
lypte
rifo
rmes
Aci
pense
rifo
rmes
Lepis
ost
eiform
es
Am
iiform
es
Hio
donti
form
es
Elo
piform
es
Anguill
iform
es
Clu
peiform
es
Cypri
niform
es
Chara
cifo
rmes
Silu
rifo
rmes
Eso
cifo
rmes
Salm
oniform
es
Perc
opsi
form
es
Gadiform
es
Lophiif
orm
es
Ath
eri
niform
es
Cypri
nodonti
form
es
Gast
ero
steiform
es Sco
rpaeniform
es
Perc
iform
es
Ple
uro
nect
iform
es Te
traodonti
form
es
Aca
nth
od
ii
Pla
cod
erm
i
Craniata
Chordata
Holo
cep
hali
Ela
smob
ran
chii
Sarc
op
tery
gii
Actinoptergyii
Cep
hala
spid
-om
orp
hi
Myxin
i
Teleostei
Ostariophysi
Acanthopterygii
Ichthyology -Orders and higher taxa
6 7 8 9 10
11
lab
Phylum
Superclass
Subphylum
Class
Subclass
Division
Superorder
OsteichthyesChondrichthyes
Gnathostomata
?
?
Agnatha
Jawless fishes. Fish that have no jaws, no paired appendages, nor (in the case of hagfishes) even a true backbone, possessing instead a segmented notochord.
1.1. Class Myxini Hagfishes. A group of small, primitive, jawless,
ocean-dwelling fishes, scavenging their food from dead and dying fish and invertebrates.
1. Superclass Agnatha (2 classes)
1.2. Class Cephalaspidomorphi Lampreys. Another group of small,
primitive, jawless fishes. Many are parasites, latching onto the
bodies of freshwater fish. Others, non-parasitic, are able to eat
only in their larval form, dying as adults soon after reproducing.
1. Superclass Agnatha
end
sea lamprey
Jawed fishes and tetrapods. Vertebrates that possess jaws and usually a set of paired appendages.
This includes 99.7% of all living fishes
2.1. Class Chondrichthyes Cartilaginous fishes. Fishes whose
skeletons are made of cartilage rather than bone, whose teeth are not fused to their jaws, and whose bodies lack a swim bladder.
2. Superclass Gnathostomata
2.1.a. Subclass Elasmobranchii Sharks and rays. This large group includes two
widely recognized groups: sharks and rays. Typically, sharks are large, torpedo-shaped,
marine carnivores, hunting and scavenging other sea creatures.
There are filter-feeding sharks, sharks of many different shapes, and sharks ranging from less than 20 cm (8 in.; dwarf lanternshark) to 12 m (39 ft.; whale shark; world's largest fish).
Rays are fishes with broad bodies, winglike fins, and long tails, usually living on the shallow seabed and preying on invertebrates.
2.1. Class Chondrichthyes
end
angel shark
end
spiny dogfish
end
white shark
end
blue shark
end
shark teeth
end
shark teeth
end
hammerhead sharks
end
eagle ray
end
ray egg cases
end
ray embryos
end
little skate
end
Atlantic stingray
2.1.b. Subclass Holocephali Chimaeras. Bizarre-looking, often
grotesquely shaped deep-sea fishes of the Arctic and Antarctic, lacking scales and with a long tail.
Various chimaeras are also called ratfishes, rabbitfishes, and ghostfishes.
2.1. Class Chondrichthyes
end
chimaeras and ratfishes
Bony fishes. Fish that have a skeleton made at least partly of bone, and that usually have a swim bladder. This includes 96.2% of all living fishes.
2.2. Class Osteichthyes
2.2.a. Subclass Sarcopterygii. Lobe-finned fishes: coelacanths and lungfishes. Coelacanths are lobe-finned fishes, thought to be
extinct until a species was discovered in 1938 in Africa;
a second species was discovered in the late 1990s in Indonesia.
A unique species possess lungs and can live for a limited time outside of water.
With their lungs and their lobed fins resembling proto-limbs,
Believed to be the closest living thing to the fishes that evolved into amphibians 350 million years ago.
2.2. Class Osteichthyes
2.2.b. Subclass Actinopterygii. Ray-finned fishes. Fishes that have paired
fins with sturdy rays, lacking fleshy lobes. This includes 96.2% of all living fishes.
2.2.b.(i) Superorder Chondrostei. Chondrostean ray-finned fishes. Ray-finned fishes that have a skeleton
made mostly of cartilage, though partly of bone. This relatively primitive group retains into adulthood the notochord shared by invertebrate chordates.
2.2. Class Osteichthyes
Order Polypteriformes Bichirs. Small, elongate, freshwater fishes of
Africa, with a distinctive row of dorsal finlets down their backs
Order Acipenseriformes Sturgeons and paddlefishes. Sturgeons are
northern-hemisphere fishes covered with distinctive armor-like plates. Paddlefishes are freshwater fishes of China and the U.S., with long, paddle-shaped snouts.
2.2.b. Subclass Actinopterygii 2.2.b.(i) Superorder Chondrostei
2.2.b.(ii) Superorder Neopterygii Modern bony fishes Bony ray-finned fishes
that have a number of advanced characteristics: the same number of fin rays as support bones
an improved upper jaw structure, and tooth-plates to help grind food.
This group includes 96.0% of all living fishes.
2.2.b. Subclass Actinopterygii
Order Semionotiformes. Gars. Long fishes of North America,
inhabiting mostly freshwater, having armorlike, "ganoid" scales and a long, beaklike snout.
Order Amiiformes. Bowfin. A single small, freshwater species
in North America, the closest living relative of the teleost fishes.
2.2.b. Subclass Actinopterygii2.2.b.(ii) Superorder NeopterygiiGroup: Nonteleost bony fishes
Order Osteoglossiformes. Bonytongues, elephantfishes, and their allies. Freshwater fishes, mostly tropical. Bonytongues a diverse and widely-distributed
group; Elephantfishes African fishes with irregular,
often trunk-like snouts; as well as mooneyes and featherbacks.
Order Elopiformes. Tenpounders (ladyfishes) and tarpons. Slender fishes living in tropical and subtropical
oceans around the world.
2.2.b. Subclass Actinopterygii2.2.b.(ii) Superorder NeopterygiiGroup: Teleost bony fishes
Order Albuliformes Halosaurs, spiny eels, and bonefishes. Bonefishes
are tropical fishes sometimes fished for sport. Halosaurs and spiny eels are deep-sea fishes.
Order Anguilliformes. "true eels,“ long, thin, snake-like fishes, with a
highly reduced set of fins, and usually live in the ocean.
Examples: snake eels, worm eels, moray eels, conger eels, freshwater eels, and many others.
2.2.b. Subclass Actinopterygii2.2.b.(ii) Superorder NeopterygiiGroup: Teleost bony fishes
Order Gonorhynchiformes Shellears and their allies. A small order of fishes, living in the rivers of Africa and the
Indian and Pacific oceans. Examples include the milkfish, beaked salmons, shellears,
and snake mudhead.Order Cypriniformes Carps and their allies. Freshwater fishes that are native and widespread
throughout Eurasia, Africa, and North America. These fish are unique in that they lack jaw teeth,
possessing instead teeth in the back of their throat. Examples include carps, minnows, loaches, suckers, and
algae eaters.
2.2.b. Subclass Actinopterygii2.2.b.(ii) Superorder NeopterygiiGroup: Teleost bony fishes
Order Characiformes Characins and their allies. Fishes that live almost exclusively in the
lakes, rivers, and streams of Africa and Latin America.
Examples include characins, tetras, piranhas, pencilfishes, voladoras, and many others.
2.2.b. Subclass Actinopterygii2.2.b.(ii) Superorder NeopterygiiGroup: Teleost bony fishes
Order Siluriformes Catfishes. Highly successful fishes
characterized by their whisker-like sensory organs called barbels, and by their sometimes venomous fin spines.
They are common, mostly freshwater fish, to be found on all continents except Antarctica.
2.2.b. Subclass Actinopterygii2.2.b.(ii) Superorder NeopterygiiGroup: Teleost bony fishes
Order Salmoniformes Salmons and their allies. This order consists of a single successful and
commercially important family: the salmons and their close relatives.
This group lives entirely in the Northern hemisphere-some in freshwater, others in saltwater, in which case they return to freshwater to spawn.
Included are salmons, trouts, chars, graylings, whitefishes, ciscoes, and others.
2.2.b. Subclass Actinopterygii2.2.b.(ii) Superorder NeopterygiiGroup: Teleost bony fishes
Order Lampridiformes Oarfishes and their allies. A group of highly
unusual ocean fishes. The enormous oarfishes are thought to be
responsible for many sea-serpent stories; their relatives include ribbonfishes, opahs, velifers, and crestfishes.
2.2.b. Subclass Actinopterygii2.2.b.(ii) Superorder NeopterygiiGroup: Teleost bony fishes
Order Lophiiformes Anglerfishes. The fishes in this order are
interesting in that they possess a bony rod with a fleshy tip, which they use as bait to lure prey close to their mouths.
They live in nearly all oceanic environments, from the tropics to cold temperate waters, from shallow shores to the deep sea.
2.2.b. Subclass Actinopterygii2.2.b.(ii) Superorder NeopterygiiGroup: Teleost bony fishes
Order Mugiliformes Mullets. Coastal fishes that live in ocean or
brackish water, tropical or temperate. They feed on organic debris, and are
important as food fish.
2.2.b. Subclass Actinopterygii2.2.b.(ii) Superorder NeopterygiiGroup: Teleost bony fishes
Order Beloniformes Flying fishes and their allies. Included among these small, elongate
fishes are flying fishes, with their winglike fins and their gliding ability;
needlefishes and halfbeaks, with their unusually-shaped jaws; freshwater ricefishes of southeast Asia; and tropical, marine sauries.
2.2.b. Subclass Actinopterygii2.2.b.(ii) Superorder NeopterygiiGroup: Teleost bony fishes
Order Cyprinodontiformes Killifishes and their allies. A variety of tropical and subtropical fishes,
inhabiting mostly freshwater, and including many popular aquarium fish.
Included are killifishes, rivulines, topminnows, guppies, mollies, swordtails, pupfishes, and others.
2.2.b. Subclass Actinopterygii2.2.b.(ii) Superorder NeopterygiiGroup: Teleost bony fishes
Order Gasterosteiformes Pipefishes and their allies. Unusual fishes, mostly marine, and most
of them having distinctive long, tubular snouts.
Included are pipefishes, seahorses, ghost pipefishes, snipefishes, shrimpfishes, trumpetfishes, cornetfishes, seamoths, sticklebacks, tubesnouts, the sand eel, tubesnouts, and the paradox fish.
2.2.b. Subclass Actinopterygii2.2.b.(ii) Superorder NeopterygiiGroup: Teleost bony fishes
Order Synbranchiformes Swampeels and their allies. Freshwater, eel-
like, and virtually finless fishes, inhabiting tropical and subtropical lakes and rivers. Examples include swampeels, spiny eels, and chaudhuriids.
2.2.b. Subclass Actinopterygii2.2.b.(ii) Superorder NeopterygiiGroup: Teleost bony fishes
Order Scorpaeniformes Scorpionfishes and their allies. A large and diverse set of fishes, both
freshwater and marine, with distinctive bony struts across their cheeks.
Distributed worldwide, most are tropical, and some are quite exotic.
Included are scorpionfishes, velvetfishes, searobins (gurnards), flatheads, greenlings, sculpins, oilfishes, poachers, lumpfishes, and snailfishes.
2.2.b. Subclass Actinopterygii2.2.b.(ii) Superorder NeopterygiiGroup: Teleost bony fishes
Order Perciformes Perches and their allies. This is not only the
largest order of fishes; it is also by far the largest order of vertebrates, containing nearly one-fifth of all vertebrate species.
They live everywhere there is water, from the tropics to the arctic, from freshwater to saltwater, from wide estuaries to tiny mountain streams.
They range in size from less than 1 cm (1/2 in.) (some gobies) to around 4.5 m (14 ft) (black marlin).
2.2.b. Subclass Actinopterygii2.2.b.(ii) Superorder NeopterygiiGroup: Teleost bony fishes
Order Pleuronectiformes Flatfishes. Fishes with a very unique body
plan: their bodies are compressed thin, and both their eyes are pushed over to one side of their head.
In this shape, they lie flat on their "blind side," camouflaged well on the ocean floor, except when hunting for food.
Examples include flounders, soles, tonguefishes, spiny flatfishes, and citharids.
2.2.b. Subclass Actinopterygii2.2.b.(ii) Superorder NeopterygiiGroup: Teleost bony fishes