Tal Lav ianCourse Number :

Wireless Mobile Devices – Systems and Architectures

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Contents

Wireless Mobile DevicesMarket DirectionsSystem ArchitectureDevice ArchitectureOther Devices Architecture Differences – PC and Wireless Mobile

DevicesOperating SystemsApplication StoreGoogle’s AndroidApple’s iOSSummary

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What is Wireless Communication?

Any form of communication that does not require the transmitter and receiver to be in physical contact

Electromagnetic wave propagated through free-space Radar, RF, Microwave, IR, Optical

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Electromagnetic Spectrum

From: imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov.docs

109

1012

103.414

x105.7

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x

1017

1019

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Wireless Mobile Devices 2013

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Market directions

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Market directions (contd.)

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Market directions (contd.)

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Market directions (contd.)

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Marketi directions (contd.)

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Market directions (contd.)

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Market directions (contd.)

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Characteristics of Wireless Mobile Devices

Wireless Limited bandwidth, high latency Variable link quality (noise, disconnections, other users) Heterogeneous air interfaces

Mobility: User and terminal location dynamically changes Speed of terminal mobility impacts wireless bandwidth

Portability Limited battery capacity, computing and storage Small dimensions

More Signal Processing

More Protocol Processing

Higher Energy Efficiency

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Wireless – Pros and Cons

Pros Flexibility & mobility

Goal: Anytime, anywhere, any service Broad geography support at specific frequency Can compliment a wired network Convenience (Easy-to-Use and Simple to Install)

Can easily setup in disaster situations or office moves

Cons Relatively expensive Distance limits & wall attenuation (150ft barrier) Security must be addressed Prone to narrowband interference. Also, other users create

interference

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Wireless Network Technology

Bluetooth -

PAN

WLAN

WWAN

802.11b -

Cellular - range in kms

1 to 3 m

100 to 400 m

Technology

Geography

Off-campusopen areas

On-campus

office, home, school

Personal space

office, briefcase, person

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Wireless Technologies

HiperLAN

UMTS / Cellular802.11a DS & FH

802.11bDS

HomeRF

10m 30m 100m >400 m

Bluetooth

0,5

1

2

11

5

4 M

bit/s

Wireless Local Area Multimedia

Wireless Local Area Broadband

Wireless Wide Area coverage

Wireless Local Area High Speed

Short range connectivityfor portables

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Cellular System Architecture

Source: http://vinf.net/2010/01/16/using-the-vcevblock-concept-to-aid-disaster-relief-in-situations-like-the-haiti-earthquake/

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Cellular System Architecture

MTSO MTSO

HLR

VLR

HLR

VLR

To otherMTSOs

PSTNPSTNSource: www.cse.iitb.ac.in/~sri/talks/mobileinternet.ppt

Each cell is served by a Base Terminal Station (BTS). Each BTS is connected to a Mobile Switching Center (MTSO) through

fixed links. Each MTSO is connected to other MTSOs and PSTN (Public Switched

Telephone Network).

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Wireless Telephone Technology EvolutionThe 2nd Generation (2G)

Source: http://www.satmagazine.com/cgi-bin/display_article.cgi?number=201229817

Second generation 2G cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland by Radiolinja in 1991.

Benefits over their predecessors:o The phone conversations were digitally

encrypted.o 2G systems were significantly more

efficient on the spectrum allowing for far greater mobile phone penetration levels.

o 2G introduced data services for mobile, starting with SMS text messages.

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Wireless Telephone Technology EvolutionThe 3rd Generation (3G)

3rd generation mobile telecommunications is a generation of standards for mobile phones and mobile telecommunication services.

Its main services include:o Wide-area wireless voice telephone.o Mobile Internet access.o Video calls and mobile TV, all in a

mobile environment.

Source: http://denmasbroto.com/?pilih=news&mod=yes&aksi=lihat&id=2

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Wireless Telephone Technology EvolutionThe 4th Generation (4G)

4G is the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards.

A 4G system provides mobile ultra-broadband Internet access, for example to laptop computer wireless modems, smart phones, and other mobile devices. 

Facilities also include IP telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing, and other streamed multimedia that may be provided to users.

Source: http://www.3g.co.uk/PR/Nov2003/6085.htm

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Wi-MAX and LTE Architectures

Source: http://telecomnormalized.tech.officelive.com/WiMAX.aspxhttp://www.wirelessweek.com/Articles/2010/10/Technology-Part2-Mobile-Network-Evolution-Architecture-LTE/

WiMAX  a short name for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access can be referred to as a technology for wirelessly delivering high-speed Internet service to large specific areas. The previous WiMAX revision provided bit rates up to 40 Mbit/s and the latest revision in 2011 has provided us with 1 Gbit/s bit rate for fixed devices and ports. It is a part of the 4G, of wireless communication technology.

3GPP Long Term Evolution, also known as LTE, is used for high-speed data for mobile phones and other communication ports.The LTE system consists of two networks: E-UTRAN Evolved Packet Core (EPC).

Both of them result in a system with high simplicity including increased scalability and efficiency, and a design optimized to support IP-based services.

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Smartphones – what are they?

• Small size, light weight, easily fitting in palm and pocket

• Display screen with touch input and small virtual key board

• Also known as portable handheld device or handheld device (e.g. Smartphone, PDAs etc.)

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Device Architecture

• Small device• Weight• Screen

Size and Interface

• Memory• Processor• Battery

Hardware components

• Camera• SIM• FM radio• GPS • Wi-Fi and Bluetooth

Other features

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Connectivity

Generation Definition Speed Technology Features

2G Digital Narrow band circuit data

9.6/14.4 Kbps TDMA,CDMA 2G capabilities are achieved by allowing multiple users on a single channel via multiplexing. During 2G Cellular phones are used for data also along with voice.

3G Digital Broadband Packet Data

3.1 Mbps (peak)500-700 Kbps

CDMA 2000(1xRTT, EVDO)UMTS, EDGE

3G has Multimedia services support along with streaming are more popular. In 3G, Universal access and portability across different device types are made possible. (Telephones, PDA’s, etc.)

3.5G Packet Data 14.4 Mbps (peak)1-3 Mbps

HSPA 3.5G supports higher throughput and speeds to support higher data needs of the consumers

4G Digital Broadband Packet(All IP)

100-300 Mbps (peak)3-5 Mbps

WiMaxLTEWi-Fi

Speeds for 4G are further increased to keep up with data access demand used by various services. High definition streaming is now supported in 4G

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Screen Comparison

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Architectural Differences

PC and Wireless Mobile Devices

Source: http://www.apple.com

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Architectural Differences

Wireless Mobile Devices

Insufficient Bandwidth Security

Power Consumptio

n

Transmission

Interferences

Human Interfaces Mobility

Significantly different from

PCs

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Other devices

What are they?• Tablets, e-book readers, notebooks etc.• Tablet computers (or simply tablets) are devices which are pretty close

to smartphones with a major difference in screen size.• Apple’s tablet called iPad comes in two variations: iPad WiFi and iPad

WiFi+3G.• Apple released a new Tablet iPad3 in March 2012 with 4G LTE

compatibility.• Samsung’s tablet called Galaxy Tab is a close competitor for iPad.• Galaxy Tab comes in three variations ‘Galaxy Tab 7.0 Plus’, ‘Galaxy Tab

10.1’ and ‘Galaxy Tab’

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Smartphones - history

Company/Vendor

Model Released Operating System (OS)

IBM Simon 1993 -

Nokia, Hewlett-Packard

Nokia 9600 1996 -

Palm Kyocera 6035 2001 Palm-based OS

RIM BlackBerry 2002 BlackBerry OS

Apple iPhone 2007 iOS

Samsung, Sony, HT, Motorola

Different models

2008 Google’s Android

Samsung Own model 2009 Bada

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Mobile OS

Major Mobile Operating

Systems (OS)

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Mobile OS - Apps

Each mobile OS has its own application store

Users access application (App) via wireless networks

Apps are mostly developed by third parties

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Mobile OS – Apps (contd.)

Apple’s iTunes is the biggest App store with approximately 500,000 Apps and then follows Android’s App store Google Play (Earlier Android Market) with close to 450,000 Apps.

Windows has a small App store with the name ‘Windows Marketplace for Mobile’ where windows mobile users can download from a limited apps (close to 30,000).

RIM maintains an App store for its BlackBerry mobiles with the name ‘BlackBerry App World’.

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Android

Background

Android is Linux based mobile OS for mobile devices such as Tablets and Smartphones. In 2005 Google acquired the initial developer of the OS, Android Inc. Then in 2007 Google formed an Open Handset Alliance with 86 hardware, software and

telecom companies. This alliance developed and announced Android as an open source mobile OS under the

Apache License. Now this OS is being used by multiple device manufacturers in their handsets, few of

them are Samsung, Motorola, HTC, LG, Sony etc. Android developer community has large number of developers preparing APPs in Java

environment and the APP store ‘Google Play’ now has close to 450,000 APPs, among which few are free and others are paid.

It is estimated that till December 2011 almost 10B APPs are downloaded. It is estimated that s of February 2012 there are over 300M Android devices and

approximately 850,000 Android devices are activated every day. The earliest recognizable Android version is 2.3 Gingerbread which has support for SIP

and NFC. In 2011 Android Honeycomb version (3.1 and 3.2) are released with focus on Tablets.

This is mainly focused on large screen devices.

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Android (contd.)

Main features

• Handset layouts – compatible with different handset designs such as  larger, VGA, 2D graphics library, 3D graphics library based

• Storage – a lightweight relational database, is used for data storage• Connectivity - GSM/EDGE,  IDEN, CDMA, EV-DO, UMTS, Bluetooth, Wi-

Fi, LTE, NFC and WiMAX• Messaging – SMS, MMS, threaded text messaging and Android Cloud To Device

Messaging (C2DM)• Multiple language support• Web browser• Java support• Media support• Streaming media support• Additional hardware support• Multi-touch• Bluetooth• Video calling• Multitasking• Voice based features• Tethering• Screen capture• External storage

Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich

Released in October 2011, with new features such as facial

recognition, network data usage monitoring and control, unified

social networking contacts.

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Android (contd.)

Google owns a trademark for Android –

anyone has to take Google’s permission to

use Android’s trademark

In 2011 Microsoft announced it has made an agreement

with Android device manufacturers and collects fees from them including

Samsung and HTC.

Android’s source code is available under Apache

License version 2.0. The Linux kernel changes are available

under the GNU General Public License version 2.

Google faced many patent lawsuits against Android such as by Oracle in 2006

that included patents US5966702 and

US6910205.

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Android (contd.)

In August 2011, Google has taken the strategic step of

purchasing Motorola Mobility for saving Android from dying down because of

lawsuits by Apple, Oracle and Microsoft.

Also in December 2011 Google acquired

approximately thousand patents from IBM for saving Android OS.

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iOS

About Apple’s Proprietary Mobile OS – iOS

iOS is Apple’s proprietary mobile operating system initially developed for iPhone and now extended to iPAD, iPod Touch and Apple TV.

Initially known as iPhone OS, in June 2010 it is renamed as iOS. iOS is not enabled for cross licensing, it can only be used on Apple’s devices. The user interface of iOS is based on the concept of usage of multi touch gestures. iOS is a Unix based OS.  iOS uses four abstraction layers namely: the Core OS layer, the Core

Services layer, the Media layer, and the Cocoa Touch layer.  Apple’s App store contains close to 550,000 applications as of March 2012. It is estimated that the APPs are downloaded 25B times till now. First version of iOS is released in 2007 with the mane ‘OS X’ and then in 2008 the

first beta version of ‘iPhone OS’ is released. In 2007 September Apple released first iPod Touch that also used this OS. In 2010 iPad is released that has a bigger screen than the iPod and iPhone. Cisco has the trademark for ‘IOS’ since long time and Apple licensed the usage of

‘iOS’ from Cisco to avoid any problems.

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iOS (contd.)

Main features•Home screen•Folders•Notification Center•Default APPs•Multitasking•Switching applications•Game Centre

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Summary

The above information proved how important is the smartphone in daily life of vast range of humans ranging from business persons, academic people, individual users etc.

Primary reasons behind investing lot of money in mobile computing:o Opens a lot of opportunities in mobile computing and programmingo Generating revenue by pay per click

Mobile device could end the use of credit cards and debit cards, e.g., in shopping stores through using NFC or Google wallet.

The mobile devices can be used for different applications such as remotely controlling home appliances, PC, vehicles, TVs etc.

The history of evolution of mobile device technology speaks a lot about the future trends and trade offs which will be achieved in due course of time.

Number of patent lawsuits are increasing day by day for showing the company’s strength in terms of technology and protection of that technology by using patents.

Companies have to slow down their competitors from going for Lawsuits.