Tanzania - Zanzibar Urban Water and Sanitation Project

Language: English

Original: English

PROJECT: Zanzibar Urban Water and Sanitation

Project

COUNTRY: Tanzania

ENVIRONMENT & SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN SUMMARY

Date: August 2012

Appraisal

Team

Team Leader:

E&S Members:

Sabas Marandu

Amel Hamza

Kelello Ntoampe

Snr. Water and Sanitary Engineer,

Senior Gender Specialist, OWAS.2

Principal Environmentalist, ONEC.3

Sector Manager:

Res. Rep:

Sector Director:

Regional Director:

Osward Chanda

Tonia Kandiero

Sering Jallow

Gabriel Negatu

OWAS.2

TZFO

OWAS/AWF

EARC

Table of Contents

Abbreviations And Acronyms ................................................................................................ 3

General Information ................................................................................................................ 4

A) Brief Description Of The Project And Key Environmental And Social

Components .............................................................................................................................. 4

B) Major Environmental And Social Impacts....................................................................... 5

Beneficial Impacts ................................................................................................................. 5

Adverse Impacts..................................................................................................................... 5

Construction Phase Impacts .................................................................................. 5

Operational Phase Impacts ..................................................................................................... 6

C) Enhancement And Mitigation Program ........................................................................... 6

D) Monitoring Program And Complementary Initiatives ................................................... 8

Monitoring Activities ............................................................................................................. 9

E) Institutional Arrangements And Capacity Building Requirements .............................. 9

F) Public Consultations And Disclosure Requirements ..................................................... 10

Summary Of Key Issues Raised By Stakeholders ............................................................... 11

G) Estimated Costs ................................................................................................................ 12

H) Implementation Schedule And Reporting ...................................................................... 12

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

AC pipes Asbestos Cement pipes

AfDB African Development Bank

ASAP As soon as possible

DoE Department of Environment

ESAP Environment & Social Assessment Procedures

ESIA Environment and Social Impact Assessment

ESMP Environment and Social Management Plan

IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management

O&M Operation and maintenance

RAMSAR RAMSAR (IRAN) Convention

SMOLE Zanzibar Sustainable Management of Land and Environment

STDCA Stone Town Conservation and Development Authority

ToR Terms of Reference

WHO World Health Organization

ZAWA Zanzibar Water Authority

ZEC Zanzibar Electricity Corporation

ZMC Zanzibar Municipal Council

General Information

Project Title: Zanzibar Water and Sanitation Project

Project Number: P-TZ-E00-007

Country: TANZANIA

Department: OWAS Division: OWAS.2

a) Brief description of the project and key environmental and social components

The objective of the Zanzibar Urban Water and Sanitation Project is to improve water supply

and sanitation services in Unguja Municipality, which is Zanzibar’s administrative centre

and the hub of its economic, cultural and tourist activities. The project aims to improve

water infrastructure facilities including production, transmission and distribution systems

and to provide sanitation and hygiene facilities in schools. At present, only about one third

of the Unguja installed water production capacity of 50,000 m3/day is operational as some

of the facilities require major refurbishment or replacement because they were mostly

installed in the 1960’s. In addition, a significant portion of the water produced does not

reach the consumers’ taps due to leakages. Water service delivery in the project area is

discontinuous and unreliable, with most customers getting water only twice per week.

The project consists of the following component:

Assessing existing situation including data collection and reviewing

population growth, water consumption, demand patters and documentation on

land use categories, but also assessing the existing water supply system and

sanitation.

Estimating future water demands (2015 and 2025) including the assessment

of urban population growth and water consumption and future demand

patterns.

Conducting a technical feasibility that includes compiling proposals for long

term (2025) development of the whole system with detailed focus on the

distribution system. Compiling a conceptualized optimized network analysis

of the existing and proposed long term distribution system and finally;

providing proposals for staged development of the distribution networks

including estimated costs.

Conducting a feasibility that includes socio-economic and financial analyses,

financial forecast, cost benefit analysis, the definition of an investment

program and preparing cost estimates of both capital and recurrent costs,

broken down into local and foreign costs by expected year of expenditure.

Works Implementation proposals that include identifying sections of the

distribution system requiring urgent rehabilitation and upgrading, preparing

implementation proposals, including cost estimates and finally proposing and

preparing conceptual/preliminary designs for the immediate works

components under the available US $ 21 million budget.

Conducting an environmental feasibility that includes the ESIA (required in

line with Zanzibar legislation) and the ESMP required in terms of the same

law and the AfDB’s requirements.

The project was classified as Category 2 by ORQR on 24 April 2012 in accordance

with the AfDB Environmental and Social Policies and Procedures (ESAP). The

categorization is justified on the basis of considerable positive impact envisaged and

the fact that environment and social impacts emanating from the project are site-

specific. Furthermore the impacts can be minimized by the application of mitigation

measures included in an ESMP.

b) Major environmental and social impacts

Beneficial impacts

The positive impacts of improving the urban water supply network in Unguja will

be significant and long term. The impacts include:

Provision of safe drinking water

Improved access to water supply

Reduced cases of water borne diseases like malaria, acute diarrhea, skin

diseases, dysentery and cholera

Less time spend on fetching water, especially for women and girls hence

availing time for other beneficial socio-economic activities

Employment opportunities in Operation and Maintenance (O&M) of the water

supply system network

Employment opportunities for local labourers in construction phase

Adverse impacts

The negative impacts of the project are divided into impacts during construction

and the operational phase. All identified impacts can be mitigated or are of low

significance and mostly they are of a temporary nature. Without mitigation, the

following impacts will be significant and permanent: spreading of diseases, over-

extraction of groundwater, salt-water intrusion and destruction of UNESCO

heritage sites. The negative impacts assessed in the ESIA are listed below.

Construction phase impacts

Involuntary land resettlement/loss of land – the current project design does not

result in involuntary land resettlement and loss of land. However, some private

land may be affected in terms of nuisance due to heaps of soil temporarily

stored close or on such land after digging trenches.

Destruction of natural vegetation, crops, roads and pavements due to digging

and clearing activities and repairing and replacing pipes, establishing

boreholes, storage tanks etc.

Disruption/destruction of underground utilities (water pipelines,

telecommunication & electricity lines) mainly regarding the repair and

replacement of pipes in urban areas in and around Stone Town.

Air pollution (dust & machinery fumes) due to repairing and replacing pipes,

establishing boreholes, storage tanks etc.

Noise pollution and vibrations (hence and weakening of UNESCO heritage

buildings) due to repairing and replacing pipes.

Traffic disruption due to partially blocked roads during the repair and

replacement of piles in urban areas.

Solid waste management, especially in relation to the disposal of Asbestos

Cement (AC) pipes that are dug out of the ground.

Visual impacts during digging and storage of soil from the trenches.

Health and safety impacts on both the workforce and neighbouring

communities.

Operational phase impacts

Groundwater pollution if boreholes are not sealed properly or contamination

sources such as cemeteries and agricultural areas are developed within the

vicinity.

Saltwater intrusion due to over extraction of groundwater.

Loss of water supply from springs or shallow wells due to over extraction of

groundwater.

Degradation of wetlands due to lowered groundwater level due to over

extraction of groundwater

Increased waste water generation due to increased water supply in the project

area.

Loss of livelihoods for water vendors due to better access by local

communities to direct ZAWA supply.

c) Enhancement and mitigation program

Impact Mitigation and enhancement Responsible

institution

Mitigation

phase Beneficial Impacts

Provision of safe

drinking water Borehole water will be pumped to a central

treatment facility where water will be tested

prior to distribution. Enhancement of public health and in turn raising

living standards of the Unguja urban population,

which constitutes about 40% of the total

population of Zanzibar

ZAWA Operation

Phase

Improved access to

water supply Pressure will be increased in the system to

ensure that people in the upper floors of high

rise buildings also have easy access without

having to purchase extra pumps

The improvement will also sustain other

services and socio-economic activities,

including tourism which makes a significant

contribution to the economy of Zanzibar

ZAWA Operation

Phase

Employment

opportunities Labour will be recruited only from the project. ZAWA Operation

Phase

Improved sanitation Students and teachers in schools will benefit

from improved sanitation facilities, while

communities will benefit from sanitation and

hygiene training and promotion

Construction of gender sensitive school water

supply & sanitation facilities (WASH) plus

sanitation and hygiene promotion and training

in schools and communities.

ZAWA Operation

Phase


institution

Mitigation

phase Negative impacts

Involuntary

resettlement and loss

of land

Siting boreholes and storage tanks on

government/Public owned land as this will

avoid private land also ensure the safety of

infrastructure if the areas are already fenced.

Project

management and

ZAWA/contractor.

Planning &

Construction

phase

Destruction of natural

veg./crops, roads and

pavements &

underground

infrastructure

Compensating for lost crops/production

(section 60 in The Water Act 2006)

Using manual labour as much as possible

Liaison and concurrence on dates and scope of

work with relevant authorities in charge of

roads, telecom, water, electricity etc for

immediate restoration

Project

management and

contractor/ZAWA

Planning &

Construction

phase

Air pollution/dust Removing piles of soils and waste ASAP

Spraying water on soil and gravel piles

Restoring construction site ASAP


Monitoring machinery air emissions and

conducting required service & maintenance

without fail.

Project

management and

contractor /ZAWA

Planning &

Construction

phase

Construction noise

and vibrations Working only during working hours

Avoiding noisy equipment (above 85 decibels)

& servicing it regularly


Complying with Tanzanian standards as

guidelines

Project

management and

contractor /ZAWA

Planning &

Construction

phase

Waste generation Leave AC pipes in the ground where possible

Adopt safe working procedures for handling,

storage and disposal of all hazardous waste

Work with ZMC to create a cell at the landfill

site where AC pipes will be buried and will

never be disturbed.

ZAWA in

conjunction with

Zanzibar

Municipality

Planning &

Construction

phase

Visual impacts Soils heaps managed to ensure minimal

change to the aesthetics

Waste removed as soon as possible

Working and covering the pipeline in sections

ZAWA/Contractor

& Project

management

Planning

phase

Construction

phase

Impacts on health and

safety during

construction

Safe working procedures and first aid kits and

personal protective equipment (PPE) available

on site

Restricting access to site for unauthorized

people

Project

management and

contractor /ZAWA

Construction

phase

Groundwater

pollution Implementation of IWRM and monitoring

program that include external analysis of

water for toxic metals

Siting wells in safe distances to polluting

facilities such as cemeteries, sewage &

communal waste dumps etc

Fencing, protecting/sealing boreholes used as

public water points

Closed and sun-reflecting storage tanks

Central and automatic dosage facilities for

chlorination

Promoting/improving sanitation on an

ongoing basis

Project

management and

contractor /ZAWA

Monitoring and

surveillance by

independent

authority

Planning

phase

Construction

phase

Implementati

on phase

Operational

phase


institution

Mitigation

phase Traffic disruption Traffic management plan (ZMC staff with

flags, signs etc.)

Avoid heavy machinery

Use of manual labour as much as possible

Project

management and

contractor /ZAWA

together with ZMC

Planning &

Construction

phase

Stone Town

UNESCO heritage

site impacts

Following STCDA master plan

Use of low or non vibrating equipment


contractor /ZAWA

& STCDA for

supervising .

Planning &

Construction

phase

Saltwater intrusion Implementation of IWRM practices

Determination of pumping and recharge

requirements during the drilling of boreholes

& conducting pumping tests for existing

boreholes

Monitoring groundwater reserves and

continuous monitoring for salt water intrusion

Risk assessment in high risk boreholes

Project

management and

contractor /ZAWA

IWRM also

involves other

stakeholders in

water related

issues.

Planning,

Construction,

Implementati

on and

Operational

phase

Degradation of

wetlands due to

lowering of water

table

Implementation of IWRM practices

Monitoring program that prohibits

groundwater over-extraction

Developing regulations on sustainable

management of wetlands using RAMSAR

guidelines

Siting new boreholes in aquifers that are not

hydraulically linked to wetlands

ZAWA

IWRM also

involves other

stakeholders in

water related

issues.

Implementati

on phase

Operational

phase

Increased waste water

generation Long term improvements in sanitation system

Water conservation concentrating on reuse of

water for activities such as gardening

ZAWA + ZMC All phases of

the project

d) Monitoring program and complementary initiatives

The monitoring activities focus on the operational phase by measuring and

evaluating project impacts on some relevant environmental and social

components. ZAWA will focus on implementation of the enhancement and

mitigation measures all throughout the project lifecycle. Surveillance and

monitoring activities shall be carried out in collaboration with relevant

stakeholders, including the local community members through their

water/environment/health committees. The Department of Environment will be

responsible for verifying implementation of the proposed mitigation measures.

Methods of work during construction phase along with the O&M during

operational phase will be modified whenever necessary to ensure protection of

natural and human environment. The Stone Town Conservation and Development

authority will monitor activities within Stone Town for preservation of heritage

sites.

Monitoring Activities

Components Indicators Methodology

1. Environment

Water Groundwater quality Monitoring through water samples

(detection limits below)

Saltwater intrusion Detailed risk assessment,

updated water resource

assessment and groundwater

modelling

Pumping tests, drilling of observation

boreholes

Wetlands Degradation or other

noticeable change of wetlands

due to low water table

Monitoring of observation wells for

water table fluctuations

2. Health

Reduction in water

borne diseases

Prevalence of water borne

diseases such as malaria,

diarrhea, dysentery, cholera

etc.

Interviews (e.g. with local community

leaders)

Information provided by local hospitals

Ministry of Health Monitoring

programme (regular consultations)

Statistics

3. Livelihoods

Improved access to

water Distances to nearest water

supply source compared to

before project

Time and resources spend

on water collection,

compared to before


leaders) and statistical observations

Employment

opportunities Number of employees at

ZAWA

Livelihood of water vendors

Number of new jobs,

temporary and long term

jobs


leaders)

Statistics

Participation Local communities having

information and influence on

project

Interviews

The National Bureau of Standards (NBS) of Tanzania provides chemical and physical limits for quality of drinking

water supplies. These standards should be applied for the monitoring program mentioned above.

e) Institutional arrangements and capacity building requirements

All relevant government stakeholders in the project are already members of a task

team formed for the planning and implementation of this project. Communities are

already engaged by ZAWA as a matter of practice for various water issues and the

established forums will be used in carrying out monitoring and surveillance during

the lifespan of the project and beyond. An AfDB funded capacity building facility

(Vocational Training Centre) is already in existence and being used for that purpose.

Capacity building for the various committees such as water or health committees is

an ongoing exercise that was observed during the site visits. To help achieve the

outcomes of this project, the training and awareness will also focus on water

conservation & minimization of water discharged through sewer lines, responsibility

of identifying and reporting leakages, consequences of using sand as a pot scrubbing

material, public health and hygiene promotion, etc.

The Zanzibar Municipality’s capacity to manage waste is limited due to funding.

However, this project will fund the creation of a separate cell at an existing landfill

site currently operated and managed far less than required in terms of landfill design

and management best practice.

f) Public consultations and disclosure requirements

In the table below the mitigation measures involving consultations are listed with

associated target groups, frequency, goal and outcome of consultations, reporting

methods and disclosure procedures.

Mitigation

measure

Target group Consultation

frequency

Consultation

goal/outcome

Reporting

method

Disclosure

procedure

Location of

boreholes

and storage

tanks

Avoiding

involuntary

resettlement

and limiting

loss of land

Relevant

authorities

Affected

households

Prior to

undertaking the

activities

Ensuring

regulations are

followed and

affected people

compensated

Monthly ESMP

compliance

Report

Written letter

to affected

households &

institutions

Announcemen

t of disruption

of services in

media.

Reports made

available on

request.

Compensation

for lost crops &

or production

Communities During

planning (1st)

& construction

phases (2nd)

Ensuring

section 60 in

the water Act is

followed

Monthly ESMP

compliance

Report

Announcement

s in media and

posting it on

strategic sites

Restoration of

damaged roads,

pavements and

underground

utilities

ZMC

Other service

providers

Before (1st)

and after

construction

phases (2nd)

Ensuring

timely and

proper

restoration

Monthly ESMP

compliance

Report

Written letter

to affected

institutions &

households.

Announcemen

t of disruption

of services in

the media

Traffic

management

plan

ZMC

Affected

households

Before (1st)

and after

construction

phase (2nd)

Minimal

disruptions

Monthly ESMP

compliance

Report

Announcement

in the media

Safe depositing

of AC pipes

DoE for

compliance

monitoring &

ZMC for

landfilling

Before (1st)

and during

construction

phase (2nd)

Protection of

human health

Monthly ESMP

compliance

Report

Written

communiction

to DoE

Impacts on

UNESCO

Heritage sites

(STCDA)

STCDA Before (1st)

and during

construction

phase (2nd)

Preservation of

site

Monthly ESMP

compliance

Report &

STCDA licence

compliance

report

Written

communication

to STCDA

Mitigation

measure

Target group Consultation

frequency

Consultation

goal/outcome

Reporting

method

Disclosure

procedure

IWRM) All water

stakeholders

Continuously

during entire

project phase

Continuous

maintenance of

sustainable

groundwater

quantity and

quality

Continuous

reporting and

communication

, progress

reports

Continuous

corporation

with

stakeholders

Educational

campaigns

Mass media

announcement

s etc.

Fencing/protect

ing boreholes

Communities/h

ouseholds

Before

construction

phase (1st)

Not restricting

communities/h

ouseholds from

local water

sources

Monthly ESMP

compliance

Report &

Made available

at ZAWA

In terms of the Zanzibar Environmental Management for Sustainable Development

Act of 1996 the ESIA was distributed to government departments for comment. The

public was notified and invited through legislated means to review and give written

comments on the ESIA. The project’s ESMP will be availed to all stakeholders,

furthermore, the contractor will always have it on site. The ESMP summary will also

be posted at the ADB PIC and made available to the ADB Board 30 days prior to

project submission.

During the preparation of the ESIA, relevant stakeholders were consulted mainly

through semi-structured interviews and discussions. Institutions included ZAWA,

SMOLE, DoE, STCDA, and ZMC. Additional consultation was done through

bilateral discussions and consultation meetings held in March 2012 and August 2012.

The stakeholders included Department of Health, Ministry of Lands, Housing, Water

and Energy (MLHWE), President’s Office-Finance, Economy and Development

Planning (PO-FEDP), Department of Urban and Rural Planning, Stone Town

Conservation and Development Authority (STCDA), Ministry of Health (MoH),

Office of Chief Government Statistician (OCGS), Ministry of Labour, Youth, Women

and Children Development, Ministry of Education and Vocational Training (MoEVT)

and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) who are funding other water

projects in Zanzibar.

Summary of key issues raised by stakeholders

By and large there was support for the project; but stakeholders raised the following:

Need for the authorities to maintain the system;

Discouragement of construction of individual boreholes to safeguard ground water

from salt water intrusion/over abstraction/aquifer pollution,

Zanzibar Stone Town is a recognized World Heritage Site of touristic

significance. It also has very complicated underground cables, water pipes and

drainage system. Therefore the project interventions in the area need special

attention so as to avoid destruction of heritage resources and/or the loss of the

heritage status of the town.

Prior to construction that may result in temporary unavailability of services,

affected communities must be notified well in time and where possible

alternatives should be provided.

Deforestation and loss of flora and fauna should as much as possible be avoided

during construction

Dug holes and trenches should be cordoned off and back-filled as soon as possible

to avoid accidents and accumulation of storm water.

g) Estimated costs

The mitigation measures that involve costs to be estimated in the detailed design

phase are listed below:

Destruction of natural vegetation, crops, roads and pavements

Disruption/destruction of underground infrastructure

Safe depositing of AC pipes

Temporary/permanent loss of land/resettlement

Ground water monitoring program as part of IWRM (included in ZWSP),

including study on arsenic and risk assessment on saltwater intrusion in high risk

boreholes

Education and awareness campaigns on sanitation, water borne diseases etc. as

part of IWRM (included in ZWSP)

Fencing and protecting boreholes

Centralized, automated dosage facilities for chlorination of water

Supplying affected local communities with alternative water sources

Creation of a separate cell at the municipal landfill for asbestos pipes disposal

Provision of 70,000 UA has been made for capacity building and 200,000 for safe

disposal of AC pipes. The rest of the mitigation is part of the works costs.

h) Implementation schedule and reporting

ZAWA and the assigned project team for the final detailed design and actual

implementation are responsible for updating and adhering to the ESMP and relevant

enhancement and mitigation measures of the project. Monthly ESMP compliance

monitoring will be undertaken by ZAWA. Annual ESMP compliance

auditing/monitoring will be undertaken by a consultant or another relevant

government institution.

Mitigation and enhancement Responsible

institution

Mitigation phase

Design / pre-

construction

Constr

uction

Operati

onal

1. Sustainable siting of boreholes and storage tanks to

avoid pollution, resettlement and restricting

communities access to local water sources

Project

management and

ZAWA/contractor.

2. Developing and implementing specific Action Plan

for avoiding involuntary resettlement and limiting loss

of land for the project

Project

management and

ZAWA/contractor.

3. Paying compensation for loss of land, crops or

production

Project

management and

ZAWA/contractor.

4. Minimizing noise, vibration, air, waste and visual

impacts

Project

management and

ZAWA/contractor.

Mitigation and enhancement Responsible

institution

Mitigation phase

5. Using manual labour as much as possible Project

management and

contractor/ZAWA

6. Developing and implementing traffic management

plan (ZMC staff with flags, signs etc.)

Project

management and

contractor /ZAWA

in corporation with

ZMC

7. Ensuring and administrating safe disposal of AC

pipes

Project

management and

ZAWA/contractor

in corporation with

DoE

8. Prevention of occupational health and safety risks

and developing safe working procedures

Project

management and

contractor /ZAWA

9. Preventing impacts on UNESCO Heritage sites Project

management and

contractor /ZAWA

STCDA for

supervising and

monitoring

10. Continuous maintenance and improvements of

water supply network system

ZAWA

11. Establishing central and automatic dosage

facilities for chlorination

Project

management and

contractor /ZAWA

12. Continuous groundwater monitoring incl. arsenic

study and risk assessment of saltwater intrusion

Project

management and

contractor /ZAWA

Monitoring and

surveillance by

independent

authority

13. Developing regulations on sustainable

management of wetlands using RAMSAR guidelines

ZAWA

IWRM also

involves other

stakeholders in

water related

issues.

14. Long term improvements in sanitation system ZAWA + ZMC

Documents

Tanzania - Zanzibar Urban Water and Sanitation Project