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1 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING KKKA 6424 Ir. Dr. Riza Atiq Abdullah O.K. Rahmat TASK (4) PREPARED BY: 1-HAIDER FARHAN P65405 2-MUSTAFA TALIB P60915 3-SAHAR ABD ALI P65295

Task 4( Smart Camera System)

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Page 1: Task 4( Smart Camera System)

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FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL

ENGINEERING

KKKA 6424

Ir. Dr. Riza Atiq Abdullah O.K. Rahmat

TASK (4)

PREPARED BY:

1-HAIDER FARHAN P65405

2-MUSTAFA TALIB P60915

3-SAHAR ABD ALI P65295

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1- Introduction of Smart Surveillance System

Intelligent visual surveillance systems deal with the real-time monitoring of persistent

and transient objects within a specific environment. The primary aims of these systems

are to provide an automatic interpretation of scenes and to understand and predict the

actions and interactions of the observed objects based on the information acquired by

sensors. Smart Cameras are becoming more popular in Intelligent Surveillance Systems

area. Smart cameras are cameras that can perform tasks far beyond simply taking photos

and recording videos. Thanks to the purposely built-in intelligent image processing and

pattern recognition algorithms, smart cameras can detect motion, measure objects, read

vehicle number plates, and even recognize human behaviours.

The important differences between a smart camera and “normal” cameras, such as

consumer digital cameras and camcorders, lie in two aspects. The first is in camera

system architecture. A smart camera usually has a special image processing unit

containing one or more high performance microprocessors to run intelligent ASIP

algorithms, in which the primary objective is not to improve images quality but to extract

information and knowledge from images. The image processing hardware in normal

cameras is usually simpler and less powerful with the main aim being to achieve good

visual image quality. The other main difference is in the primary camera output. A smart

camera outputs either the features extracted from the captured images or a high-level

description of the scene, which is fed into an automated control system, while for normal

cameras the primary output is the processed version of the captured images for human

consumption. For this reason, normal video cameras have large output bandwidth

requirements (in direct proportion to the resolution of the image sensor used), while smart

camera can have very low data bandwidth requirements at the output (it can be just one

bit in the simplest case, with ‘1’ meaning ‘there is motion’ and ‘0’ meaning ‘there is no

motion’, for example). These differences are illustrated in figure 1.

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Figure 1: Differences between a normal camera (a) and a smart camera (b).

2- Background

Closed circuit traffic monitoring was the prime means for collecting and studying road

traffic data through the mid to late 1990s, according to the official government website

for the city of Murfreesboro, US. CCTV software included the connection of miles of

optical cable and CCTV cameras. The data captured by the cameras was then transmitted

back to a central server. Software and hardware tests included filming road traffic over

set periods of time to assess traffic volume and vehicle speeds. While CCTV units are

still used today, efficiency testing is often conducted to assess if cameras can obtain

sewer drainage breakdowns and identifying broken intersection lights and signs. The

CCTV System enable the Central Control operator to monitor the traffic flow along the

expressway. This will help the operator to get an overview of the situation. If there is an

emergency or any major congestion, the relevant authority can be immediately alerted.

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Fig. 2: Smart Camera Locations

3- Evaluating Existing Smart Camera System

CAMERA DESCRIPTION BENEFIT APPLICATION

AGD Systems -

Traffic Information and Measurement Equipment

AGD offers a comprehensive range of detection products covering a wide range of applications in traffic and pedestrian control. The product range is targeted at reducing the costs of providing efficient inputs to traffic control and management systems. The latest advances in radar technology offer real time information on vehicle count and speed, occupancy and queues.

AGD also manufacture the most extensive range of nearside signals for Puffin, Toucan and Pegasus crossing strategies. A dedicated product selector is available on our website. Please use the link below to

New technology

Field proven accuracy and reability

Cost-effective solution

Flexible design meets a variety of detection and surveillance application

Superior to other detection system

Vehicle detector

Junction control

Traffic data control

Traveler information system

Journey time (travel time)

Remote video surveillance system

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access this.

Traficon

Traficon detectors provide standard traffic data (volume, speed, ...) which can be used for statistical purposes.

Automatic incident detection Fast detection of stopped vehicles or wrong-way

drivers speeds up intervention and thus saves lives.

Flow monitoring Congestion within and through the large metropolitan areas continues to increase and limit mobility. Accurately monitoring the average flow speed helps to distinguish different levels of service (e.g. fluid, dense, congested, queue). Other applications are queue monitoring during road-works and calculating travel time based on flow information from the VIP detectors.

Automatically generated alarms warn the operators as soon as an incident takes place and a maximum of information is given:

type severity location relevant traffic

data

combination of data and images facilitates verification of alarms.

Cost effectiveness

Technical efficiency and reliability

traffic data acquisition

automatic incident detection

intersection vehicle presence detection

ramp metering

travel time calculation

dynamic speed indication

queue tail monitoring

congestion monitoring

tunnel access control

ventilation control

rerouting

VMS-control

dynamic queue indication during road

works

dynamic lane opening or closing

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4- Samples of smart camera systems available:

Tattile offers a wide range of open products for the implementation of Intelligent

Transportation System (ITS). Speed and red-light enforcement, automatic number-plate

reading, free-flow tolling, access control, traffic analysis and surveillance and data

communication tasks con be easily accomplished with our highly-integrated products.

Here below an overview of our main products and solutions:

1-ANPR Solutions

All-in-one Automatic number plate reader

These models are all-in-one ANPR-systems combining in a small package several

hardware components: camera, infrared lights and analyzer with built-in OCR (optical

character recognition) software to perform automatic-plate reading.

A-VEGA ACCESS

Features

All-in-one Automatic Number Plate reader

30 frames per second capture rate 60 km/h Maximum vehicle speed Range up to 8 m Embedded analyzer Ethernet/RS485/Digital I/Os Remote configuration and monitoring via web-browser

Typical applications : Automaited Parking Access control&security

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Technical characteristics

Capture rate (frames per second)

30

Maximum vehicle speed

60 km/h

Color context camera

-

Embedded analyzer +

Number-plate reader camera

CCD sensor 1280x960 @ 30 fps

Color context camera

-

IR illumination 3 high-power IR LEDs, 850 nm

Optics C-mount lenses

Digital inputs 1 input optoisolated

Digital outputs 2 relay outputs

Ethernet 10/100 Mbps

Serial ports RS485

Range / Widht Range: up to 8m Width: up to 3.5m

Operating temperature

-40 °C to +55 °C

Storage temperature -20 °C to +65 °C

Overall dimensions 123 x 109 x 400 mm

IP degree of protection

IP66

Power consumption 24 VDC +/- 10%, 7 W

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B- VEGA III

Features

All-in-one Automatic Number Plate reader

30 frames per second capture rate

150 km/h Maximum vehicle speed

Range up to 25 m

Embedded analyzer

Ethernet/RS485/Digital I/Os

Remote configuration and monitoring via web-browser

Typical applications : Road traffic monitoring Automated Parking Access control & security

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Technical characteristics

Capture rate (frames per second)

30

Maximum vehicle speed 150 km/h

Color context camera -

Embedded analyzer +

Number-plate reader camera

CCD sensor 1280x960 @ 30 fps

Color context camera -

IR illumination 6 high-power IR LEDs, 850 nm

Optics C-mount lenses

Digital inputs 1 input optoisolated

Digital outputs 2 relay outputs

Ethernet 10/100 Mbps

Serial ports RS485

Range / Width Range: up to 25m Width: up to 3.5m

Operating temperature -40 °C to +55 °C

Storage temperature -20 °C to +65 °C

Overall dimensions 144 x 135 x 470 mm

IP degree of protection IP66

Power consumption 24 VDC +/- 10%, 7 W

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C-VEGA HD

Features

All-in-one Automatic Number Plate reader

75 frames per second capture rate

250 km/h Maximum vehicle speed

Range from 12 to 25m

Embedded analyzer

Ethernet/RS485/Digital I/Os

Remote configuration and monitoring via web-browser

Typical applications :

free-flow tolling Road traffic monitoring

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Technical characteristics

Capture rate (frames per second)

75

Maximum vehicle speed 250 km/h

Color context camera -

Embedded analyzer +

Number-plate reader camera

CMOS sensor 2560x2048 @ 75 fps

Color context camera -

IR illumination 6 high-power IR LEDs, 850 nm

Optics C-mount lenses

Digital inputs 1 input optoisolated

Digital outputs 1 relay output 1 strobe output

Ethernet 10/100 Mbps

Serial ports RS485

Range / Widht Range: up to 25m Width: up to 7.5m

Operating temperature -40 °C to +55 °C

Storage temperature -20 °C to +65 °C

Overall dimensions 144 x 135 x 470 mm

IP degree of protection IP66

Power consumption

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D-VEGA 2HD

Features

All-in-one Automatic Number Plate reader

Integrated color context camera

75 frames per second capture rate

250 km/h Maximum vehicle speed

Range from 12 to 25m

Embedded analyzer

Ethernet/RS485/Digital I/Os

Remote configuration and monitoring via web-browser

Typical applications : free-flow tolling Road traffic monitoring

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Technical characteristics

Capture rate (frames per second)

75

Maximum vehicle speed 250 km/h

Color context camera +

Embedded analyzer +

Number-plate reader camera CMOS sensor 2560x2048 @ 75 fps

Color context camera CMOS sensor 2560x2048

IR illumination 6 high-power IR LEDs, 850 nm

Optics C-mount lenses

Digital inputs 1 input optoisolated

Digital outputs 1 relay output 1 strobe output

Ethernet 10/100 Mbps

Serial ports RS485

Range / Widht Range: up to 25m Width: up to 7.5m

Operating temperature -40 °C to +55 °C

Storage temperature -20 °C to +65 °C

Overall dimensions 144 x 135 x 470 mm

IP degree of protection IP66

Power consumption 24 VDC +/- 10%, 18 W

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2-RIGEL

Features

Traffic Jam detection

Stopped Vehicle Detection (AID)

Wrong Way Vehicle detection

Smoke & Fire detection

Vehicles Counting & Classification

Average Speed Evaluation

Statistic Reports

Obscuring Detection

MPEG4 Multicast video steaming

High Resolution JPEG Event/Alarm torage

Connectivity: GigaEthernet, Fiber Optics, Power Line, Wireless and Cellular

Networks

Typical applications :

Embedded all-in-one traffic monitoring systems with on-board analysis

3-Red Light Enforcement RED LIGHT 2L

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Typical applications :ANPR Light enforcement by image analysis

FEATURES

Traffic light either by image analysis or wired traffic light signals

All in One: monochrome and colour

sensor, OCR on Board, IR illuminator

Web server configuration and setup

Real time processing: up to 75 fps

Ethernet, digital I/O

Waterproof IP66 housing with included bracket

GPS integrated

External illumination for context images

Two versions: single and double lanes

Technical features

Camera 2560 x 2048 CMOS sensors

Grabbing up to 75 fps

Connection Ethernet, I / O digitale, porta seriale RS485

Dimensions 144x135x470 mm

Weight 5 kg

Models

VEGA 2HD F01447

Optional

Flash/LED external illuminator (on request)

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4-Gatso Meter Speed Cameras

Gatso speed cameras use radar technology and as they can be used as fixed speed

cameras, fixed upon tripods, used inside moving police vehicles and in-car mobile police

units, they are extremely convenient for local authorities and police forces across the UK.

Because of this, they account for 90% of our fixed speed cameras.

Costing approximately £20,000 per camera - or £40,000 in rural locations due to the need

for a 240v power supply, the fixed Gatso cameras can take up to 400 pictures before the

film runs out, and are rear-facing. They are designed this way so that when the camera

flashes at a speeding motorist, it doesn't blind them and cause an accident. However this

means that you often don't see a Gatso camera until the very last minute- which makes

sure that the camera pays for itself relatively quickly. Often you'll find two Gatso's

pointing in opposite directions, to catch motorists traveling either way.

Annoyingly, they are clever little machines which can distinguish between different sizes

of vehicles and can also enforce separate speeding limits - e.g. on roads where cars and

vans are allowed to drive at 60mph, but HGVs are restricted to 40mph, it will be able to

tell which is which, and enforce the limits accordingly.

5-Truvelo Speed Cameras

Truvelo system is steadily becoming more common and some parts of the UK now

predominantly use this type of camera. Three white lines are painted just ahead of the

Truvelo camera and there are strips in the road that register the speed of the passing

vehicle and trigger the camera.

By using an infra-red flash, the Truvelo camera avoids the flash that the rear Gatso

cameras produce when a photograph is taken. This means that the driver doesn't see a

flash but the camera can take a photograph of the driver, as well as the front of the

vehicle.

6-SPECS Cameras

SPECS work in conjunction with the Automatic Number Plate Reading (ANPR)

technology. These are the cameras that you often see fixed to gantries towering over

motorways or larger roads. You might also see them on central reservations or on the

roadside.

They are fitted with infra red illuminators and are only ever seen in groups of 2 or more.

The groups of cameras are fixed at separate locations and work together to establish the

average speed a vehicle is traveling at - by working out how long it took it to travel

between each camera position. When a car goes past the first and last cameras (and any in

between), the number plate details are recorded digitally. Using ANPR technology the

video images of the number plates are married up and the computer is able to work out

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which vehicles are speeding, and which are not.

The SPECS cameras are gaining in popularity, because they allow local authorities to

impose controlled speed networks over various lengths of road using technology that is

already available. They are currently situated at various locations across the UK.

Gatso speed cameras - sited at the road side, Gatso speed cameras use radar technology to measure speed, a photo of the back of the vehicle is taken.

Truvelo speed cameras - sited at the road side, forward facing Truvelo speed cameras use loops in the road to trigger when a speed limit is exceeded.

SPECS speed cameras - sited on overhead gantries, SPECS speed cameras measures your average speed between two points.

Peek speed cameras - sited at the road side, Peek speed cameras use loops in the road to trigger when a speed limit is exceeded.

7- AXIS M3011 Fixed Dome Network Camera

FEATURES

* Intelligent capabilities such as enhanced video motion detection and detection of camer

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a tampering attempts like blocking or spray-painting.

* Power over Ethernet (IEEE 802.3af), eliminating the need for power cables and

reducing installation costs .

* Advanc ed security and network management features such as HTTPS encryption with preserved

performance, IPv6 and Quality of Service.

* Open A

8- SMART CAMERA: It uses radar and laser-based technology, and has a flash that

cannot be seen by the human eye. It uses radar and laser-based technology, and has a flash

that cannot be seen by the human eye. It is being tested at Ngauranga Gorge with a view

to extending the technology to other high-risk speeding sites. Police insist the switch to

digital is not a revenue-gathering exercise, but rather a move to a more efficient and cost-

effective system.

KEVIN STENT

TYPICAL APPLICATION:

This camera has been upgraded to a digital version that can spot speeding cars across all

seven lanes, uphill and downhill, and can tell whether one car among several others is

speeding.

9- Speed cameras are a smart deterrent, a smart deterrent that will reduce speeding,

improve enforcement and, most importantly, save lives.”

Red light cameras have clearly done their job and anti-speeding cameras would clearly be

effective.

In most parts of New York City, the speed limit is 30 miles-per-hour.

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Red-light cameras monitor traffic at the corner of Second Ave. and E.

42nd St. in Manhattan. A growing number of city lawmakers supports

using traffic cameras to penalize drivers who speed.

TYPICAL APPLICDATIONS:

Cameras have allowed the city to dip into the pockets of drivers who run red

lights — and now there is growing political momentum to use them to punish

speeders

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5- Other Type of Commercial Smart Camera available In Markets

Neuro Check

3 models, 640x480 --> 1280x1024, B/W & Color, actually a fairly small sized, 1Kg,

266MHz Pentium II PC running Windows and visual development, priced 6.000-

9.000EUR, site in Eng, Ita, Ger.

Fibervision

Based on Vision Components' advanced smart cameras, applications can be configured

with user friendly software on PC or within the smart camera.

Basler Video Technologies

CMOS, 640x480, 60-180fps, B/W or Color, with hidden LINUX PC (151x55x60mm,

600g), open-source development tools.

Vision Systems

Two models (648x480 &1280x1024), CMOS, embedded PC104.

Robot - LINDBLAD & PIANA SRL

4 models, B/W & color, 50fps, embedded PC, traffic control and plate license recognition

(site in Italian)

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Sony

400MHz embedded PC (Geode), Win XP or Linux, 1280x1024 @ 15fps, 640x480 @

60fps, approx 3800USD

6- Proposed the Surveillance Camera System and How It Works

Based on the evaluating the benefit and the function, we are proposed AGD Systems -

Traffic Information and Measurement Equipment

The advantages of AGD Systems as non-intrusive detection technology are well known.

AGD has invested in developing this economic approach for ITS-based solutions. The

real-time information available from the radar includes:

Speed

Direction

Occupancy

Flow

Queues

Headway

This information can be routed through the network to the UTMC control centre.

Detection information from the network is now presented compliant with the UTMC

standards.

Deployment of these detection systems is enhanced by a choice of interface media,

making wireless solutions a cost-effective choice. The AGD Janus family offers a host of

connectivity and data storage options in a single compact housing. Link a Janus

outstation to a roadside detector to add considerable functionality to your ITS-based

system and benefit more from the existing infrastructure

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AGD offers a comprehensive range of detection products covering a wide range of

applications in traffic and pedestrian control. The product range is targeted at reducing

the costs of providing efficient inputs to traffic control and management systems. The

latest advances in radar technology offer real time information on vehicle count and

speed, occupancy and queues.

AGD also manufacture the most extensive range of nearside signals for Puffin, Toucan

and Pegasus crossing strategies. A dedicated product selector is available on our website.

Please use the link below to access this.

6.1 PEDESTRIAN DETECTION

The AGD range of pedestrian detection products features CW Doppler radars for the

detection of moving pedestrians and cyclists on crossings. AGD utilize Enhanced Digital

Vision technology for the detection of moving or stationary pedestrians and cyclists while

waiting to cross is also available.

These are used in conjunction with the extensive range of AGD nearside signals for

Puffin and Toucan crossing strategies, which can be seen on the product selector on our

website

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6.2 DIGITAL VISION PEDESTRIAN DETECTORS

The AGD640 is the latest digital vision detector for detecting waiting pedestrians or

cyclists waiting to cross a carriageway. The dual optical system of this detector is

designed to view a detection zone adjacent to the pole to which it is mounted.

The AGD640 uses both ambient light and its own infra-red illumination system to

perform a twenty-four hour detection function in conditions ranging from bright sunlight

to urban night-time.

In enhanced mode the zone size is 3m x 2m with a high level of shadow rejection.

Pedestrians that are waiting to cross in the designated zone will generate a detect state.

The integrated vision sensors and processing utilise the AGD Livewire based platform to

adapt the detector’s performance for a given installation. AGD Livewire provides the

facility to adjust the zone size, presence and hold time. The AGD640 is supplied fully

bluetooth and serial cable livewire enabled offering the added benefits of detector

parameter adjustment and maintenance from the safety of ground level.

6.3 VEHICLE DETECTION

AGD’s ranges of vehicle detection products feature CW Doppler radars, advanced digital

radars and digital vision technology for the detection of moving and stationary vehicles.

These are offered with rugged housings, making them suitable for roadside environments

and for fixing to existing street furniture.

The vehicle detection products featured on the AGD website can be used stand-alone or

as part of a detection system. They provide relay outputs to local controllers or other key

traffic data via RS422 interfaces. Enhanced features provide cost-effective and reliable

detection information for intelligent traffic management.

6.4 RADAR DETECTION AND MONITORING OF VEHICLES FOR

TRAFFIC APPLICATIONS

AGD offers a series of CW doppler radar detectors designed for the detection and

monitoring of vehicles at signalled junctions, pedestrian crossing installations and other

applications, where the detection of moving vehicles is required in a long zone extending

from the detector. Ease of installation, deployment with existing street furniture, and the

advantages of non-intrusive detection make these detectors a cost-effective solution in

urban environments.

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7- Applications of Smart CCTV System 7.1 Traffic Counting

The vehicle counting procedure by time-spatial image includes image preprocessing,

detection, image morphological operation, vehicle detection and counting, error

correction etc.

Flow Chart Vehicle Counting Method

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7.2 Determination of Vehicle Speed

Following is a brief description of the three main types of speed detection device that can

be located and identified by using speed camera detection devices in the UK - laser

detection radar detection and GPS (which stands for Global Positioning Satellite). Speed

camera detection devices can use one or any combination of these technologies.

Dopplar Radar

The Dopplar radar directs a radio signal at a piece of road. The frequency changes that

occur when a vehicle drives along the stretch of road will indicate its presence, and how

fast the said vehicle is moving.

Laser

Laser Detectors use laser pulses to measure where a vehicle is and from the

measurements taken can also work out the speed at which the vehicle is travelling.

Systems using GPS (Global Navigation Satellite System)

GPS is a system that uses 24 satellites orbiting the earth which continuously transmit

precise microwave signals. A GPS Receiver uses signals from the satellites to calculate

its location.

So how do the Detection Devices work against this technology?

In the case of laser and radar technology, there are two major ways in which they allow a

speeding motorist to remain undetected, and therefore escape prosecution:

Jamming Signals

There are devices on the market known as ‘jammers’, which scramble the signals sent to

the speed cameras so that the camera cannot process or ‘read’ the information.

Passive Detectors:

These simply warn the motorist when they are in the vicinity of a speed camera or

detection device and alert the driver to their presence.

GPS systems rely on an up to date database of all camera positions and will warn the

driver when a camera or detection device is nearby. This is also available on many

Satellite Navigation systems via a subscription service which is updated regularly with

new camera positions.

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7.3 Classification of Vehicles

Video-based Vehicle Detection and Classification (VVDC) system is applied for

collecting vehicle count and classification data. The VVDC system has six modules: live

video capture, user input, background extraction, vehicle detection, shadow removal, and

length-based classification. the flow chart of the VVDC system. The VVDC system can

take digitized video images or live video signal as input.

Flow chart of the VVDC System

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The main user interface of the VVDC system 7.4 Incident Detection Wide area video detection for direct automatic incident detection is based on real time analysis of the images of cameras that cover the whole road that has to be monitored. This analysis will detect all abnormalities of the traffic such as Stopped vehicles, inverse direction drivers, slow vehicles, fallen objects, traffic jams For example, Idris Incident Detection system from US

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The Idris Incident Detection System (IDS) consists of a group of outstations spread along

the roadway, each responsible for monitoring a loop site, i.e. inductive loops arranged as

one loop pair per lane at that point. Various algorithms are used to characterise the traffic

and detect anomalies, which trigger alarm messages to a Higher Level System (HLS).

The IDS provides four broad categories of information:

Alarms, which notify the occurrence of exceptional events on the highway

Traffic information, sent at regular (configurable) intervals

Vehicle data, which consist of records generated each time a vehicle passes

over a loop site

Status, which provides information regarding the roadside equipment, either on

events or when requested by the HLS

7.5 Detection of Speed

Three main types of speed detection device can be located and identified by using speed camera detection devices in the UK.

Dopplar Radar

The Dopplar radar directs a radio signal at a piece of road. The frequency changes that occur when a vehicle drives along the stretch of road will indicate its presence, and how fast the vehicle is moving.

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Laser

Laser Detectors use laser pulses to measure where a vehicle is and from the measurements taken can also work out the speed at which the vehicle is travelling.

GPS (Global Navigation Satellite System)

The GPS is a system that uses 24 satellites orbiting the earth which continuously transmit precise microwave signals. A GPS Receiver uses signals from the satellites to calculate its location.

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8- Architecture of the Smart Camera

For traffic surveillance the entire smart camera is packed into a single cabinet which

is typically mounted in tunnels and aside highways. The electrical power is either

supplied by a power socket or by solar panels. Thus, our smart camera is exposed to

harsh environmental influences such as rapid changes in temperature and humidity as

well as wind and rain. It must be implemented as an embedded system with tight

operating constraints such as size, power consumption and temperature range.

The smart camera is divided into three major parts: (i) the video sensor, (ii) the

processing unit, and (iii) the communication unit.

Figure 1: System architecture of the smart camera.

8.1 Video Sensor

The video sensor represents the first stage in the smart camera’s overall data flow. The

sensor captures incoming light and transforms it into electrical signals that can be

transferred to the processing unit. A CMOS sensor best fulfills the requirements for a

video sensor. These sensors feature a high dynamics due to their logarithmic

characteristics and provide on-chip ADCs and amplifiers.

8.2 Processing Unit

The second stage in the overall data flow is the processing unit. Due to the high-

performance on-board image and video processing the requirements on the computing

performance are very high. A rough estimation results in 10 GIPS computing

performance. These performance requirements together with the various constraints of

the embedded system solution are fulfilled with digital signal processors (DSP).

8.3 Communication Unit

The final stage of the overall data flow in our smart camera represents the communication

unit. The processing unit transfers the data to the processing unit via a generic interface.

This interface eases the implementation of the different network connections such as

Ethernet, wireless LAN and GSM/GPRS.

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9- The Single Stopped Vehicle (SSV) algorithm:

The core of the IDS is the Single Stopped Vehicle (SSV) algorithm. Its primary objective

is to detect stopped vehicles in high-speed, free-flowing traffic - a situation in which

accidents tend to be most serious. When the first outstation detects a vehicle, it sends a

message containing relevant vehicle data to the next downstream outstation. This next

outstation will expect the vehicle to arrive within a certain time window. If it does, the

outstation will inform the following one and so on. If it does not, it is likely that the

vehicle has stopped between the two outstations and an alarm is raised. This is a

simplification of the actual processing, which needs to keep a virtual map of all vehicles

transiting each outstation pair. The IDS is able to detect and track vehicles straddling

lanes and changing lanes between outstations.

9.1 Alarms

Alarms are associated with the carriageway, the outstation and the lane number and,

where applicable, provide the data for the relevant vehicle.

9.2 Single Stopped Vehicle (SSV)

This alarm is raised when a vehicle which was detected by an upstream outstation fails to

be detected by the current one. The implication is that the vehicle has stopped somewhere

between the two sites, either on the running lanes or the shoulder.

9.3 Extra Vehicle

This alarm is raised when an unrecognised vehicle is detected at a site, i.e. the vehicle

was not detected by the previous outstation. This would normally be a previously stopped

vehicle rejoining the traffic.

9.4 Slow Vehicle

This alarm indicates a vehicle was detected at a speed significantly below the current

average speed of other vehicles on the highway. This is in itself a dangerous condition

and may frequently indicate the vehicle is about to stop. 9.5 Reverse Vehicle

Any vehicle moving in the wrong direction on a highway is a hazard and an alarm is

generated immediately. 9.6 Slow Traffic

This indicates the average speed of the vehicles has fallen below a pre-defined threshold

at the site. The cause will usually be congestion. This will also happen upstream from an

incident, in which case it will probably be followed shortly by a Queued Traffic alarm.

9.7 Queued Traffic

A Queued Traffic alarm is raised to indicate traffic on that lane is showing shock-wave or

start/stop behaviour. This is usually due either to excessive congestion or a downstream

incident.

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9.8 Status

Status messages are used to inform a HLS of equipment status and SSV algorithm status,

such as: Operating; Off by command; Degraded; Failed.

10-Traffic information:

Traffic information messages provide data collected over configurable time periods:

Traffic flow in vehicles per hour (on this lane) over the last time period.

Average vehicle speed over the last time period.

Presence of vehicles on the shoulder or in an ERA.

Currently active alarms. This includes the number of active SSVs for that lane,

Slow Traffic and Queued Traffic indications.

Traffic count, in vehicles, over the last time period. For added flexibility, two data

collection intervals are defined - one for the traffic count information and one for the

flow, speed and alarm status information

11-Vehicle records:

Every time a vehicle crosses a loop site, a record is generated including such information

as:

Carriageway, lane and direction

Vehicle length and speed

Date and time of the occurrence and site occupancy time

Other data may easily be obtained from this information, such as the headway between

consecutive vehicles.

12-Traffic information message processing: This provides a real-time picture of the highway conditions such as average speed and

vehicle count. This can be used to warn of congestion, and support decisions, for

example, to open a shoulder to traffic.

13-Vehicle processing: Although the vehicle records are strictly a by-product of the incident detection

processing, they provide significant opportunities in longer-term traffic management.

These include:

Reconstitution of the highway scenario immediately prior to an accident, for legal

support (Idris is accurate enough for speed enforcement)

Monitoring of traffic volumes and speeds at any level of detail (seasonal, weekly,

daily, hourly, etc.) for future highway expansion planning.

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Monitoring of traffic patterns (lane changes, speed variations) to support traffic

management strategies both for day-to-day congestion management and scheduling of

maintenance procedures.

Analysis of motorists' behaviour in diverse situations (free flow, moderate

congestion, congestion and as a shock-wave of an incident propagates back along the

highway).

Vehicle records can be used real-time, when maximum information is needed at

the Control Centre, or, once stored in a database, can be analysed at leisure by even the

most time-consuming algorithms.

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14-Conclusions

Traffic detection using video image processing (VIP) has several distinct advantages over the

inductive loop-based technology. Inductive loops are only capable of gathering traffic flow data

at a certain point. Video image technology can provide a wide range of standard traffic data

information about traffic flow at one point, but it has also the capability to monitor larger areas.

Some of the newer detection technologies also monitor a larger area, but video has actually the

largest control area.

Another unique feature of video detection is the capability of sending over real time images to a

control room and thus providing extra information to the control centre.

Smart Surveillance Cameras have attracted significant interest from many parties because its offer

distinct advantages over normal CCTV cameras. There are many different kinds of smart cameras

available on the market today but of course not every party/administrator likes to have such a

system or can't afford it. They have to find the best solution to their problem based on cost

effective, desirable functionality, technical capabilities, maintenance requirements and future

proofing. Starting by choosing a good camera system is probably the most the hardest and

important part.

Quality is fitness for use. Different detection technologies show different characteristics and

prove to be successful in different application areas. Video detection technology has proven to be

very reliable for traffic data collection and for automatic incident detection. Various data and

reports support that using video signals for detecting traffic data and incidents is a reliable and

cost effective solution. Traffic managers nowadays want proof of the quality of the traffic data,

delivered by various detection systems. This will influence their final decision on what system to

use for their specific application.

By providing a comprehensive set of highly accurate data, in a flexible manner, the Idris Incident

Detection System enables safe and efficient administration of highway sections where traffic

levels are reaching capacity. The following areas are addressed:

Rapid response to events on the highway

Day-to-day traffic administration

Support for legal issues (reconstitution) if accidents occur

Long term congestion and capacity expansion planning

Deep off-line analysis of traffic behaviour

Idris uses only inductive loops below the road surface to achieve this, improving reliability and

reducing whole-life cost.