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1
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL
ENGINEERING
KKKA 6424
Ir. Dr. Riza Atiq Abdullah O.K. Rahmat
TASK (4)
PREPARED BY:
1-HAIDER FARHAN P65405
2-MUSTAFA TALIB P60915
3-SAHAR ABD ALI P65295
2
1- Introduction of Smart Surveillance System
Intelligent visual surveillance systems deal with the real-time monitoring of persistent
and transient objects within a specific environment. The primary aims of these systems
are to provide an automatic interpretation of scenes and to understand and predict the
actions and interactions of the observed objects based on the information acquired by
sensors. Smart Cameras are becoming more popular in Intelligent Surveillance Systems
area. Smart cameras are cameras that can perform tasks far beyond simply taking photos
and recording videos. Thanks to the purposely built-in intelligent image processing and
pattern recognition algorithms, smart cameras can detect motion, measure objects, read
vehicle number plates, and even recognize human behaviours.
The important differences between a smart camera and “normal” cameras, such as
consumer digital cameras and camcorders, lie in two aspects. The first is in camera
system architecture. A smart camera usually has a special image processing unit
containing one or more high performance microprocessors to run intelligent ASIP
algorithms, in which the primary objective is not to improve images quality but to extract
information and knowledge from images. The image processing hardware in normal
cameras is usually simpler and less powerful with the main aim being to achieve good
visual image quality. The other main difference is in the primary camera output. A smart
camera outputs either the features extracted from the captured images or a high-level
description of the scene, which is fed into an automated control system, while for normal
cameras the primary output is the processed version of the captured images for human
consumption. For this reason, normal video cameras have large output bandwidth
requirements (in direct proportion to the resolution of the image sensor used), while smart
camera can have very low data bandwidth requirements at the output (it can be just one
bit in the simplest case, with ‘1’ meaning ‘there is motion’ and ‘0’ meaning ‘there is no
motion’, for example). These differences are illustrated in figure 1.
3
Figure 1: Differences between a normal camera (a) and a smart camera (b).
2- Background
Closed circuit traffic monitoring was the prime means for collecting and studying road
traffic data through the mid to late 1990s, according to the official government website
for the city of Murfreesboro, US. CCTV software included the connection of miles of
optical cable and CCTV cameras. The data captured by the cameras was then transmitted
back to a central server. Software and hardware tests included filming road traffic over
set periods of time to assess traffic volume and vehicle speeds. While CCTV units are
still used today, efficiency testing is often conducted to assess if cameras can obtain
sewer drainage breakdowns and identifying broken intersection lights and signs. The
CCTV System enable the Central Control operator to monitor the traffic flow along the
expressway. This will help the operator to get an overview of the situation. If there is an
emergency or any major congestion, the relevant authority can be immediately alerted.
4
Fig. 2: Smart Camera Locations
3- Evaluating Existing Smart Camera System
CAMERA DESCRIPTION BENEFIT APPLICATION
AGD Systems -
Traffic Information and Measurement Equipment
AGD offers a comprehensive range of detection products covering a wide range of applications in traffic and pedestrian control. The product range is targeted at reducing the costs of providing efficient inputs to traffic control and management systems. The latest advances in radar technology offer real time information on vehicle count and speed, occupancy and queues.
AGD also manufacture the most extensive range of nearside signals for Puffin, Toucan and Pegasus crossing strategies. A dedicated product selector is available on our website. Please use the link below to
New technology
Field proven accuracy and reability
Cost-effective solution
Flexible design meets a variety of detection and surveillance application
Superior to other detection system
Vehicle detector
Junction control
Traffic data control
Traveler information system
Journey time (travel time)
Remote video surveillance system
5
access this.
Traficon
Traficon detectors provide standard traffic data (volume, speed, ...) which can be used for statistical purposes.
Automatic incident detection Fast detection of stopped vehicles or wrong-way
drivers speeds up intervention and thus saves lives.
Flow monitoring Congestion within and through the large metropolitan areas continues to increase and limit mobility. Accurately monitoring the average flow speed helps to distinguish different levels of service (e.g. fluid, dense, congested, queue). Other applications are queue monitoring during road-works and calculating travel time based on flow information from the VIP detectors.
Automatically generated alarms warn the operators as soon as an incident takes place and a maximum of information is given:
type severity location relevant traffic
data
combination of data and images facilitates verification of alarms.
Cost effectiveness
Technical efficiency and reliability
traffic data acquisition
automatic incident detection
intersection vehicle presence detection
ramp metering
travel time calculation
dynamic speed indication
queue tail monitoring
congestion monitoring
tunnel access control
ventilation control
rerouting
VMS-control
dynamic queue indication during road
works
dynamic lane opening or closing
6
4- Samples of smart camera systems available:
Tattile offers a wide range of open products for the implementation of Intelligent
Transportation System (ITS). Speed and red-light enforcement, automatic number-plate
reading, free-flow tolling, access control, traffic analysis and surveillance and data
communication tasks con be easily accomplished with our highly-integrated products.
Here below an overview of our main products and solutions:
1-ANPR Solutions
All-in-one Automatic number plate reader
These models are all-in-one ANPR-systems combining in a small package several
hardware components: camera, infrared lights and analyzer with built-in OCR (optical
character recognition) software to perform automatic-plate reading.
A-VEGA ACCESS
Features
All-in-one Automatic Number Plate reader
30 frames per second capture rate 60 km/h Maximum vehicle speed Range up to 8 m Embedded analyzer Ethernet/RS485/Digital I/Os Remote configuration and monitoring via web-browser
Typical applications : Automaited Parking Access control&security
7
Technical characteristics
Capture rate (frames per second)
30
Maximum vehicle speed
60 km/h
Color context camera
-
Embedded analyzer +
Number-plate reader camera
CCD sensor 1280x960 @ 30 fps
Color context camera
-
IR illumination 3 high-power IR LEDs, 850 nm
Optics C-mount lenses
Digital inputs 1 input optoisolated
Digital outputs 2 relay outputs
Ethernet 10/100 Mbps
Serial ports RS485
Range / Widht Range: up to 8m Width: up to 3.5m
Operating temperature
-40 °C to +55 °C
Storage temperature -20 °C to +65 °C
Overall dimensions 123 x 109 x 400 mm
IP degree of protection
IP66
Power consumption 24 VDC +/- 10%, 7 W
8
B- VEGA III
Features
All-in-one Automatic Number Plate reader
30 frames per second capture rate
150 km/h Maximum vehicle speed
Range up to 25 m
Embedded analyzer
Ethernet/RS485/Digital I/Os
Remote configuration and monitoring via web-browser
Typical applications : Road traffic monitoring Automated Parking Access control & security
9
Technical characteristics
Capture rate (frames per second)
30
Maximum vehicle speed 150 km/h
Color context camera -
Embedded analyzer +
Number-plate reader camera
CCD sensor 1280x960 @ 30 fps
Color context camera -
IR illumination 6 high-power IR LEDs, 850 nm
Optics C-mount lenses
Digital inputs 1 input optoisolated
Digital outputs 2 relay outputs
Ethernet 10/100 Mbps
Serial ports RS485
Range / Width Range: up to 25m Width: up to 3.5m
Operating temperature -40 °C to +55 °C
Storage temperature -20 °C to +65 °C
Overall dimensions 144 x 135 x 470 mm
IP degree of protection IP66
Power consumption 24 VDC +/- 10%, 7 W
10
C-VEGA HD
Features
All-in-one Automatic Number Plate reader
75 frames per second capture rate
250 km/h Maximum vehicle speed
Range from 12 to 25m
Embedded analyzer
Ethernet/RS485/Digital I/Os
Remote configuration and monitoring via web-browser
Typical applications :
free-flow tolling Road traffic monitoring
11
Technical characteristics
Capture rate (frames per second)
75
Maximum vehicle speed 250 km/h
Color context camera -
Embedded analyzer +
Number-plate reader camera
CMOS sensor 2560x2048 @ 75 fps
Color context camera -
IR illumination 6 high-power IR LEDs, 850 nm
Optics C-mount lenses
Digital inputs 1 input optoisolated
Digital outputs 1 relay output 1 strobe output
Ethernet 10/100 Mbps
Serial ports RS485
Range / Widht Range: up to 25m Width: up to 7.5m
Operating temperature -40 °C to +55 °C
Storage temperature -20 °C to +65 °C
Overall dimensions 144 x 135 x 470 mm
IP degree of protection IP66
Power consumption
12
D-VEGA 2HD
Features
All-in-one Automatic Number Plate reader
Integrated color context camera
75 frames per second capture rate
250 km/h Maximum vehicle speed
Range from 12 to 25m
Embedded analyzer
Ethernet/RS485/Digital I/Os
Remote configuration and monitoring via web-browser
Typical applications : free-flow tolling Road traffic monitoring
13
Technical characteristics
Capture rate (frames per second)
75
Maximum vehicle speed 250 km/h
Color context camera +
Embedded analyzer +
Number-plate reader camera CMOS sensor 2560x2048 @ 75 fps
Color context camera CMOS sensor 2560x2048
IR illumination 6 high-power IR LEDs, 850 nm
Optics C-mount lenses
Digital inputs 1 input optoisolated
Digital outputs 1 relay output 1 strobe output
Ethernet 10/100 Mbps
Serial ports RS485
Range / Widht Range: up to 25m Width: up to 7.5m
Operating temperature -40 °C to +55 °C
Storage temperature -20 °C to +65 °C
Overall dimensions 144 x 135 x 470 mm
IP degree of protection IP66
Power consumption 24 VDC +/- 10%, 18 W
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2-RIGEL
Features
Traffic Jam detection
Stopped Vehicle Detection (AID)
Wrong Way Vehicle detection
Smoke & Fire detection
Vehicles Counting & Classification
Average Speed Evaluation
Statistic Reports
Obscuring Detection
MPEG4 Multicast video steaming
High Resolution JPEG Event/Alarm torage
Connectivity: GigaEthernet, Fiber Optics, Power Line, Wireless and Cellular
Networks
Typical applications :
Embedded all-in-one traffic monitoring systems with on-board analysis
3-Red Light Enforcement RED LIGHT 2L
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Typical applications :ANPR Light enforcement by image analysis
FEATURES
Traffic light either by image analysis or wired traffic light signals
All in One: monochrome and colour
sensor, OCR on Board, IR illuminator
Web server configuration and setup
Real time processing: up to 75 fps
Ethernet, digital I/O
Waterproof IP66 housing with included bracket
GPS integrated
External illumination for context images
Two versions: single and double lanes
Technical features
Camera 2560 x 2048 CMOS sensors
Grabbing up to 75 fps
Connection Ethernet, I / O digitale, porta seriale RS485
Dimensions 144x135x470 mm
Weight 5 kg
Models
VEGA 2HD F01447
Optional
Flash/LED external illuminator (on request)
16
4-Gatso Meter Speed Cameras
Gatso speed cameras use radar technology and as they can be used as fixed speed
cameras, fixed upon tripods, used inside moving police vehicles and in-car mobile police
units, they are extremely convenient for local authorities and police forces across the UK.
Because of this, they account for 90% of our fixed speed cameras.
Costing approximately £20,000 per camera - or £40,000 in rural locations due to the need
for a 240v power supply, the fixed Gatso cameras can take up to 400 pictures before the
film runs out, and are rear-facing. They are designed this way so that when the camera
flashes at a speeding motorist, it doesn't blind them and cause an accident. However this
means that you often don't see a Gatso camera until the very last minute- which makes
sure that the camera pays for itself relatively quickly. Often you'll find two Gatso's
pointing in opposite directions, to catch motorists traveling either way.
Annoyingly, they are clever little machines which can distinguish between different sizes
of vehicles and can also enforce separate speeding limits - e.g. on roads where cars and
vans are allowed to drive at 60mph, but HGVs are restricted to 40mph, it will be able to
tell which is which, and enforce the limits accordingly.
5-Truvelo Speed Cameras
Truvelo system is steadily becoming more common and some parts of the UK now
predominantly use this type of camera. Three white lines are painted just ahead of the
Truvelo camera and there are strips in the road that register the speed of the passing
vehicle and trigger the camera.
By using an infra-red flash, the Truvelo camera avoids the flash that the rear Gatso
cameras produce when a photograph is taken. This means that the driver doesn't see a
flash but the camera can take a photograph of the driver, as well as the front of the
vehicle.
6-SPECS Cameras
SPECS work in conjunction with the Automatic Number Plate Reading (ANPR)
technology. These are the cameras that you often see fixed to gantries towering over
motorways or larger roads. You might also see them on central reservations or on the
roadside.
They are fitted with infra red illuminators and are only ever seen in groups of 2 or more.
The groups of cameras are fixed at separate locations and work together to establish the
average speed a vehicle is traveling at - by working out how long it took it to travel
between each camera position. When a car goes past the first and last cameras (and any in
between), the number plate details are recorded digitally. Using ANPR technology the
video images of the number plates are married up and the computer is able to work out
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which vehicles are speeding, and which are not.
The SPECS cameras are gaining in popularity, because they allow local authorities to
impose controlled speed networks over various lengths of road using technology that is
already available. They are currently situated at various locations across the UK.
Gatso speed cameras - sited at the road side, Gatso speed cameras use radar technology to measure speed, a photo of the back of the vehicle is taken.
Truvelo speed cameras - sited at the road side, forward facing Truvelo speed cameras use loops in the road to trigger when a speed limit is exceeded.
SPECS speed cameras - sited on overhead gantries, SPECS speed cameras measures your average speed between two points.
Peek speed cameras - sited at the road side, Peek speed cameras use loops in the road to trigger when a speed limit is exceeded.
7- AXIS M3011 Fixed Dome Network Camera
FEATURES
* Intelligent capabilities such as enhanced video motion detection and detection of camer
18
a tampering attempts like blocking or spray-painting.
* Power over Ethernet (IEEE 802.3af), eliminating the need for power cables and
reducing installation costs .
* Advanc ed security and network management features such as HTTPS encryption with preserved
performance, IPv6 and Quality of Service.
* Open A
8- SMART CAMERA: It uses radar and laser-based technology, and has a flash that
cannot be seen by the human eye. It uses radar and laser-based technology, and has a flash
that cannot be seen by the human eye. It is being tested at Ngauranga Gorge with a view
to extending the technology to other high-risk speeding sites. Police insist the switch to
digital is not a revenue-gathering exercise, but rather a move to a more efficient and cost-
effective system.
KEVIN STENT
TYPICAL APPLICATION:
This camera has been upgraded to a digital version that can spot speeding cars across all
seven lanes, uphill and downhill, and can tell whether one car among several others is
speeding.
9- Speed cameras are a smart deterrent, a smart deterrent that will reduce speeding,
improve enforcement and, most importantly, save lives.”
Red light cameras have clearly done their job and anti-speeding cameras would clearly be
effective.
In most parts of New York City, the speed limit is 30 miles-per-hour.
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Red-light cameras monitor traffic at the corner of Second Ave. and E.
42nd St. in Manhattan. A growing number of city lawmakers supports
using traffic cameras to penalize drivers who speed.
TYPICAL APPLICDATIONS:
Cameras have allowed the city to dip into the pockets of drivers who run red
lights — and now there is growing political momentum to use them to punish
speeders
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5- Other Type of Commercial Smart Camera available In Markets
Neuro Check
3 models, 640x480 --> 1280x1024, B/W & Color, actually a fairly small sized, 1Kg,
266MHz Pentium II PC running Windows and visual development, priced 6.000-
9.000EUR, site in Eng, Ita, Ger.
Fibervision
Based on Vision Components' advanced smart cameras, applications can be configured
with user friendly software on PC or within the smart camera.
Basler Video Technologies
CMOS, 640x480, 60-180fps, B/W or Color, with hidden LINUX PC (151x55x60mm,
600g), open-source development tools.
Vision Systems
Two models (648x480 &1280x1024), CMOS, embedded PC104.
Robot - LINDBLAD & PIANA SRL
4 models, B/W & color, 50fps, embedded PC, traffic control and plate license recognition
(site in Italian)
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Sony
400MHz embedded PC (Geode), Win XP or Linux, 1280x1024 @ 15fps, 640x480 @
60fps, approx 3800USD
6- Proposed the Surveillance Camera System and How It Works
Based on the evaluating the benefit and the function, we are proposed AGD Systems -
Traffic Information and Measurement Equipment
The advantages of AGD Systems as non-intrusive detection technology are well known.
AGD has invested in developing this economic approach for ITS-based solutions. The
real-time information available from the radar includes:
Speed
Direction
Occupancy
Flow
Queues
Headway
This information can be routed through the network to the UTMC control centre.
Detection information from the network is now presented compliant with the UTMC
standards.
Deployment of these detection systems is enhanced by a choice of interface media,
making wireless solutions a cost-effective choice. The AGD Janus family offers a host of
connectivity and data storage options in a single compact housing. Link a Janus
outstation to a roadside detector to add considerable functionality to your ITS-based
system and benefit more from the existing infrastructure
23
AGD offers a comprehensive range of detection products covering a wide range of
applications in traffic and pedestrian control. The product range is targeted at reducing
the costs of providing efficient inputs to traffic control and management systems. The
latest advances in radar technology offer real time information on vehicle count and
speed, occupancy and queues.
AGD also manufacture the most extensive range of nearside signals for Puffin, Toucan
and Pegasus crossing strategies. A dedicated product selector is available on our website.
Please use the link below to access this.
6.1 PEDESTRIAN DETECTION
The AGD range of pedestrian detection products features CW Doppler radars for the
detection of moving pedestrians and cyclists on crossings. AGD utilize Enhanced Digital
Vision technology for the detection of moving or stationary pedestrians and cyclists while
waiting to cross is also available.
These are used in conjunction with the extensive range of AGD nearside signals for
Puffin and Toucan crossing strategies, which can be seen on the product selector on our
website
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6.2 DIGITAL VISION PEDESTRIAN DETECTORS
The AGD640 is the latest digital vision detector for detecting waiting pedestrians or
cyclists waiting to cross a carriageway. The dual optical system of this detector is
designed to view a detection zone adjacent to the pole to which it is mounted.
The AGD640 uses both ambient light and its own infra-red illumination system to
perform a twenty-four hour detection function in conditions ranging from bright sunlight
to urban night-time.
In enhanced mode the zone size is 3m x 2m with a high level of shadow rejection.
Pedestrians that are waiting to cross in the designated zone will generate a detect state.
The integrated vision sensors and processing utilise the AGD Livewire based platform to
adapt the detector’s performance for a given installation. AGD Livewire provides the
facility to adjust the zone size, presence and hold time. The AGD640 is supplied fully
bluetooth and serial cable livewire enabled offering the added benefits of detector
parameter adjustment and maintenance from the safety of ground level.
6.3 VEHICLE DETECTION
AGD’s ranges of vehicle detection products feature CW Doppler radars, advanced digital
radars and digital vision technology for the detection of moving and stationary vehicles.
These are offered with rugged housings, making them suitable for roadside environments
and for fixing to existing street furniture.
The vehicle detection products featured on the AGD website can be used stand-alone or
as part of a detection system. They provide relay outputs to local controllers or other key
traffic data via RS422 interfaces. Enhanced features provide cost-effective and reliable
detection information for intelligent traffic management.
6.4 RADAR DETECTION AND MONITORING OF VEHICLES FOR
TRAFFIC APPLICATIONS
AGD offers a series of CW doppler radar detectors designed for the detection and
monitoring of vehicles at signalled junctions, pedestrian crossing installations and other
applications, where the detection of moving vehicles is required in a long zone extending
from the detector. Ease of installation, deployment with existing street furniture, and the
advantages of non-intrusive detection make these detectors a cost-effective solution in
urban environments.
25
7- Applications of Smart CCTV System 7.1 Traffic Counting
The vehicle counting procedure by time-spatial image includes image preprocessing,
detection, image morphological operation, vehicle detection and counting, error
correction etc.
Flow Chart Vehicle Counting Method
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7.2 Determination of Vehicle Speed
Following is a brief description of the three main types of speed detection device that can
be located and identified by using speed camera detection devices in the UK - laser
detection radar detection and GPS (which stands for Global Positioning Satellite). Speed
camera detection devices can use one or any combination of these technologies.
Dopplar Radar
The Dopplar radar directs a radio signal at a piece of road. The frequency changes that
occur when a vehicle drives along the stretch of road will indicate its presence, and how
fast the said vehicle is moving.
Laser
Laser Detectors use laser pulses to measure where a vehicle is and from the
measurements taken can also work out the speed at which the vehicle is travelling.
Systems using GPS (Global Navigation Satellite System)
GPS is a system that uses 24 satellites orbiting the earth which continuously transmit
precise microwave signals. A GPS Receiver uses signals from the satellites to calculate
its location.
So how do the Detection Devices work against this technology?
In the case of laser and radar technology, there are two major ways in which they allow a
speeding motorist to remain undetected, and therefore escape prosecution:
Jamming Signals
There are devices on the market known as ‘jammers’, which scramble the signals sent to
the speed cameras so that the camera cannot process or ‘read’ the information.
Passive Detectors:
These simply warn the motorist when they are in the vicinity of a speed camera or
detection device and alert the driver to their presence.
GPS systems rely on an up to date database of all camera positions and will warn the
driver when a camera or detection device is nearby. This is also available on many
Satellite Navigation systems via a subscription service which is updated regularly with
new camera positions.
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7.3 Classification of Vehicles
Video-based Vehicle Detection and Classification (VVDC) system is applied for
collecting vehicle count and classification data. The VVDC system has six modules: live
video capture, user input, background extraction, vehicle detection, shadow removal, and
length-based classification. the flow chart of the VVDC system. The VVDC system can
take digitized video images or live video signal as input.
Flow chart of the VVDC System
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The main user interface of the VVDC system 7.4 Incident Detection Wide area video detection for direct automatic incident detection is based on real time analysis of the images of cameras that cover the whole road that has to be monitored. This analysis will detect all abnormalities of the traffic such as Stopped vehicles, inverse direction drivers, slow vehicles, fallen objects, traffic jams For example, Idris Incident Detection system from US
29
The Idris Incident Detection System (IDS) consists of a group of outstations spread along
the roadway, each responsible for monitoring a loop site, i.e. inductive loops arranged as
one loop pair per lane at that point. Various algorithms are used to characterise the traffic
and detect anomalies, which trigger alarm messages to a Higher Level System (HLS).
The IDS provides four broad categories of information:
Alarms, which notify the occurrence of exceptional events on the highway
Traffic information, sent at regular (configurable) intervals
Vehicle data, which consist of records generated each time a vehicle passes
over a loop site
Status, which provides information regarding the roadside equipment, either on
events or when requested by the HLS
7.5 Detection of Speed
Three main types of speed detection device can be located and identified by using speed camera detection devices in the UK.
Dopplar Radar
The Dopplar radar directs a radio signal at a piece of road. The frequency changes that occur when a vehicle drives along the stretch of road will indicate its presence, and how fast the vehicle is moving.
30
Laser
Laser Detectors use laser pulses to measure where a vehicle is and from the measurements taken can also work out the speed at which the vehicle is travelling.
GPS (Global Navigation Satellite System)
The GPS is a system that uses 24 satellites orbiting the earth which continuously transmit precise microwave signals. A GPS Receiver uses signals from the satellites to calculate its location.
31
8- Architecture of the Smart Camera
For traffic surveillance the entire smart camera is packed into a single cabinet which
is typically mounted in tunnels and aside highways. The electrical power is either
supplied by a power socket or by solar panels. Thus, our smart camera is exposed to
harsh environmental influences such as rapid changes in temperature and humidity as
well as wind and rain. It must be implemented as an embedded system with tight
operating constraints such as size, power consumption and temperature range.
The smart camera is divided into three major parts: (i) the video sensor, (ii) the
processing unit, and (iii) the communication unit.
Figure 1: System architecture of the smart camera.
8.1 Video Sensor
The video sensor represents the first stage in the smart camera’s overall data flow. The
sensor captures incoming light and transforms it into electrical signals that can be
transferred to the processing unit. A CMOS sensor best fulfills the requirements for a
video sensor. These sensors feature a high dynamics due to their logarithmic
characteristics and provide on-chip ADCs and amplifiers.
8.2 Processing Unit
The second stage in the overall data flow is the processing unit. Due to the high-
performance on-board image and video processing the requirements on the computing
performance are very high. A rough estimation results in 10 GIPS computing
performance. These performance requirements together with the various constraints of
the embedded system solution are fulfilled with digital signal processors (DSP).
8.3 Communication Unit
The final stage of the overall data flow in our smart camera represents the communication
unit. The processing unit transfers the data to the processing unit via a generic interface.
This interface eases the implementation of the different network connections such as
Ethernet, wireless LAN and GSM/GPRS.
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9- The Single Stopped Vehicle (SSV) algorithm:
The core of the IDS is the Single Stopped Vehicle (SSV) algorithm. Its primary objective
is to detect stopped vehicles in high-speed, free-flowing traffic - a situation in which
accidents tend to be most serious. When the first outstation detects a vehicle, it sends a
message containing relevant vehicle data to the next downstream outstation. This next
outstation will expect the vehicle to arrive within a certain time window. If it does, the
outstation will inform the following one and so on. If it does not, it is likely that the
vehicle has stopped between the two outstations and an alarm is raised. This is a
simplification of the actual processing, which needs to keep a virtual map of all vehicles
transiting each outstation pair. The IDS is able to detect and track vehicles straddling
lanes and changing lanes between outstations.
9.1 Alarms
Alarms are associated with the carriageway, the outstation and the lane number and,
where applicable, provide the data for the relevant vehicle.
9.2 Single Stopped Vehicle (SSV)
This alarm is raised when a vehicle which was detected by an upstream outstation fails to
be detected by the current one. The implication is that the vehicle has stopped somewhere
between the two sites, either on the running lanes or the shoulder.
9.3 Extra Vehicle
This alarm is raised when an unrecognised vehicle is detected at a site, i.e. the vehicle
was not detected by the previous outstation. This would normally be a previously stopped
vehicle rejoining the traffic.
9.4 Slow Vehicle
This alarm indicates a vehicle was detected at a speed significantly below the current
average speed of other vehicles on the highway. This is in itself a dangerous condition
and may frequently indicate the vehicle is about to stop. 9.5 Reverse Vehicle
Any vehicle moving in the wrong direction on a highway is a hazard and an alarm is
generated immediately. 9.6 Slow Traffic
This indicates the average speed of the vehicles has fallen below a pre-defined threshold
at the site. The cause will usually be congestion. This will also happen upstream from an
incident, in which case it will probably be followed shortly by a Queued Traffic alarm.
9.7 Queued Traffic
A Queued Traffic alarm is raised to indicate traffic on that lane is showing shock-wave or
start/stop behaviour. This is usually due either to excessive congestion or a downstream
incident.
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9.8 Status
Status messages are used to inform a HLS of equipment status and SSV algorithm status,
such as: Operating; Off by command; Degraded; Failed.
10-Traffic information:
Traffic information messages provide data collected over configurable time periods:
Traffic flow in vehicles per hour (on this lane) over the last time period.
Average vehicle speed over the last time period.
Presence of vehicles on the shoulder or in an ERA.
Currently active alarms. This includes the number of active SSVs for that lane,
Slow Traffic and Queued Traffic indications.
Traffic count, in vehicles, over the last time period. For added flexibility, two data
collection intervals are defined - one for the traffic count information and one for the
flow, speed and alarm status information
11-Vehicle records:
Every time a vehicle crosses a loop site, a record is generated including such information
as:
Carriageway, lane and direction
Vehicle length and speed
Date and time of the occurrence and site occupancy time
Other data may easily be obtained from this information, such as the headway between
consecutive vehicles.
12-Traffic information message processing: This provides a real-time picture of the highway conditions such as average speed and
vehicle count. This can be used to warn of congestion, and support decisions, for
example, to open a shoulder to traffic.
13-Vehicle processing: Although the vehicle records are strictly a by-product of the incident detection
processing, they provide significant opportunities in longer-term traffic management.
These include:
Reconstitution of the highway scenario immediately prior to an accident, for legal
support (Idris is accurate enough for speed enforcement)
Monitoring of traffic volumes and speeds at any level of detail (seasonal, weekly,
daily, hourly, etc.) for future highway expansion planning.
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Monitoring of traffic patterns (lane changes, speed variations) to support traffic
management strategies both for day-to-day congestion management and scheduling of
maintenance procedures.
Analysis of motorists' behaviour in diverse situations (free flow, moderate
congestion, congestion and as a shock-wave of an incident propagates back along the
highway).
Vehicle records can be used real-time, when maximum information is needed at
the Control Centre, or, once stored in a database, can be analysed at leisure by even the
most time-consuming algorithms.
35
14-Conclusions
Traffic detection using video image processing (VIP) has several distinct advantages over the
inductive loop-based technology. Inductive loops are only capable of gathering traffic flow data
at a certain point. Video image technology can provide a wide range of standard traffic data
information about traffic flow at one point, but it has also the capability to monitor larger areas.
Some of the newer detection technologies also monitor a larger area, but video has actually the
largest control area.
Another unique feature of video detection is the capability of sending over real time images to a
control room and thus providing extra information to the control centre.
Smart Surveillance Cameras have attracted significant interest from many parties because its offer
distinct advantages over normal CCTV cameras. There are many different kinds of smart cameras
available on the market today but of course not every party/administrator likes to have such a
system or can't afford it. They have to find the best solution to their problem based on cost
effective, desirable functionality, technical capabilities, maintenance requirements and future
proofing. Starting by choosing a good camera system is probably the most the hardest and
important part.
Quality is fitness for use. Different detection technologies show different characteristics and
prove to be successful in different application areas. Video detection technology has proven to be
very reliable for traffic data collection and for automatic incident detection. Various data and
reports support that using video signals for detecting traffic data and incidents is a reliable and
cost effective solution. Traffic managers nowadays want proof of the quality of the traffic data,
delivered by various detection systems. This will influence their final decision on what system to
use for their specific application.
By providing a comprehensive set of highly accurate data, in a flexible manner, the Idris Incident
Detection System enables safe and efficient administration of highway sections where traffic
levels are reaching capacity. The following areas are addressed:
Rapid response to events on the highway
Day-to-day traffic administration
Support for legal issues (reconstitution) if accidents occur
Long term congestion and capacity expansion planning
Deep off-line analysis of traffic behaviour
Idris uses only inductive loops below the road surface to achieve this, improving reliability and
reducing whole-life cost.