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Taxonomy (Classification) and Phylogeny (Cladistics)

Taxonomy (Classification) and Phylogeny (Cladistics) · Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species. Let’s look at the 8 Levels of taxonomy one more time! Domain Kingdom

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Page 1: Taxonomy (Classification) and Phylogeny (Cladistics) · Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species. Let’s look at the 8 Levels of taxonomy one more time! Domain Kingdom

Taxonomy (Classification) and Phylogeny (Cladistics)

Page 2: Taxonomy (Classification) and Phylogeny (Cladistics) · Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species. Let’s look at the 8 Levels of taxonomy one more time! Domain Kingdom
Page 3: Taxonomy (Classification) and Phylogeny (Cladistics) · Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species. Let’s look at the 8 Levels of taxonomy one more time! Domain Kingdom

• Classification is the grouping of objects based on physical similarities. In biology when doing this with organisms, it is called taxonomy.

• It is predominately based on morphology.• Linnaeus and Whittaker gave us this

system• Classifies diverse organisms into “like

groups” based on traits. As the traits become more specific, fewer and fewer organisms are together.

Page 4: Taxonomy (Classification) and Phylogeny (Cladistics) · Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species. Let’s look at the 8 Levels of taxonomy one more time! Domain Kingdom

8 Levels of taxonomy….self check!

DomainKingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies

Page 5: Taxonomy (Classification) and Phylogeny (Cladistics) · Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species. Let’s look at the 8 Levels of taxonomy one more time! Domain Kingdom

Let’s look at the 8 Levels of taxonomy one more time!

DomainKingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies

Page 6: Taxonomy (Classification) and Phylogeny (Cladistics) · Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species. Let’s look at the 8 Levels of taxonomy one more time! Domain Kingdom

The Three Domains

• Domain Archaea– Ancient prokaryotes

• Domain Bacteria– Modern prokaryotes

• Domain Eukarya- all eukaryotic cells– plantae, animalia, fungi, protista

Page 7: Taxonomy (Classification) and Phylogeny (Cladistics) · Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species. Let’s look at the 8 Levels of taxonomy one more time! Domain Kingdom

Before we move on…protista???

Page 8: Taxonomy (Classification) and Phylogeny (Cladistics) · Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species. Let’s look at the 8 Levels of taxonomy one more time! Domain Kingdom

The domain eukarya is very diverse …WHY???

Page 9: Taxonomy (Classification) and Phylogeny (Cladistics) · Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species. Let’s look at the 8 Levels of taxonomy one more time! Domain Kingdom
Page 10: Taxonomy (Classification) and Phylogeny (Cladistics) · Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species. Let’s look at the 8 Levels of taxonomy one more time! Domain Kingdom

• Taxonomists give a unique scientific name to each species they know about whether it’s alive today or extinct. (not to be confused with taxidermist)

• The scientific name comes from one of two “dead” languages – Latin or ancient Greek.

Page 11: Taxonomy (Classification) and Phylogeny (Cladistics) · Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species. Let’s look at the 8 Levels of taxonomy one more time! Domain Kingdom

• Why use a dead language?

Page 12: Taxonomy (Classification) and Phylogeny (Cladistics) · Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species. Let’s look at the 8 Levels of taxonomy one more time! Domain Kingdom

Devil Cat

Page 13: Taxonomy (Classification) and Phylogeny (Cladistics) · Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species. Let’s look at the 8 Levels of taxonomy one more time! Domain Kingdom

Ghost Cat

Page 14: Taxonomy (Classification) and Phylogeny (Cladistics) · Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species. Let’s look at the 8 Levels of taxonomy one more time! Domain Kingdom

Mountain Lion

Page 15: Taxonomy (Classification) and Phylogeny (Cladistics) · Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species. Let’s look at the 8 Levels of taxonomy one more time! Domain Kingdom

Screaming Cat

Page 16: Taxonomy (Classification) and Phylogeny (Cladistics) · Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species. Let’s look at the 8 Levels of taxonomy one more time! Domain Kingdom

Puma

Page 17: Taxonomy (Classification) and Phylogeny (Cladistics) · Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species. Let’s look at the 8 Levels of taxonomy one more time! Domain Kingdom

Florida Panther

Page 18: Taxonomy (Classification) and Phylogeny (Cladistics) · Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species. Let’s look at the 8 Levels of taxonomy one more time! Domain Kingdom

Cougar

Page 19: Taxonomy (Classification) and Phylogeny (Cladistics) · Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species. Let’s look at the 8 Levels of taxonomy one more time! Domain Kingdom

• There are at least 50 common names for the animal shown on the previous 7 slides.

• Common names vary according to region.

• Soooo……that’s why we use a scientific name, based on Latin!

Page 20: Taxonomy (Classification) and Phylogeny (Cladistics) · Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species. Let’s look at the 8 Levels of taxonomy one more time! Domain Kingdom

Binomial Nomenclature• a two part naming system for writing scientific

names.• The genus name is written first (always Capitalized)• The species name is written second (never

capitalized).• Both words are

– italicized if typed or underlined if hand written.FELIS CONCOLOR

– Felis concolor or F. concolor– Apply: Which is the genus? The species?

Page 22: Taxonomy (Classification) and Phylogeny (Cladistics) · Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species. Let’s look at the 8 Levels of taxonomy one more time! Domain Kingdom
Page 23: Taxonomy (Classification) and Phylogeny (Cladistics) · Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species. Let’s look at the 8 Levels of taxonomy one more time! Domain Kingdom

• Cladistics /Phylogeny- is a relatively new system of classification that uses shared derived traits to establish evolutionary relationships.

• A derived trait is a feature that evolved only within the group under consideration.

• A phylogenetic tree based on a cladisticanalysis is called a cladogram.

• Out-group is the least related group, will be found on the far left of our diagrams!

Page 24: Taxonomy (Classification) and Phylogeny (Cladistics) · Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species. Let’s look at the 8 Levels of taxonomy one more time! Domain Kingdom
Page 25: Taxonomy (Classification) and Phylogeny (Cladistics) · Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species. Let’s look at the 8 Levels of taxonomy one more time! Domain Kingdom

• Synapomorphies = derived characteristics• Clade = A group of organisms and their

common ancestor.

Page 26: Taxonomy (Classification) and Phylogeny (Cladistics) · Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species. Let’s look at the 8 Levels of taxonomy one more time! Domain Kingdom

Think – Pair - Share

• What is a shared derived trait that humans have?

• Talk with the person next to you, come up with a couple of ideas.

• Be ready to share!

Page 27: Taxonomy (Classification) and Phylogeny (Cladistics) · Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species. Let’s look at the 8 Levels of taxonomy one more time! Domain Kingdom

Who is the most derived? Who is the out-group? What is a shared derived trait for pigeons?What is a shared derived trait for mammals?Where would you put monkeys?

Page 28: Taxonomy (Classification) and Phylogeny (Cladistics) · Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species. Let’s look at the 8 Levels of taxonomy one more time! Domain Kingdom