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Taxonomy
How do we classify?
Why Classify? Study unity & diversity in an
organized mannerUnderstand relationships
between organisms
How do we classify?Grouped by similar structures,
embryonic development, or genetics
Suggests that related organisms shared a common ancestor
System most often used (but often disputed) – 5 Kingdoms
How do we classify?Kingdoms – Monera, Protista,
Fungi, Plantae, AnimaliaFull classification system
(most general to most specific):
How do we classify?KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
As we move down the system, we are more specific in our classification
How do we classify?
Way to remember:
Kings Play Chess On Fridays, Generally Speaking
Kelly Phillips Came Over For Girl Scouts
How do we classify?
Kingdoms based on following:Presence or absence of
nuclear membraneUnicellular or multicellularType of nutrition
Members of each kingdom share major characteristics
How Do We Name Organisms?
Binomial NomenclatureTwo-name system Designed by
Carolus Linneaus
I love to classify
organisms
How Do We Name Organisms?First part of name – Genus – it is
CapitalizedSecond part – species – lowercase
– SpeciesSpecies: group of organisms that are similar in structure; can mate & produce FERTILE offspring
Same species?
•End result of mating = mule
•Mule is sterile
•Therefore, no FERTILE offspring can be produces, so not the same species
Same species?
•Since normally these offspring are fertile, the parents are the same species
How Do We Name Organisms?Humans : Homo sapiens or
Homo sapiensName must be underlined or
italicizedHousecat: Felis domesticaMinnow: Cyprinodon variegatus
Full Classification - HumanKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataSubphylum VertebrataClass MammaliaOrder PrimatesFamily HominidaeGenus HomoSpecies sapiens
The Five Kingdoms
Let’s go through them all!
KINGDOM MONERA
Primitive cell structureLack of membranes &
organelles
KINGDOM MONERA
Examples:Bacteria
Blue-Green Algae
KINGDOM PROTISTA
Predominantly unicelluarPlant-like OR animal-like
KINGDOM PROTISTA
Protozoa: Animal-like nutritionAmeba
Paramecium
KINGDOM PROTISTA
Algae: Plant-like nutritionAlgae
Euglena
KINGDOM FUNGI
Cells are branched fibers with many nuclei
Food absorbed from environment
Non-photosynthetic, but have cell wall
KINGDOM FUNGI
Yeast
KINGDOM FUNGI
Bread Mold
KINGDOM FUNGI
Mushrooms
KINGDOM PLANTAE
MulticellularPhotosynthetic
Let’s look at two different phylum – more specific
Kingdom Plantae – Phylum Bryophyta
No vascular tissue (no true roots, leaves, stems)
Moss
K. Plantae – Phylum TracheophytaHave vascular tissue – true
roots, leaves, & stemsFern, pine tree, maple tree,
beans, corn
Kingdom Animalia
MulticellularHeterotrophic
K. Animalia – Phylum PoriferaSponges?
K. Animalia – Phylum PoriferaOh…sponges!Body full of pores
K. Animalia – Phylum Coelenterata
Two cell layers, hollow body cavity, one opening
Hydra, Jellyfish, Sea anemone
K. Animalia – P. PlatyhelminthesBilateral symmetry, no real
body cavityFlatworms (Planaria),
tapeworms
Liver fluke - parasite
K. Animalia – P. Platyhelminthes
Tapeworm
K. Animalia – P. Platyhelminthes
K. Animalia – Phylum NematodaUnsegmented wormsBilateral symmetryRoundworms
K. Animalia – Phylum AnnelidaSegemented body wallsBilateral symmetryEarthworm
K. Animalia – Phylum MolluscaHave a muscular footSnails, Scallops, Squid,
Clams, Slugs
K. Animalia – Phylum ArthropodaJointed appendages,
exoskeletonPhylum is 90% of entire
animal speciesGrasshopper, Lobster, Spider,
Insects
K. Animalia – P. EchinodermataRadial symmetry, spiny
coveringStarfish, Sea stars, Sea
urchins, Sea cucumbers
K. Animalia – Phylum ChordataDorsal nerve cord with
supporting rod of cartilage (notochord)
In development, have tail and gill slits
Shark, Frog , Human