TDTS 08 Advanced Computer Architecture - IDA > HomeTDTS08/lectures/14/lec1.pdf · 2014-10-29 1 Zebo Peng Dept. of Computer and Information Science (IDA) Linköping University TDTS

2014-10-29

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Zebo Peng

Dept. of Computer and Information Science (IDA)

Linköping University

TDTS 08

Advanced Computer Architecture[Datorarkitektur]

www.ida.liu.se/~TDTS08

22Zebo Peng, IDA, LiTHZebo Peng, IDA, LiTH TDTS 08 – Lecture 1TDTS 08 – Lecture 1

Contact Information

Zebo Peng, course leader and examiner

Email: [email protected]

Ke Jiang, course and lab assistant


Bogdan Tanasa, lab assistant


Åsa Kärrman, course secretary


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Course Information Web page http://www.ida.liu.se/~TDTS08

Lectures 12 lectures.

Lecture notes will be available at the web page usually one day before each lecture.

The whole set of last year’s lecture notes is on the web.

Lecture notes following the course book’s structure are also available on the web.

Examination Written exam, closed book.

Previous exam examples are at the course web site.


Course Information (cont’d)

Literature William Stallings: Computer Organization and

Architecture, 9th edition, Peason, 2013.

Additional articles available at the website.

http://williamstallings.com/ComputerOrganization/

• Student resources, incl. homework problems & solutions.

You can also use:

• Older editions of Stallings’ book.

• Books covering the same subjects.

Ex. Hennessy and Patterson: “Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach.”

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Course Information (cont’d) Labs

Hands-on exercises with concepts taught in the course.

Use tools for architecture evaluation via simulation.

Give insights in various trade-offs involved in the design of computers.

Enhance the understanding of parallel computer systems.

Lab assignments Lab 1: Cache Memories.

Lab 2: Instruction Pipelining.

Lab 3: Superscalar Processors.

Lab 4: VLIW Processors.

Lab 5: Multiprocessor and Multi-Computer Systems.

Please sign up for the labs in the website before Nov 11.

Additional information to be given in the seminar (lesson) Wednesday 12/11, 15-17 (Bogdan P36, Ke P34).


Lecture 1

What is expected from this course

CPU and instruction execution

Computer architecture: concepts and definitions

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Computer Architecture

Computer architecture refers to those attributes of a computer system that are visible to programmers, or have a direct impact on the logical execution of programs.

MemorySystem

Instruction

SetALU

Registers

I/O Devices

Control Logic


Many Definitions for CA

“The science and art of selecting and interconnecting hardware components to create computers that meet functional, performance and cost goals.”

“The theory behind the design of a computer.”

“The conceptual design and fundamental operational structure of a computer system.”

“The arrangement of computer components and their relationships.”

…

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Typical Architecture Attributes

The instruction set.

Data representation methods.

The basic hardware units in the CPU.

Functions of the main components.

Instruction execution.

Memory organization.

I/O mechanisms.

The ways in which the main components are interconnected.

…


What is a Computer?

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Definition of a Computer

A computer is a data processing machine which is operated automatically under the control of a list of instructions stored in its main memory.

Central Processing Unit

(CPU)

MainMemory

Data transfer

Control

Computer


A Computer System A computer system consists of a computer and its

peripherals.

Computer peripherals include input devices, output devices, and secondary memories.

Computer

Secondarymemory

Computer System

Input device

Output device

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2%

98%

Microprocessor Market Share

General-purpose computers


Basic Principles of Computers

Virtually all modern computer designs are based on the von Neumann architecture principles:

Data and instructions are stored in a single read/write memory.

The contents of this memory are addressable by location, without regard to what are stored there.

Instructions are executed sequentially (from one instruction to the next) unless the order is explicitly modified.

CPU

Memory

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Why von Neumann Architecture?

General-purpose, programmable. They can solve very different problems

by executing different programs.

Instruction execution is done automatically.

It can be built with very simple electronics components: Data processing function is performed

by electronic gates.

Data storage function is provided by memory cells.

Data communication is achieved by electrical wires.

CPU

Memory


Technology Development

Eniac, 1946

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Moore’s Law

Similar improvement in:Clock Frequency (every 2 years)PerformanceMemory capacity

Number of transistors per chipwould double every 1.5 years.1000 M

25 M

50 M

750 M

# of trans.

0080 85 90 9575

year

05 10


Intel Microprocessor Evolution

18 Images courtesy of Intel Corporation

Intel 40042.3 Thousands transistors10000 nm

Intel 8‐core Xeon2.3 Billion Transistor

45nm

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Lecture 1



Computer architecture: concepts and definitions


CPU

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Control UnitArithmeticand Logic

Unit

The Central Processing Unit (CPU), also called processor, includes two main units: A program control unit, and An Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU).

Register

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CPU (Cont’d)

The primary function of a CPU is to execute the instructions stored in the main memory.

An instruction tells the CPU to perform one of its basic operations.

The CPU includes also a set of registers, which aretemporary storage devices used to hold control information, key data, and intermediate results.

It includes also an internal bus infrastructure, which provides data movement paths among the control unit, ALU, and registers.

The CU is the one which interprets (decodes) the instruction to be executed and "tells" the other components what to do.


CPU Internal Structure

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Registers

CPU must have some working space (temporary storage).

These storage units are called registers.

They are the top level component in the memory hierarchy.

Number and function of the registers vary between different computers.

Register organization is one of the major design decisions.


Register Organization

The registers serve two main functions: User-Visible Registers: used by machine or assembly

language programmers to minimize memory access.

• General-purpose registers

• Data registers

• Address registers

• Condition code registers

Control and Status Registers: used by the control unit to control the operation of the CPU, and by the operating system to control the execution of programs.

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Machine Instructions

The CPU can only execute machine code in binary format, called machine instructions.

A machine instruction specifies the following information: What has to be done (the operation code)

To whom the operation applies (source operands)

Where does the result go (destination operand)

How to continue after the operation is finished (next instruction address).

Machine instructions are of four types: Arithmetic and logic operations.

Data transfer between memory and CPU registers.

Program control (conditional branches, etc.).

I/O transfer.


Instruction Set Design The design of an instruction set is critical to the operations

of a computer system. The most important issues are:

Operation repertoire — How many and which operations to provide, and how complex these operations should be.

Data types — Which data types to be supported.

Instruction format — Length, number of addresses, size of various fields, etc.

Registers — Number of CPU registers and their use.

Addressing — Which modes to be provided.

The issues are highly interrelated and must be considered together.

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CPU

Instruction Execution Mechanism

Control Unit

Main Memory

Address D/I

ALU

PC

MAR

AR

MBR

IR


Instruction Execution

CPU

Control Unit ALU

PC

MAR

AR

MBR

IR

fetch decode execute

fetch cycle execute cycle

PC -> MARM[MAR] -> MBRMBR -> IRPC + 1 -> PC

Decode(IR) Perform the specified operation

(memory access may be needed)(PC may be changed)

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Machine Cycles

The execution of an instruction is carried out in a machine cycle (instruction cycle).

The CPU executes one instruction after the other, cycle by cycle, repeatedly.

The machine cycle time (or instruction execution time) of a computer gives an indication of its performance (speed). Ex. a computer can have a performance of 733 MIPS (Millions of

Instructions Per Second).

Since different instructions need different time to execute, the average instruction execution time is often used.

Very common, FLOPS (Floating-point Operations Per Second) is used nowadays.


Summary

A computer executes repeatedly a series of instructions (called programs) stored in its main memory:

It performs data processing operations specified by the programs.

It runs the programs automatically, with no need for human intervention.

It can perform the operations in extremely high speed.

It can store and manipulate a large amount of data.

It can communicate with each other and with users in an efficient way.

It represents program and data in the same way, which leads to flexibility.

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Lecture 1



Computer architecture: concept and definitions


Computer Architecture

Computer architecture refers to those attributes of a computer system that are visible to programmers, or have a direct impact on the logical execution of programs.

ALU

MemorySystem

Registers

Instruction

setI/O Devices

Control Logic

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Computer Organization Computer organization refers to the operational units and their

interconnections that realize the architectural specifications.

Ex. Multiplication function: Architectural issue: having a multiply instruction or not.

Organization issue: a special multiply unit or repeated use of the add unit to perform multiplication.

ALU

MemorySystem

Registers

Microprog.controller

I/O Devices

Hidden Reg.


Lecture Contents

1. Introduction: Basic concepts and definitions of computer architecture and organizations.

2. Memory System: Memory hierarchy, cache memories, virtual memories, memory management.

3. Instruction Pipelining: Organization, pipeline hazards, reducing branch penalties, branch prediction strategies.

4. RISC Architectures: Analysis of instruction execution, compiling for RISC computers, RISC-CISC trade-offs.

5. Superscalar Architectures: Instruction level parallelism and machine parallelism, HW techniques for performance enhancement, limitations.

6. VLIW Architectures: VLIW advantages and limitations, compiling for VLIW architectures, the Merced (Itanium) architecture.

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Lecture Contents (Cont’d)7. Parallel Computation: Parallel programs, performance of

parallel computers, classification of architectures.

8. SIMD Architectures: Vector processors, array processors, multimedia extensions.

9. MIMD Architectures: Symmetric multiprocessors, NUMA architecture, and clusters.

10. Cache Coherence in Parallel Architectures: Cache design for parallel system, cache coherence protocols.

11. Multi-Core Processor and GPU: Technology, hardware issues, software impact, commercial examples.

12. Low-Power Architectures: Power consumption in CMOS circuits, designing for low power, Crusoe processor.

Documents

TDTS 08 Advanced Computer Architecture - IDA > HomeTDTS08/lectures/14/lec1.pdf · 2014-10-29 1 Zebo Peng Dept. of Computer and Information Science (IDA) Linköping University TDTS