Teaching Teaching GrammarGrammar

What is grammar?What is grammar?

Grammar – the rules by which words Grammar – the rules by which words change their form and are combined change their form and are combined into sentences: English grammar/ into sentences: English grammar/ Check your spelling and grammarCheck your spelling and grammar

LONGMAN Active Study DictionaryLONGMAN Active Study Dictionary

Grammar in generalGrammar in general

Grammar is the way words are put Grammar is the way words are put together to make correct sentences together to make correct sentences

Grammatical StructuresGrammatical Structures

A specific instance of grammar is A specific instance of grammar is usually called a “structure”:usually called a “structure”:

1.1. The past tenseThe past tense// - ed helped- ed helped //

2.2. Noun plurals / Noun plurals / a book-books, a book-books, man-menman-men / /

3.3. The comparison of adjectives/ The comparison of adjectives/ long-longer-the longestlong-longer-the longest / /

4.4. The progressive/ The progressive/ she is goingshe is going / /

Why it is difficult to use Why it is difficult to use formform

TO BETO BE II YouYou WeWe TheyThey

He He She She It It WasWas WereWere

BeenBeen

ExamplesExamples

I I amam a student I a student I waswas a student a student

You You areare student students s You You werewere student students s

We We areare student students s We We werewere student studentss

They They areare student students s They They werewere student students s

He He isis a student He a student He waswas a student a student

She She isis a student She a student She waswas a student a student

It It isis a cat It a cat It waswas a cat a cat

Grammatical termsGrammatical terms

The sentence is a set of wordsThe sentence is a set of words

More and more people More and more people are moving from are moving from villages to towns and villages to towns and citiescities

The The clauseclause is a kind of mini- is a kind of mini-sentencesentence

she left because it was late and she left because it was late and she was tired. ( she was tired. ( or onlyor only she was she was tired)tired)

The The phrasephrase is shorter unit is shorter unit within the clausewithin the clause

a long tablea long table was goingwas going

the the wordword is the minimum normally is the minimum normally separate form that has a particular separate form that has a particular meaning meaning

learnerlearner

The The morphememorpheme is a bit of a is a bit of a word which can be perceived word which can be perceived as distinct componentas distinct component

pass -ed (two pass -ed (two morphemes)morphemes)

book (a single book (a single morpheme)morpheme)

PresentPresent and explaining and explaining grammargrammar

classroom or pear-teachingclassroom or pear-teaching

Stage 1 : PresentationStage 1 : Presentation

present and explain a present and explain a grammaticalgrammatical

structure to a class /5 structure to a class /5 minutes/minutes/

Stage 2 (optimal)Stage 2 (optimal)

use some waysuse some ways

Stage 3:Stage 3: (Feedback)(Feedback)

ask a colleague or ask a colleague or student to tell student to tell afterwards how clear afterwards how clear they thought your they thought your presentation was.presentation was.

StageStage 44

write a set of guidelines for write a set of guidelines for presentation and explaining presentation and explaining grammar. grammar.

Stage 5Stage 5

compare what you have writtencompare what you have written

StageStage 6 6

Do stage 1 again, using another Do stage 1 again, using another structure structure

GuidelinesGuidelines on presenting on presenting and explaining a new and explaining a new

grammatical structure.grammatical structure. Oral and written formsOral and written forms Form and meaningForm and meaning ExamplesExamples Visual materialsVisual materials Mare structures from the use of technologyMare structures from the use of technology Situation and judgement Situation and judgement The right balance between accuracy and The right balance between accuracy and

simplicitysimplicity Using inductive method/deductive method Using inductive method/deductive method

Grammatical mistakesGrammatical mistakes

TerminologyTerminology

Mistakes-occasional inconsistent Mistakes-occasional inconsistent slips, something sounds or looks slips, something sounds or looks wrong or simply ‘jar’ - produce a wrong or simply ‘jar’ - produce a slight of discomfort in the reader or slight of discomfort in the reader or heaver.heaver.

Errors - consistent and based on a Errors - consistent and based on a mis-learned generalization. mis-learned generalization.

LearnedLearned errorserrors

Stage 1: Gathering samplesStage 1: Gathering samples Stage 2: ClassifyingStage 2: Classifying Stage 3: OrderingStage 3: Ordering Stage 4: Reordering Stage 4: Reordering

General Materials FromGeneral Materials From

How to use How to use English English /Jevemy /Jevemy HarmerHarmer