Teaching Strategies, Approaches, And Methods

Catherine L. Naya

Mary Angelie M. Pagara

TEACHING STRATEGIES, APPROACHES & METHODS

TEACHING STRATEGIES / APPROACHES / METHODS

THE DIFFERENCE AMONG STRATEGIES,

APPROACHES, AND METHODS

Approaches – deals with general philosophy of teaching

Strategies – is a plan of action designed to achieve a goal

Method – is a way something is done

1. LEARNING IS AN ACTIVE PROCESS.

It means that we have to actively engage the learners in learning activities if we want them to learn what we intend to teach.

As the saying goes:

What I hear, I forget

What I see, I remember.

What I do, I understand

SELECTION AND USE OF TEACHING STRATEGIES

2. THE MORE SENSES THAT ARE INVOLVED IN LEARNING, THE MORE AND THE BETTER THE LEARNING.

sight hearing touch taste smell

75%

13%6%

3% 3%

Senses of Learning


3. A NON –THREATENING ATMOSPHERE ENHANCES LEARNING


4. EMOTIONS HAS THE POWER TO INCREASE RETENTION AND LEARNING

5. LEARNING IS MEANINGFUL WHEN IT IS CONNECTED TO STUDENTS’ EVERYDAY LIFE.


6. GOOD TEACHING GOES BEYOND RECALL OF INFORMATION.


7. AN INTEGRATED TEACHING APPROACH IS FAR MORE EFFECTIVE THAN TEACHING ISOLATED BITS OF INFORMATION.

INTELLIGENCE EXAMPLES OF CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES

Verbal Linguistic Discussion, debates, journal writing, conferences, essays, stories, poems, storytelling, listening activities, reading

Logical- Mathematical Calculations, experiments, comparisons, number games, using evidence, formulating and testing hypothesis deductive and inductive reasoning

Spatial Concept maps, graphs, charts, art projects, metaphorical thinking, visualization , videos, slides, visual presentations

Bodily- Kenisthetic Role- playing, dance, athletic activities, manipulative, hands-on demonstrations concept miming

Musical Playing, music, singing, rapping, whistling, clapping, analysing sounds and music

Interpersonal Community- involvement projects, discussions, cooperative learning, team games, peer tutoring, conferences, social activities, sharing

Intrapersonal Student choice, journal writing, self evaluation, personal instruction, independent study, discussing feelings, reflecting

Naturalist Ecological fieldtrips , environmental study, caring for plants and animals, outdoor work, pattern recognition


BRAIN- BASED STRATEGIES

- Is the application of teaching – learning principles based on findings about how our brain works.

1. Involving students in Real –life or Authentic Problem Solving

• Mini-poll

2. Using Projects to Increase Meaning and Motivation

3. Simulation and Roleplays as Meaning Makers Example: A sari-sari store to give elementary pupils experience in making a budget, stay within the budget and counting change for bills.


4. Classroom Strategies Using Visual Processing

Examples of Graphics

1. Graphic Organizers for Classification




2. Descriptive Pattern Organizer

TOPIC

FACT

FACT

FACTFACT

FACT




3. Time Sequence Pattern Organizer

event

event

event

• Date/time• Venue

• Date/time• Venue

• Date/ time• Venue




4. Episode Pattern Organizerduration

place

time

episodecause effect

personperson person

persons

concept

characteristic

example

characteristiccharacteristic

Example

Example

Example Example

Example




5. Concept Pattern Organizer




5. Concept Pattern Organizer


5. Song, jingles, and raps

6. Mnemonic Strategies

7. Writing Strategies

8. Active Review

9. Hands-on-activities

These methods categorized as:

Direct / expositive approach

Guided / exploratory approach

DIFFERENT APPROACHES AND METHODS

Direct / Expositive Approach

• Direct Instruction

– is a way of teaching which is aimed at helping students acquire some basic

skills and “procedural knowledge”


• Direct Instruction Instructional Characteristics

1. The strategy is teacher- directed.

2. The emphasis is on the teaching of skill.

3. Taught in a step-by-step fashion, it ensures the learning of the entire procedure with no step missed.

4. Lesson objectives include easily observed behaviors that can be measured accurately.

5. This is a form of learning through imitation, sometimes termed “behavioral modeling”.


• Deductive Method – starts from the general to specific

Example:

• In Math, to add similar fractions just add the numerators then copy the denominator. Then the teacher will give examples. After which she will give written exercises for her pupils.

• In Science, all animals with backbone are classified as vertebrates. The dog, fish and frog are vertebrates because they possess backbones.


• Deductive Method

Advantages of the Deductive Method

1. Coverage of a wider scope of subject matter.

2. No bother on the part of the teacher to lead learners to the formulation of the generalization or rule.

Disadvantages of the Deductive Method

3. It is not supportive of the principle that learning is an active process.

4. Lesson appears uninteresting at first.


• Inductive Method – starts from the specific to general

Example:

• In Math, the teacher will give examples. She will let them study the examples and ask them to explain how she arrives at that answer. From there, she will state the rule in adding fractions.

• In Science, the teacher will let the students examine an animal and find out the parts of the body. It has a backbone. The dog has a backbone. Then, the dog, fish and frog are vertebrates because they possess backbones.


• Inductive Method – starts from the specific to general

Advantages of the Inductive Method

1. The learners are more engaged in the teaching-learning process.

2. Learning becomes more interesting at the outset because we begin with the experiences of our students.

3. It helps the development of our learner’s higher-order-thinking skills.

Disadvantages of the Deductive Method

4. It requires more time and so less subject matter will be covered.

5. It demands expert facilitating skills on the part of the teacher.


• Demonstration Method

– is a learning activity which is performed by a student, a group of 3 to 4 members or a teacher while the rest become observers.


• Demonstration Method Advantages of the Demonstration Method

1. It follows a systematic procedure, hence students will be able to learn from a well-tried procedure since the demonstrators are selected and adjudged to be skilled.

2. The use of expensive equipment and machines will be maximized.

3. Possible wastage of time, effort and resources will be avoided since the demonstration is supposed to be well- planned in advance.

4. It will not result to trial-and-error learning as what happens with unplanned learning activities.

5. The findings are reliable and accurate since the procedure has been tried before.


Guided / exploratory approach

• Inquiry Approach

– sometimes termed “discovery”, heuristic” and “problem solving” is

simply a teaching method which is “modeled after the investigative processes of scientists.


• Inquiry Approach Instructional Characteristics

1. Investigative processes such as inferring, measuring, predicting, classifying, analyzing and experimenting, formulating conclusions and generalizations are employed.

2. The procedure in gathering information is not prescribed by the teachers.

3. The children are highly motivated to search, hence active participation is the best indicator or inquisitiveness.

4. The answers arrived at are genuine products of their own efforts.

5. Focused questions before, during and after are critical ingredients that provide direction and sustain action.


• Problem Solving Method

Problem Solving - is a teaching strategy that employs the scientific method in searching for information.



5 Basic Steps of the Scientific Method

1. Sensing and defining the problem

2. Formulating hypothesis

3. Testing the likely hypothesis

4. Analysis, interpretation and evaluation of evidence

5. Formulating conclusion



Advantages of the Demonstration Method

1. This approach is most effective in developing skill in employing the science processes.

2. The scientific method can likewise be used effectively in other non-science subjects.

3. The student’s active involvement resulting in meaningful experiences serves as a strong motivation to follow the scientific procedure in future undertaking.

4. Problem solving develops higher level thinking skills.



Advantages of the Demonstration Method

5. A keen sense of responsibility, originality and resourcefulness are developed, which are much-needed ingredients for independent study.

6. The students become appreciative and grateful for the achievement of scientists.

7. Critical thinking, open-mindedness and wise judgment are among scientific attitudes and values inculcated through competence in the scientific method.

8. The students learn to accept the opinions and evidence shared by others.


• Project Method

– is a teaching method that requires the students to presenting concrete form the results of information gathered about a concept, principle or innovation.

– is a “hands-on, minds-on” method.


• Project Method

Advantages of the Project Method

1. It is a teaching strategy that emphasizes “learning by doing”

2. The scientific method can likewise be used effectively in other non-science subjects. Constructing projects develops the students’ manipulative

3. The planned design of the project tests the students’ originality in choosing the materials to be used. They become resourceful and innovative.

4. It can be employed among students who are weak in oral communication


• Project Method

Advantages of the Project Method

5. The completed project adds to one’s feeling of accomplishment and satisfaction, thus motivating students to continue constructing new projects in school and at home.

6. It instills the values of initiative, industry and creativity.

7. Working on a project in groups develops the spirit of cooperation and sharing of ideas.

8. In addition to learning a concept, students become productive and enterprising


• Metacognitive Approach

- “meta” means beyond

- An approach that goes beyond cognition that makes students think about their thinking and think it aloud


• The Constructivist Approach

- Is anchored on the belief that every individual constructs and reconstruct meanings depending on past experiences and continue reflecting and evaluating accumulated knowledge with an end in view of constructing new meaning.


• Reflective Teaching

- Is anchored on the ability of the teacher to guide students to reflect on their own experiences in order to arrive at new understanding and meanings.



CHARACTERISTICS:

1. An ethic of caring - refers to the teacher’s expression of thoughtfulness

The 3 effective ways:

1. Confirmation

2. Dialogue

3. Cooperative practice



CHARACTERISTICS:

2. Constructivist approach

3. Tactful problem solving

STRATEGIES

4. Self – analysis

5. Writing journals

6. Keeping a portfolio

7. Observation of students’ responses

8. Questions at the end of every lesson


• Cooperative Learning Approach

- An approach makes use of classroom organization where students work in

groups or teams to help each other learn.

• PEER TUTORING

-Is commonly employed when the teacher requests the older, brighter and more cooperative member of the class to tutor other classmates.


• Partner Learning – learning with a partner.

- this may also mean assigning study buddy


• Introductory / Opening / Initiatory Activities

- serve as launching pad for the day’s lesson

Examples of Effective Opening Activities:

• KWL (Know, Want to Know, Learned)

• Video Clip

• Editorial from a newspaper

• Cartoon or comic strip related to the topic

• Game

• Simulation

APPROPRIATE LEARNING ACTIVITIES IN THEDIFFERENT PHASES OF THE LESSON

• Introductory / Opening / Initiatory Activities

Examples of Effective Opening Activities:

• Anecdote

• Diagnostic test

• Skit, role playing

• Question and answer

APPROPRIATE LEARNING ACTIVITIES IN THEDIFFERENT PHASES OF THE LESSON

• Developmental Activities

For Data Gathering

• Interview

• Library / internet research

• Reading

• Field trip

• Experiment



For Organizing and Summarizing

• Using graphic organizer

• Jingles, rap, song

• Power point presentation



For Application / Creative Activities

• Solving real word problems

• Brochures

• Television talk shows

• Organizing a symposium


• Concluding Activities – this is as important as opening and central part.

Examples:

• “passport to leave”

• Journal writing at the end of the period

• Summarize the lesson


Documents

Teaching Strategies, Approaches, And Methods